Subordination In “A Study In Scartlet” By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

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SUBORDINATION IN “A STUDY IN SCARTLET” BY

SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

A PAPER

BY

MINDOULI HUTAJULU

REG.NO: 072202022

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

2010

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Approved by Supervisor

Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA NIP. 19581017 198001 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

Dra. Syahyar Hanum D. P. F.E

NIP. 19510907 197902 2 001Approved by the DIPLOMA III of English Study Program

Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara As a paper for the DIPLOMA (D III) Examination

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Accepted by the Broad of Examiner in partial fulfillment of requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma D-III of English Diploma Program, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on ……….

Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

Dean,

Prof. Syaifuddin M.A., Ph.D

NIP. 19650909 199403 1 004

Broad of Examiner and Reader:

Examiner : Drs. Bahagia Tarigan M.A

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, MINDOULI HUTAJULU, declare that I am the sole of the author of this paper. Except where references is made in this text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for of awarded anther degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Mindouli Hutajulu

Title of paper : Subordination in A Study in Scarlet by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRAK

Pada kertas karya ini, penulis mengangkat judul “Subordination in A study in Scarlet”. Kertas karya ini akan membahas tentang pengertian subordinasi, bentuk-bentuk serta fungsi subornasi dalam suatu kalimat dengan kedudukannya sebagai anak kalimat. Subordinasi merupakan sebuah cara untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat dengan kata penghubung yang disebut konjungsi. Subordinasi membuat kalimat menjadi kompleks, dan kedudukan kalimat bersubordinasi di dalamnya merupakan anak kalimat (dependent clause). Dependent clause terdiri dari tiga jenis yaitu adverb

clause, adjective clause, dan noun clause. Yang merupakan hasil penelitan dari kertas

karya ini adalah ditemukannya beberapa kalimat dalam bentuk subordinat dan dari

subordinators yang ada, dapat diketahui apa yang menjadi fungsi kalimat

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The clock is ticking. My time in English Department, Faculty of Letters, is ending soon. For these long three years, I have got a lot of knowledge and experiences. Beyond those precious things, I owe a big responsibility to English Diploma that is making a paper on requirement on Diploma III (D III). In completing this paper, there are many people stand for me to give support. First of all, I would like to thank to Debata Mula Jadi Na Bolon, for giving me this huge blessing and precious knowledge so that I am able to complete my study in English Department and finish my paper on time.

I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty letters, Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A Ph.D and the Head of English Department, Dra. Syahyar Hanum D. P. F. E.

Further I would like to be grateful to my supervisor, Drs. Bahagia Tarigan M.A, who is so generous with his valuable advice, guidance, and time in correcting this paper. My gratitude is also dedicated to my reader Drs. Umar Mono M.Hum, and for all my lectures who have shared their priceless knowledge and guidance so that I have provisions in accomplishing this paper.

My very special thanks is dedicated to people around me, who always encourage me in facing my daily live and my study.

I present a deepest and a sincere gratitude to my beloved parents, Edi Hutajulu and Elmina Br. Sinaga, for the endless love, careens, and the unlimited prayers also

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the support. For my sister, Erika Hutajulu, my brothers, Irvan Hutajulu and Anggreensun Hutajulu, thanks for the support and careens in all this time.

To my best friends, PHAT_girls: Anna, Eva, Eve, Gina, Ledy, Linda, Luki, Made and Siska, thank you for the sincere love and the support. We have been together in passing our study and I know that we will leave our dream soon.

A special thanks to Ruth, who inspired and supported me in making this paper. For them, who can not be mentioned one by one, thanks for being my friends and understanding me.

The last but not the least, I would like to be grateful to Bisma H. Brutu, for his support, affection and especially the novel. Whenever you are, wish God always bless your new family.

Finally, with all limitation of my knowledge, I admit this paper is not perfect and may contain weaknesses and errors. I will appreciate any further constructive criticism from the readers. Thus, the responsibility is due to me. I hope this paper would be useful to the readers in future.

Medan, May ,2010

The writer

MindouliHutajulu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………..………..……i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...ii

ABSTRACT...iii

ACKNOWLADGEMENTS………...…….………...iv

TABLEOF CONTENTS………...………vi

1. INTRODUCTION………..……….………1

1.1 Background of Study………..………1

1.2 Scope of Study………..………...2

1.3 Objective of Study……….………..……2

1.4 Significance of Study………..………..…...2

1.5 Method of Study………..………....2

2. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SUBORDINATION IN SENTENCE..……….3

2.1 Subordination...4

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2.2.1 Clause of Time……….………..………….……..7

2.2.2 Clause of Place………..……….……..8

2.2.3 Clause of Reason………..…..………...…...8

2.2.4 Clause of Condition………..9

2.2.5 Clause of Result………..………..…..10

2.2.6 Clause of Concession………..………..……..10

2.2.7 Clause of Comparison………..………..….10

2.2.7.1 Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree…...….……11

2.2.7.2 Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner…….……..11

2.2.8 Clause of Purpose………..……….………12

2.3 Noun Clause.…….………..………...14

2.4 Adjective Clause………..………..………19

3. SUBORDINATION IN “A STUDY IN SCARLET”…………...23

3.1 Adverb Clause……….…..……23

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3.1.2 Kinds………..…….………...24

3.1.2.1 Adverb Clause of Time……….…………..…………24

3.1.2.2. Adverb Clause of Place………..…………....26

3.1.2.3 Adverb Clause of Reason ………...……..…………...26

3.1.2.4 Adverb Clause of Condition……..……….….27

3.1.2.5 Adverb Clause of Result………..………....28

3.1.2.6 Adverb Clause of Concession ………..……..……….28

3.1.2.7 Adverb Clause of Comparison…....……….28

3.1.2.8 Adverb Clause of Purpose………..……….…....30

3.1.3 Functions………..………..………….30

3.1.3.1 Adverb clause of Time……….……….…..…….30

3.1.3.2 Adverb Clause of Place………,,……….…31

3.1.3.3 Adverb Clause of Reason………..……….31

3.1.3.4 Adverb Clause of Condition……….…….31

3.1.3.5 Adverb Clause of Result……….……….……..32

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3.1.3.7 Adverb Clause of Comparison……….32

