Some theories are also used as the references for the purpose of analysis. The writer uses books from M. H. Abrams, Christopher Russel Reaske, Rene
Wellek and Austin Warren, Allan G. Johnson, Hans Bertens
,
Joe R. Feagin
,
Newman and E. N. Layfield, Harry H. L. Kitano
,
and H. Golden
.
Those books support the writer in analyzing the depiction of Clay, identity struggle and racial
stereotyping. Further information is collected from websites and previous studies. In the process of writing this study, the writer went through several steps.
The first step was close reading and re-reading of the play, in order to understand more about the story
.
The second step was choosing the topic. After choosing the topic, the writer started to find the background of the study and also the problems
related to the topic. To solve the major problems, some theories were chosen. The writer used the theory of character and characterization in the scope of
the depiction question. The relation between literature and society is used to help the writer to make a connection between the play and the society of African
American in the real life. The theory of racism and racial stereotype in the scope of racial
stereotyping, and used to have a better understanding about the practice of racial stereotyping that Clay experienced. Theory of identity is used to understand of
Clay’s struggle for his identity. The review of history of African American is the 1960s is used to help the writer to know more about racial issues that happened in
that era. It also to help the writer to see how they keep struggling against racial discrimination. In the last part of this research, the writer gives conclusion of the
analysis.
23
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
Dutchman
is a play work written by Amiri Baraka that tells the short story of an interracial couple, one of whom is an African American man and, who
experiences racial stereotypes from the other one, a White American woman, ending with the murder of the African American Man, killed by the White
American woman. This chapter presents the analysis of the study. The analysis in this chapter
is divided into three subchapters based on the problems that are formulated in the first chapter. In the first subchapter, the writer analyzes the racial stereotyping that
experienced by the male main character, Clay. In the second subchapter, the writer analyzes the racial stereotyping that Clay experiences. In the third and last
subchapter, the writer analyzes the struggle of Clay’s identity against racial
stereotyping.
A. Clay’s Depiction
In this part, the writer’s analysis is about the depiction of the male main character, Clay Williams. This first analysis is used to support analysis of the next
problem formulations. As the writer explained in the Chapter II, character is one of the important elements that make the story come alive. Character is one of the
critical elements in literary work, especially, in this case, a play work.
The definition of characters is taken from M. H. Abrams statement in his book
.
He states the characters are
The persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional by inferences from what person say and their distinctive ways of saying it
– the dialogue – from what they do – the action.
The grounds in the characters’ temprament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation. Abrams,
1999:32 From the quotation above, it is clear that character in the literary works is the
maker of the story and gives the reader information about people in the story from dialogue, action, and motivation. The way a person speaks and behaves also
reflects their character’s background.
There are two characters in the play. The first is Clay Williams, he is a middle-class African American man living in New Jersey. The second is Lula, a
red long-haired White American woman. The writer tries to examine the depiction fo Clay using the theory of character and characterization that is stated in the
Chapter II. First, the writer examines the personal appearance and the personality of Clay. In this discussion,
the writer only examines Clay’s depiction because he is the main character who experiences racial stereotyping from Lula, the other
main character. To examine his depictions, the theory of characterization taken from
Re aske’s book is applied. There are five ways to study their characteristics and the
writer applies them all. The ways to study the characteristics are the appearance of
