4 Regularity of form: Is it a word that has regularity form? The assumption is that a new noun with a regular plural will be easier to
learn. 5 Learning load: Is it part of a word already known? The assumption is
that if one or more components are already known separately, the effort required to learn the new word will be lower.
6 Opportunism: Is the word relevant with the student’s immediate situation?
7 Centres of interest: Are the words likely to be of relevance of and interest to children?
Based on the explanation above, the vocabulary size that needs to be learnt by junior high school students is at least 500 words a year.
d. Kinds of Vocabulary
According to Nation 2001:24, there are two kinds of vocabulary in relation to the language skills. They are receptive and productive or passive and
active vocabulary. Receptive refers to the words that native speakers and foreign learners recognize and understand but hardly ever use, it is used passively in
either listening or reading. Productive is utilized actively in either speaking or writing. Learners’ listening vocabulary is generally larger than speaking
vocabulary while learners’ reading vocabulary is relatively larger than writing vocabulary.
Similarly, Corson 1997:6 distinguishes between productive and receptive vocabulary in the following way. He calls the productive vocabulary as a
motivated vocabulary. It consists of all words learners need to communicate in daily life. A receptive vocabulary not only includes the productive vocabulary but
also the learners’ unmotivated vocabulary. The unmotivated vocabulary can be divided into two groups: 1 words that are only partly understood and are not
well-known enough to use actively, and 2 words that are not needed in daily communication.
In relation to kinds of vocabulary, Nation 2001 states that there are four categories of vocabulary in the non-fiction text:
1 High frequency words. These words are almost 80 of the running words in the text.
2 Academic words. These words make up about 5 of the running words in the text.
3 Technical words. These words make up about 5 of the running words in the text. It is used by people working in a specialized field.
4 Low-frequency words. These are the words of moderate frequency that does not manage to get into the high-frequency list. They make up over
5 of the words in an academic text. In relation to the teaching language skills, vocabulary is divided into four
parts: reading vocabulary all the words that readers can recognize when reading, listening vocabulary all the words that readers can recognize when listening to
speech, writing vocabulary all the words that the writers can comply in writing, and speaking vocabulary all the words that speakers can use in their speech.
In conclusion, the kinds of vocabulary in English teaching and learning are reading vocabulary, listening vocabulary, writing vocabulary and speaking
vocabulary. Moreover, in relation to the non-fiction text, there are four categories of vocabulary. They are high frequency words, academic words, technical words
and low-frequency words.
e. Vocabulary Teaching and Learning Process