3.1.3.8 Adverb Clause of Purpose………..……….……32

3.2 Noun Clause………...…………..………...33

3.2.1 Forms………...…………..…….33

3.2.1.1 Question Words (Wh-Question)………..34

3.2.1.2 Question Words + Word “Ever”………..…………....36

3.2.1.3 Whether/ If………..……….……...38

3.2.2 Functions…………..……….….38

3.2.2.1 Noun Clause as Subject ………..38

3.2.2.2 Noun Clause as Subject Complement……..….………..39

3.2.2.3 Noun Clause as Direct Object ………..……….39

3.2.2.4 Noun Clause as Object Complement ………..…...39

3.2.2.5 Noun Clause as Prepositional Complement……..………….40

3.2.2.6 Noun Clause as Adjective Phrase Complement…...40

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3.3 Adjective Clause ………..………..………...41

3.3.1 Forms………..……….………...41

3.3.2 Relative Pronoun……….……….…..42

3.3.3 Relative Adverbs……….………...43

3.3.4 Functions……….43

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………..…….………45

4.1 Conclusions………..………..………...45

4.2 Suggestions………...………46

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ABSTRAK

clause, adjective clause, dan noun clause. Yang merupakan hasil penelitan dari kertas

karya ini adalah ditemukannya beberapa kalimat dalam bentuk subordinat dan dari

subordinators yang ada, dapat diketahui apa yang menjadi fungsi kalimat

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Subordination is a way of combining sentences that makes one sentence more important than the other. It is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence (Rozakis, 2008: 134). When one part of sentence is subordinated, the dependent clause develops the main clause. Subordination helps developing ideas, emphasize one idea over the other.

Subordination makes main idea stand out. Sentences with subordinate phrases are more complete than simple sentence and they referred to as complex sentences. Subordination shows the relationship between ideas and the details in a sentence. Good writing needs a mixture of all four kinds of sentences: simple, compound, complex and compound complex sentences.

The usage of subordination in A Study in Scarlet novel is quite often and the paragraph looks boring and ineffective. This is the reason why I chose this topic. Subordination is also a significant topic as the application of the linguistic aspect. It shows the maturity and perfect mastery in language. The other reason I chose this topic is I am interessted in a paper, titled “Subordination in Too Kill A Mocking Bird by Harper Lee”.

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Relating the description above, Subordination in A study in Scarlet is taken as the title of this paper which the forms and the functions of subordination in A Study in Scarlet are the main problems to analyze.

1.2 Scope of the Study

This study is focused on the descriptions related to the forms and the functions of subordinations in A Study in Scarlet novel, especially noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause.

1.3 Objective of Study

The objectives of this study are:

1. To describe the forms of subordinations in A Study in Scarlet novel, especially noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause.

2. To describe the functions of subordination in A Study in Scarlet novel.

1.4 Significant of the Study

1. To improve my English skill and to profound my comprehension about the grammatical properties, especially subordinating conjunctions and some related elements.

2. To give some contribution to the study of linguistic for grammar reader through this paper

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1.5 Methods of Study

In completing this paper, I collect the data by applying library research, reading novel, and online research. By applying library research, I collect several books which are relevant to the topic. And by online research, I collect the data by browsing and researching some information, projects of the internet analysts on the sites and some information which is relevant to the topic.

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2. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SUBORDINATION IN SENTENCE

2.1 Subordination

What is subordination? Subordination is a way of combining sentences that makes one sentence more important than the other. It is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence (Rozakis, 2003: 134). Sentences that use subordination have a main clause and one (more) subordinate clauses or dependent clause. A subordinate clause is a clause that is embedded as a constituent of a matrix sentence and that functions like a noun, adjective, or adverb in the resultant complex sentence (Hartmann and Stork, 1972: 76)

A clause is a grammatical unit that includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied subject, and expresses a proposition (Hartmann and Stork, 1972: 137). The most basic kind of sentence consists of a single clause; more complicated sentences may contain multiple clauses- including clauses contain within clauses. Learning the various terms used to define and classify clauses can be a vocabulary lesson in itself. Clauses are categorized into independent and dependent clauses. This simply means that some clauses can stand by themselves, as separate sentences, and some can't. Another term for dependent clause is subordinate clause: this means that the clause is subordinate to another element (the independent clause) and

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depends on that other element for its meaning. The subordinate clause is created by a subordinating conjunction or dependent word (Rozakis 2003: 105, 118).

In their book, Applied English Grammar, Byrd and Benson state that there are three groups of words that used to connect clauses. They are:

1. Subordinators

As, as if, as soon as, how, unless, until, while,

Whose, what, where, since, whom, although, because,

After, before, even though, that, though, so that, wherever, whenever.

2. Coordinators

For, nor, or, so, and, but, yet.

3. Conjunctive adverb, like:

Accordingly, besides, consequently, in contrast, meanwhile, moreover, indeed, instead, nevertheless, however,

nonetheless.

The connectors written above are used in complex sentences. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The more important idea is put in the independent clause and less important one is put in

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the dependent clause. There are three kinds of dependent clause: adverb clause, adjective clause and noun clause (Oshima 1990:160).

