Limitation of the Problems

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEWS

This chapter presents the theoretical review, the relevance studies, and the conceptual framework. Theoretical review presents some theories that become the foundation of the study. Relevant studies present some relevant research which is also related to the study. Conceptual framework presents the relation of the theories and the study.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Writing

a. The Definitions of Writing

The researcher chose writing as the topic of the research because it was one of the problems that were really interesting and useful to solve and overcome. Writing is a learned skill so that people could learn it. This is in line with Brown L Cash 2011:246 who state that the ability in writing could be developed. People who have good proficiency in writing, do not find difficulties in expressing their ideas. On the other hand, those who have poor writing will have a lot of difficulties in expressing their ideas in English. So, it can be concluded the important of writing to be able to express ideas in writing form. There are many experts who give their views about the definition of writing. According to Spratt et al. 2005:37, writing is an activity in which people communicate a message by making signs in a page. It means that in a writing activity, people should express their messages or ideas which are 11 represented by some signs such as letters and punctuation. These letters are combined into words, words into sentences, and sentences into paragraphs. In order to be able to write, people should think about what messages that they want to express and to whom their messages are being communicated to. The nature of writing is defined as both physical and mental activity that is aimed to express and impress Nunan, 2003:88. It is categorized as a physical act because a writer is required to be able to do the act of committing words or ideas. As a mental work, the activities of writing focus more on the act of inventing ideas, thinking about how to express and organize them into clear statements and paragraphs that enable a reader to understand the ideas of the written work. In addition, Hamp-Lyons and Kroll in Weigle 2002:19 define writing as an act that takes place within a context, that accomplishes a certain purpose, and appropriately shaped for its intended readers. Furthermore, Palmer et al. 1994: 5 states that writing is a kind of thinking activity through written words. It requires complex thinking which is involved problem solving and decision making. It means that a good writing needs a careful thinking that can be represented in the form of generating the idea, choosing the suitable words or appropriate vocabulary, and arranging those ideas into a good sequence. In some ways, written language is different from spoken language. It makes writing as the product of written language has some characteristics.