2.2 Adverb Clause

An adverb clause is a clause that has an adverb-like function in modifying another clause (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 7). In an adverb clause, a special introductory word is added to a full subject – predicate structure. This subordinator requires the clause that should be attached to another full predication.

A dependent adverb clause begins with adverbial subordinators such as after,

as, before, because, for, now what, until, when, since, whenever, any where, more(er)…that, if, whether, though, as…as, as if, where, as soon as, so…that, in order to, so that, and same as.

Examples:

1. When I was riding my motorcycle to town

2. Vera smashed my electric guitar

, I saw Jean with another girl.

which Tom has given me

There are two possible positions for an adverb clause, before or after the independent clause. Commas are used when the sentences start with the dependent clause, means before the independent clause (sentence 1). No commas are used when the dependent clause comes in the middle or at the end of sentence (sentence 2).

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A dependent clause begins with adverbial subordinators such as after, as,

before, because, for, now what, until, when, since, whenever, any where, more(er)…that, if, whether, though, as…as, as if, where, as soon as, so…that, in order to, so that, and same as.

An adverb clause can be composed by the following patterns (www.Englishforum.com):

All adverb clauses perform the grammatical function of adverbial. Adverbials are defined as words and phrases that modify an entire clause by providing additional information about concession, condition, manner, place, purpose, reason, result, and time.

2.2.1 Clause of Time

This clause is used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. Time clause is placed either at the beginning or the end of a sentence. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker or writer is

Subject + Verb + Noun + Subordinator_{+ Subject + Verb + Noun}

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generally stressing the importance of the time indicated. The main time clause conjunctions are: when, as soon as, before, after, as, while (www.wikipedia.org).

For examples:

3. Since my sister has moved to another town

4. I will never come back to her house

, I always feel lonely.

as long as she asks me to forgive her

When Marry arrived

, the party was over.

Before going to bed

7. We left

, you have to brush your teeth.

after the speeches ended

As soon as you arrive

2.2.2 Clause of Place

, give me a call.

Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause. Place conjunctions include where and in wherever (www.wikipedia.org). Where is specific and whenever is nonspecific.

For example:

9. Wherever he goes

10. I walk to bus station

, he will never find a girl better than me. (indicate direction)

where John is waiting for me

2.2.3 Clause of Reason

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This clause is used to indicate reason. Reason clause defines the reason behind the statement or action given in the main clause. They can be placed either before or after the main clause. If placed before the main clause, the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular reason. Reason clause also performs a relationship with the matrix clause (www.wikipedia.org). Look at these examples for further explanation:

11. He was arrested because he robbed the bank

12. My mother asked me to stay at home

. (relationship of cause and effect)

because my sister was taking a nap

13. I will always care about them

. (relationship of reason and consequence)

because they are my best friends

14.

. (relationship of motivation and result)

Since Mr. Grayson has resigned

Beside because and since, clause of reason is also performed by other subordinators, such as: as, for, seeing that, and now what

, our schedule must be revised. (relationship of circumstance and the consequence)

Examples:

15. As my sister moved to another city

16. I have to reduce having meals

, I have to be able to solve my problem without her.

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17. Seeing that the weather is not good enough

18. Jean came late to school

, we cancel our picnic.

since no one woke her up

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Now that I start to think about it

20. Many people become vegetarians

, obeying my parents is big thing.

for they know that it makes them healthy

2.2.4 Clause of Condition

This clause is used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences. In general, it conveys a direct condition in that the situation in the matrix clause is directly contingent on the situation in the conditional clause (www.Answer.com), as reflected in the example below:

21. If you eat too much, you will be obesities.

From the sentence above, the writer intends the reader to understand that the truth of the prediction “you will be obesities” depends on the fulfillment of the condition of “you eat too much”.

The most common subordinators for this clause are if and unless, which are also used with non finite and verb less clause. Other conditional subordinators are restricted to finite clause, like given that, on condition (that), providing (that), whether or not, no matter if/whether.

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2.2.5 Clause of Result

This clause is used to indicate the result of something. It introduced by subordinators so that and so, like the examples below:

22. Her bed room is so dirty that

2.2.6 Clause of Concession

her mother does not want to sleep there.

Concessive clauses are used to concede a given point in an argument. The principle concessive conjunctions introducing a concessive clause are: Though, although, even though, while, and even if. They can be placed at the beginning, internally or at the end of the sentence. When placed at the beginning or internally, they serve to concede a certain part of an argument before proceeding to question the validity of the point in a given discussion (www.wikipedia.org).

Example:

23. I used to read a lot although I don’t get much time for books now

24.

Though she does not like jazz

25. I will never choose him

, Ann still accompanied Roy to the concert.

even if he is the only one man in this world

2.2.7 Clause of Comparison

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Clause of comparison can be formed with comparative adjective of adverb and than. In speaking, and sometimes in writing, the verb in the dependent clause is often changed to the corresponding auxiliary verb.

26. Ryan jumps highly but Tom jumps higher than Ryan jumps.

27. Tom jumps higher that Ryan does.

According to Hancock (2005: 54), adverb clause of comparison may be divided into two types: adverb clause of comparison of degree and adverb clause of comparison of manner.

2.2.7.1 Adverb clause of comparison of degree

This kind of adverb refers to compare between equal or unequal things in a sentence (www.Wikipedia.org). The subordinators used in this kind of adverb are given below with their reflective examples:

As…as

28. Tom, as well as Jean, walks to school everyday.

More(er)…than

29. For me, nothing can me happier than this.

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30. I have already joined an MLM, but so far as

Same…as

I am able to think about, this MLM is not as good as people always talk about.

31. .Isabel has the same score as

2.2.7.2 Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner Tiara has.

This kind of adverb clause talks about someone’s behavior or the way something is done. The subordinators used in this kind of adverb clause are given with their respective examples below:

32. Lucky fell down as the letter read

As if

33. She always goes shopping as if she had much money

2.2.8 Adverb Clause of Purpose

This clause is used to indicate the purpose of an action (www.wikipedia.org). Subordinators that introduce this clause are in order to, so that, in order that.

Examples:

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35. In order to sell his house immediately

Function

, Joe makes an advertisement in some media.

Adverb clause has a number of adverbial meanings depend on its clauses and types. The writer took from www.wikipedia.org on 23rd February 2010, not included the examples. There are some functions of adverb clause:

1. Time Clause

This clause is generally functioning to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or another event. But specifically it function depends on the subordinator, the time of the matrix clause is earlier than the adverbial clause (with subordinator before), establish two events that happen simultaneously (with subordinator while), or subsequent to it (subordinator after).

36. I have to come home before nine o’clock

37.

While reading a book

2. Adverb clause of place has function to indicate position and direction. , Tom was coming and knocked my door.

Examples:

38. Ann ran to a place where at the first time she met Randy

39. May always goes with me

. (indicates position)

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3. Clause of reason has function to convey a direct relationship with the matrix clause.

Example:

40. Dodo decided to go because somebody is catching her up now

4. Clause of condition conveys a direct condition in that the situation in the matrix clause is directly contingent on the situation in the conditional clause.

Example:

41. If you were asked to prove that two and two made four

5. Clause of result is used to indicate the result of something. But because the subordinators are putative, it requires a modal auxiliary.

, you might find some difficulty.

6. Clause of concession is function to indicate the situation in the matrix clause is contrary to what one might

Example:

42. He spoke in a calm and methodical manner, as though

7. Clause of comparison is used to introduce non finite and verb less clauses. the events which he narrated were commonplace enough.(page 73)

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8. Clause of purpose, with subordinators in order to, and so that, indicates the purpose of an action.

2.3 Noun Clause

Non clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It can be a subject, object, or subject complement. Noun clause performs as a nominal clause when a subordinate clause assumes the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence. Like a noun phrase, nominal can perform as a subject, object, or subject of complement (www.grammar.about.com/noun clause). The following sentences are the examples:

43. What you will do to pay the damage

44. The library will send a bill to

is not even my problem. (subject)

whoever damaged these books

45. His grandmother knows that his biggest mistake is

. (object)

that he did not finish college

Forms

. (complement)

1. Interrogative Words

Included what, who, whom, when, where, why, how. Subordinator question word is used to connect dependent clause and independent clause.

Examples:

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47. He is the man who I saw

2. Interrogative words + ever

last Sunday at supermarket.

Such as whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whomever. Below are the meanings of these subordinators:

Whoever and whomever means any person

Whatever and whichever means anything

Wherever means any place

However means any way

Whenever means any time.

3. Whether / If

When a yes or no question changed into a noun clause, whether or if clause is used to introduce the clause. A whether or if clause is formed by:

Whether / if + Subject + Verb + Complement

Whether is more acceptable in formal English. It implies choice among alternatives rather than a strict yes/no decision.

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If is quite commonly used, especially in speaking. If often implies a yes/no answer.

49. I asked Johnny if he paid the bill

Functions

Noun clauses perform nominal functions, or functions prototypically performed by noun phrases. According to www.languagestudy.suite101.com, there are eight functions of noun clauses. The explanations are given below include the examples, that made by the writer.

1. Noun Clauses as Subjects

The first grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subjects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action of or act upon the predicate. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subjects:

50. Whoever ate my breakfast

51.

is in big trouble.

How you will finish all your homework on time

2. Noun Clauses as Subject Complements

is not my problem.

The second grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject complement. Subject complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that

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follow a copular verb and describe the subject. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subject complements:

52. The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture

53. My question is

whether you will sue the company for losses

3. Noun Clauses as Direct Objects

The third grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the direct object. Direct objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow and receive the action of a transitive verb. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as direct objects:

The counselor has been wondering if she chose the right career

54. Do you know

55. Our dog eats

when the train should arrive?

whatever we put in his bowl

4. Noun Clauses as Object Complements .

The fourth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the object complement. Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe the direct object. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object complements:

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57. I have often declared the problem that most students do not understand grammar

5. Noun Clauses as Indirect Objects .

The fifth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the indirect object. Indirect objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a intransitive verb and indicate to or for whom or what is action of the verb is performed. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as indirect objects:

58. The judge will give what you said

59. The group has given

some deliberation during her decision.

that most Americans do not support their cause

6. Noun Clauses as Prepositional Complements

little consideration.

The sixth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the prepositional complement. Prepositional complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow a preposition to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as prepositional complements:

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61. My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday

7. Noun Clauses as Adjective Phrase Complements

The seventh grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the adjective phrase complement. Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as adjective phrase complements:

62. I am pleased that you are studying noun clauses

63. The toddler was surprised

that throwing a tantrum did not get him his way

Noun clauses most often function as adjective phrase complements when the adjective phrase is performing the function of subject complement.

8. Noun Clauses as Appositives

The eighth grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the appositive. Appositives are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as appositives:

64. That man, whoever is he

65. The problem,

, tried to steal some library books.

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2.4 Adjective Clause

An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements (www.chompchomp.com):

• First, it will contain a subject and verb.

• Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

• Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind?

How many? or Which one?

All adjective clauses perform the grammatical function of noun phrase modifier. Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or modify a noun phrase. Adjective clauses are also referred to as relative clauses. The subordinating conjunctions that introduce adjective clauses are also called relative pronouns.

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Adjective clause that is also called relative can be arranged by this pattern (www Englishforum.com):

Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has an antecedent (www.Answer.com). It is called relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. In English, relative pronoun are who, whom, which, whose, and that.

Relative pronoun can be a subject, or an object. As a subject, relative pronoun will follow this rule (www.Englishforum.com):

Relative pronoun as subject for human reflected in these following sentences:

65. The man who stole my purse has been arrested Who

Which + verb + complement

Subordinators

Subject Who, Whom, Whose

+ Which, That + subject + verb

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Relative Pronoun as subject for things / non humans is reflected in example below:

66. The house that had been built three months ago

Relative Adverb

had destroyed by earthquake.

Relative adverb is a pro-adverb that marks a relative clause (Mish 1991:995). Relative clauses are clause that modifies what they are attached to-that is to say, they effect its meaning in someway. Most relative clauses modify a noun. In this way they act rather like adjective, in fact, adjectival clause is another name for them.

Relative adverb is composed of (www.Englishforum.com ):

The relative adverb that may introduce adjective clause is:

67. At first, Ann went to a bridge where the body of her husband was found

Functions

According to the meaning, there are two functions of adjective clause. They are:

1. Restrictive Relative Clause When

+ Subject + Verb + Complement

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Restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that helps to identify the referent of the word that it modifies (Pei and Gaynor 1945: 185). A referent is the concentrate object or concept that is designated by a word or expression (www.wikipedia.org). In other words, it means necessary. Restrictive relative pronoun has no comma around it.

Example:

68. My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry for my birthday.

2. Non-Restrictive Relative Clause

A non-restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that does not aid in the identification of the referent of its head noun, but only provides information about it (www.wikipedia.org). A non-restrictive relative clause is usually signaled in writing by commas before and after, and in the speech by tone unit boundaries on either side.

Example:

69. The problem, that the storm knocked out power

70. Ms. Eve,

, is affecting the entire town.

who was the secretary of Mr. Raymond, is able to type two hundred words in a minute.

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3. SUBORDINATION IN “A STUDY IN SCARLET”

It has already been mentioned in the previous chapter that subordinate sentences in “A Study in Scarlet” novel is the focus of the analysis. The sentences were written randomly. The subordinate sentences consist of three clauses; they are adverb clause, noun clause, and adjective clause.

3.1 Adverb clause

An adverb clause is a clause that has an adverb-like function in modifying another clause (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 7). In an adverb clause, a special introductory word is added to a full subject – predicate structure (www.Englishforum.com). This subordinator requires the clause that should be attached to another full predication.

3.1.1 Forms

A dependent clause begins with adverbial subordinators such as after, as,

before, because, for, now what, until, when, since, whenever, any where, more(er)…that, if, whether, though, as…as, as if, where, as soon as, so…that, in order to, so that, and same as.

An adverb clause can be composed by the following patterns (www.englishforum.com):

Subject + Verb + Noun + Subordinator_{+ Subject + Verb + Noun}

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3.1.2 Kinds

Every adverb is recognized by a subordinator, they are: after, as, before,

because, for, now what , until, when, since, whenever, any where, more(er)…that, if, whether, though, as…as, as if, where, as soon as, so…that, in order to, so that, and same as.

Kinds of adverb clauses are determined by the subordinators that used in the clause, usually based on the meaning of the subordinators.

3.1.2.1 Adverb Clause of Time

This clause is used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or another event.

A time clause is introduced by the subordinators after, as, as soon as, before,

since, until, when(ever), and, while.

After

1. As we made our way to the hospital after leaving the Holborn, Stamford gave me a few more particulars about the gentleman whom I supposed to take as a fellow lodger. (page 3)

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2. As he spoke

3. …, but

, he threw into the vessel a view white crystals,… (page 4)

as the crowd approached he laid it aside

Before

, and listened attentively to an account of the episode. (page 49)

4. It was closed upon twelve before I heard the sharp sound of his latchkey

(page 30)

Since

5. …, but since the police had been coming and going over it

6. Three weeks had passed

, I was unable to see how my companion could hope to learn anything from it. (page 16)

since Jefferson Hope and his comrades had departed from Salt Lake City

Until

. (page 56)

7. We picked our way among groups of dirty children, and through lines of discolored linen ,until we came to Number 48

When

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8. You know the feeling, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, when you come upon the right scent

,… (page 16)

When the head of it had reached the base of the mountains

Whenever

, the rear was not yet visible on the horizon. (page 47)

10. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it

While

. (page 10)

11. Then I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it

12. …, his eyes were sunken in his head, and burned with an unnatural luster; … (page 10)

while the hand which grasped his rifle was hardly more fleshly that that of a skeleton

3.1.2.2. Adverb Clause of Place . (page 45)

This clause is used to talk about the location or position of something (www.wikipedia.org). The subordinators used in adverb clause of place are found in the following:

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13. …so I went into the room where the light was burning

14. …and succeeded in reaching Candahar in safety,

. (page 24)

where I found my regiment

Anywhere/ Somewhere means any place . (page 1)

15. Then I soon realized that I must either leave the metropolis and rusticate somewhere in the country

16. …without a sign

… (page 2)

anywhere of plant of tree

Wherever

, which might indicate the presences of moisture. (page 45)

17. Wherever stirring adventures were to be bad

3.1.2.3 Adverb Clause of Reason

, Jefferson Hope had been in search of them. (page 54)

An adverb clause of reason is used to indicate the reason for something. The subordinator that used in this adverb is given below:

18. As for the article

Because

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19. And object to rows because my nerves are shaken

For

, and I get up all sorts of ungodly hours,… (page 5)

20. We must hurry up, for I want to go to Halle’s concert to hear Norman Neruda this afternoon

Now that

. (page 23)

21. Now that I do know it

3.1.2.4 Adverb clause of Condition

I shall do my best to forget it. (page 8)

This clause are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences. These following sentences show the subordinators.

22. If I can only find what the fellow is driving at by reconciling all these accomplishments

23.

, and discovering a calling which needs them all. (page 9)

If you were asked to prove that two and two made four

Whether

, you might find some difficulty. (page 14)

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3.1.2.5 Adverb Clause of Result

Adverb clause of result is used to indicate the result of something. The subordinators which can be used is found in this following sentences:

So … that

25. The solitary window was so dirty that

3.1.2.6 Adverb clause of Concession

the light was hazy and uncertain. (page 17)

This clause is used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising (www.wikipedia.org). Or in other words, it states something opposed to the main clause but does not deny its validity. The most common subordinators used in this clause are:

Though

26. He spoke in a calm and methodical manner, as though

27. “Commonplace,” said Holmes,

the events which he narrated were commonplace enough.(page 73)

though I thought from his expression

Although

that he was pleased at my evident surprise and admiration. (page 14)

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28. … ”That without leaving your room you can unravel some knot which other men can make nothing of, although they have seen every detail for themselves?

3.1.2.7 Adverb clause of Comparison ” (page 56)

Adverb clause of comparison has two types, they are:

1. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree

2. Adverb Clause of Manner

1. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree

This type is used to compare two equal or unequal things in a sentence. The subordinators used in this type of adverb clause are given below:

As…as

29. As long as

30. Why, of course, now

all these questions were unsolved, I felt that I sleep would be no easy matter. (page27)

as long as

More(er)…than

we die we’ll be with mother again. (page 46)

31. From the great island sea to the distant Wasatch Mountains there was no name better known than that of John Ferrier. (page 52)

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So…as

32. Here I rallied, and had already improved so far as

2. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner

to be able to walk about the wards. (page 1)

This type talks about someone’s behavior or the way something is done. The subordinators used in this type are found in the following:

33. As the weeks went by

34. At last, one evening I was driving up and down Torquay Terrace,

, my interest in him and my curiosity as to his aims in life gradually deepened and increased. (page 7)

as the street was called in which they boarded

As if

, when I saw a cab drive to their car door. (page 74)

35. Gregson and Lestrade exchanged glances, as if

3.2.1.8 Adverb Clause of Purpose

they thought this proposition rather a bold one… (page 72)

This clause is used to indicate the purpose of an action. The subordinators which can be used are found in the following:

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In order to

36. …but simply out of a spirit of inquiry in order to have an accurate idea of the effects

So that

. (page 3)

37. A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that

(page 8)

the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out….

3.1.3 Functions

Adverb clause has a number of adverbial meanings depend on its clauses and types. There are some functions of adverb clause:

3.1.3.1 Adverb Clause of Time

38. It was closed upon twelve before I heard the sharp sound of his latchkey

(page 30)

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39. As we made our way to the hospital after leaving the Holborn

3.1.3.2 Adverb clause of place

, Stamford gave me a few more particulars about the gentleman whom I supposed to take as a fellow- lodger. (page 3)

This clause has function to indicate position and direction.

Examples:

40. …and succeeded in reaching Candahar in safety, where I found my regiment

41.

. (page 1)

Wherever stirring adventures were to be bad

3.1.3. 3 Adverb Clause of reason

, Jefferson Hope had been in search of them. (page 54)

This clause has function to convey a direct relationship with the matrix clause.

Example:

42. We must hurry up, for I want to go to Halle’s concert to hear Norman Neruda this afternoon

3.1.3.4 Adverb Clause of condition . (page 23)

This clause conveys a direct condition in that the situation in the matrix clause is directly contingent on the situation in the conditional clause.

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Example:

43. If you were asked to prove that two and two made four

3.1.3.5 Adverb Clause of result

, you might find some difficulty. (page 14)

This clause is used to indicate the result of something. But because the subordinators are putative, it requires a modal auxiliary.

Example:

44. A fool takes in all the lumber of every short that he becomes across, so that

3.1.3.6 Adverb Clause of concession

the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out… (page 8)

This clause is function to indicate the situation in the matrix clause is contrary to what one might

Example:

45. He spoke in a calm and methodical manner, as though

3.1.3.7 Adverb Clause of comparison

the events which he narrated were commonplace enough.(page 73)

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Example:

46. Why, of course, now as long as

(page 46)

we die we’ll be with mother again.

3.1.3.8 Adverb Clause of purpose

This clause indicates the purpose of an action.

Example:

47. The latter perceived him, and took a cab in order to get away from him. (page 37)

3.2 Noun Clause

Noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. Noun clause can be a subject, object, or object complement. When a subordinated clause assumes the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence, it is said to be nominal clause, like a noun phrase, nominal clause can function as subject, object, and a complement (www.grammar.about.com/noun clause), as written in 48 up to 50:

48. What amuses me is to think of Lestrade

The position of the nominal clause above is to show the subject.

, who had started off upon the wrong scent. (page 37)

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49. Nothing could exceed his energy when the working fit was upon him

The position of the nominal clause above is to show complement.

: but now and again a reaction would seize him, and for days on end he would lie upon the save in the sitting room. (page 7)

50. I felt rather indignant at having two characters whom I had admired

The position of the nominal clause above is to show object.

, treated in this cavalier style. (page 12)

3.2.1 Forms

Noun clauses are defined as subordinate clauses that formed by a subordinating conjunctions followed by a clause. The subordinating conjunctions in English that introduce noun clauses are that, if, whether, wh-words, and wh-ever words.

3.2.1.1 Question Words (‘Wh-Questions’)

Subordinators in question word forms are used to connect dependent clause and independent clause. Noun clauses that in question word form could be seen from A Study In Scarlet novel are:

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51. When we turned him over

The position of noun clause above is to show object of participle.

, the boots recognized him at once as being the same gentleman who had engaged the room under the name of Joseph Strangerson. (page 39)

52. I followed, however, with many other officers who were in the same situation as my self, and succeeded in reaching Candahar in safety when I found my regiment and at once entered upon

The position of noun clause above is to show appositives.

, my new duties. (page 1)

53. My heart grew light when I saw him drive away. (page 36)

The position of noun clause above is to show object of an infinitive.

Where

54. On being asked where this old shipmate lived

55. Strange rumors begun to be bandied about…rumors of murdered immigrants and riffled camps in regions

, he was unable to give any satisfactory reply. (page 37)

where Indians had never been seen.

What

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56. In her impatience she endeavored to pass his obstacle by pushing her horse into what appeared to be a gap.

57.

(page 53)

What amuses me is to think of Lestrade

58. I was the first to discover

, who started off upon the wrong scent. (page 37)

what had occurred.

59. I ain’t feared of anything on this side of the grave: but I thought that maybe it was him that died of typhoid inspecting the drains

(page 38)

what kind of him.

Who

(page 24)

60. The deceased was an American gentleman who had been residing for some weeks in the metropolis.

61. “The fun of it is,” he cried, “that fool Lestrade, (page 32)

who thinks himself so smart

(page 40)

, has gone off upon the wrong track of the terrier, who speedily licked it dry.”

62. Mr. Gregson, who had listened to this address with considerable impatience

Whom

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Whom is used if the verb in the noun clause already has a subject.

63. Her chubby face and his haggard, angular visage were both turned up to the cloudless heaven in heartfelt entreaty to that dread being with whom they were face to face

Why

, while the two voices… the one thin and clear, the other deep and harsh…united in the entreaty for mercy an forgiveness. (page 25)

64. Without meaning to hurt either of your feelings, I am bound to say that I consider these men to be more than a match for the official force, and that is why I have not asked your assistance

How

. (page 42)

65. The question which confronted me was to find out how Strangerson had been employed between 8:30

3.2.1.2 Question Words + Word “ever”

and the time of the crime and what had become of him afterwards. (page 38)

Sometimes the subordinator is used as subject of the verb in the noun clause. Only who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever, can be used as the subject of the verb in the noun clause.

Question words + “ever” can also be subordinators that introduce noun clause, like written below:

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However

However used to introduce a noun clause is not the same as the conjunctive adverb. Compare the following sentences that found in A Study in Scarlet novel.

66. Soon, however

The subordinator ‘however” in the sentence above is to introduce a noun. , it took a wider range. (page 56)

67. It chanced, however

The subordinator “however” in the sentence above means “although”.

, that Drebber, looking from his window, had recognized the vagrant in the street, and had read murder in his eyes. (page 71)

Whoever

Whoever means any person

68. Philipe de Croy, whoever he may ever have been

Whenever

… (page 29)

Whenever means any place.

69. Whenever a horse man clattered down the road

Whatever

, or a driver shouted at his team, the old farmer hurried to the gate, thinking that help had arrived at last. (page 62)

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70. I told you that, whatever happened

71.

, Lestrade and Gregson would be sure to score. (page 33)

Whatever the motives of these extraordinary crimes

3.1.2.3 Whether/ If

, robbery is certainly not one of them. (page 39)

When a yes/no question is changed into a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause (Schrampfer Azar 1989:268). A whether / if clause is formed by:

Whether / if + Subject + Verb + Complement

72. An observer would have found it difficult to say whether he was nearer to forty or sixty.

73. It was at this point that I asked Cregson (page 47)

whether he had inquired in this telegram to Cleveland

74. You have asked me

… (page 81)

if I know the name of the assassin

75. When you see him, ask him

. (page 42)

if he remembers the Jefferson Hopes of St. Louis

3.2.2 Functions

. (page 53)

Noun clauses perform nominal functions, or functions prototypically performed by noun phrases. According to www.languagestudy.suite101.com , there

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are eight functions of noun clauses. The functions of noun clause that found in A

Study in Scarlet novel are:

3.2.2.1 Noun Clause as Subject

The first grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject. Subject is defined as words, phrases, and clauses that perform the action of or act upon the predicate. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subject:

76. What happened then

3.2.2.2. Noun Clauses as Subject Complement I don’t know. (page 36)

The second grammatical function that noun clauses can perform is the subject complement. Subject complement is defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follows a copular verb and describe the subject. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as subject complement:

77. The very best thing which I observed on arriving there was that a cab had made two ruts with it wheels close to the curb

3.2.2.3 Noun Clauses as Direct Object

. (page 22)

Direct objects are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow and receive the action of a transitive verb. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as direct object:

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78. I was standing in the yard when a ragged youngster asked if there was a cabby called Jefferson Hope

79. “Don’t you see

. (page 78)

that it gives us an infallible test for blood stain?”

80. John Ferrier uttered these consoling remarks in a very confident tone, but she could not help observing

(page 4)

that he paid unusual care to the fastening of the doors that night

81. Ferrier knew

. (page 59)

that his wealth and position would be of no avail to him

3.2.2.4 Noun Clauses as Object Complement

(page 61)

Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow and describe the object. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object complement:

82. I think we have done all that can be done

83. Depend upon it there comes a time

. (page 17)

when for every addition of knowledge you forget something

3.2.2.5 Noun Clauses as Prepositional Complement

… that you know before. (page 8)

Prepositional complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that directly follow a preposition to complete the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For

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example, the following italicized noun clauses function as prepositional complements:

84. So thrilling had the man’s narrative bean and his manner was so impressive that we had sat silent and absorbed

85. I was so glad

. (page 78)

that I could have shouted out from pure exultation

(page 75)

3.2.2.6 Noun Clauses as Adjective Phrase complements

Adjective phrase complements are defined as phrases and clauses that complete the meaning of an adjective phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as adjective phrase complements:

86. Those rules of deduction laid down in

87. In her impatience she endeavored to pass his obstacle by pushing her horse that article which aroused your scorn

are invaluable to me in practical work. (page 30)

into

3.2.2.7 Noun Clauses as Appositives

what appeared to be a gap. (page 53)

Appositives are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe or explain another noun phrase. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as appositives:

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88. That fool Lestrade, who thinks him himself so smart

89. I followed… and succeeding in reaching Candahar safety,

, has gone off upon the wrong track altogether. (page 34)

where I found regiment

3.3 Adjective Clause

, and at once entered upon my new duties. (Page 43)

An adjective clause is a group of words which has a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. Subordination conjunction such as who, whom, whose, which, that, why, and where are used to form this clause.

3.3.1 Forms

Adjective clause that is also called relative can be arranged by this pattern (www.Englishforum.com):

3.3.2 Relative Pronoun

Subordinators

Subject Who, Whom, Whose

+ Which, That + subject + verb

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A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has an antecedent (www.Answer.com). It is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. Relative pronoun has a different function. It may be a subject or an object or it may replace a possessive word.

Relative pronoun as subject can be composed by:

Relative pronoun as subject for human reflected in these following sentences:

90. Sherlock Holmes chuckled to him self and appeared to be about to make same remark, when Lestrade, who had been in front of room while we are holding this conversation in the hall

91. The boots recognized him at once as being the same gentleman who had engaged the room under the name of Joseph Strangerson. (page 39)

, reappeared upon the scene. (page 19)

Relative Pronoun as subject for things / non humans are:

92. A milk boy, passing on his way to the dairy, happen to walk down the lane which leads from the mews at the back of the hotel. (page 39)

93. The very first thing which I observed on arriving there was that a cab made two ruts with it wheels close to the curb. (page 22)

Who

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3.3.3 Relative Adverb

Relative adverb is a pro-adverb that marks a relative clause (Mish 1991:995). A pro-adverb is a pro-form that substitutes for an adverb or other expression having an adverbial function (Hartmann and Stork 1972:195). Relative adverb is composed of (www.Englishforum.com ):

The relative adverbs which may introduce adjective clause are:

Where

94. At the Danish capital ha was again a few days late, for they had journeyed on to London, where he at last succeeded in running them to earth

95. At night time they chose the base of a beetling crag,

. (page 71)

where the rocks offered some protection from the chill wind

When

… (page 66)

96. No, he is not a man that it is easy to draw out, though he can be communicative enough when the fancy seizes him

3.3.4 Functions

. (page 3) When

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According to the meaning, there are two functions of adjective clause. They are:

1. Restrictive Relative Clause

Restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that helps to identify the referent of the word that it modifies (Pei and Gaynor 1945: 185). A referent is the concentrate object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. In other words, it means necessary. Restrictive relative pronoun has no comma around it.

Example:

97. The despotism and hatred of liberalism which animated the continental governments had the effect of driving

2. Non-Restrictive Relative Clause

to our shores a number of men… (page 32)

Example:

98. That fool Lestrade, who thinks him himself so smart, has gone off upon the wrong track altogether. (page 34)

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4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 CONCLUSIONS

Subordination is a way of combining sentences that makes one sentence more important than the other. It is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence. The subordinators are categorized into two, base on their forms and function.

There are three forms of subordinator as dependent clauses. They are: adverb clause, noun clause and adjective clause. Adverb clause is introduced by adverbial subordinators such as after, before, as…as, as much as, now what, seeing that, same as, until, since, while, etc. adverb clause has function to talk about a possible situation, to say the time when something happens, to indicate purpose, to indicate the reason, result of something, to compare between equal or unequal things, to talk about the location in a sentence.

Noun clause is introduced by interrogative words, question word + “ever”, and also by whether / if. Noun clause has eight functions. They are noun clause as: Subject, Subject complement, Direct Object, Object Complement, Indirect Object, Prepositional Complement, Adjective Phrase Complement, and Appo sitives.

Adjective clause is introduced by subordinators like who, whom, which, when, where, and that. Adjective clause is functioning as restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause.

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Subordinators make subordinate clause. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone because it is a dependent clause. The usage of subordinators in A Study in Scarlet is so many. Of course, all the subordinators make the sentence and the whole story become more interesting.

4.2 SUGGESTION

After accomplishing and analyzing this topic, the writer suggests the readers to be more concerned with learning something new. Subordinator is not a difficult thing to understand. First we have to know the meaning and the form of subordination. Then, mastering part of speech, sentences, punctuation is the next step to understand this topic.

At last, the writer suggests to all the readers, exclusively the students of English Diploma Faculty of Letter, to know further about subordination and then be able to apply the usage in making sentences so that the sentence becomes more complete.

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REFERENCES

Anonim, 2010, Adverbial Clause, http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Anonim, 2007, Clause of Condition, http://www.Answer.com/topic/condition, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Anonim, 2010, English Relative Clause, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Byrd, P. and Benson, B. 1992. Applied English Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1995. A Study in Scarlet. America: A Barkley Medallion

book.

Hancock, Craig. 2005. Meaning – Centered Grammar an Introductory Text. London: Equinox Group Ltd.

Hartmann, R.R.K, and F.C. Stork. 1972. Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Applied Science.

Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A Short course in Grammar. New York: Norton Company. Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Marie Kusor, Heather, 2009, The Eight Functions of Noun Clause in English. http://language study.suite101.com/article, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010.

Mish, Frederick. 1991. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: A Merriam and Webster.

Murphy, Raymond. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Australia: Cambridge University Press.

Nordquist, Richard, 2010, Sentences Structure in English – Basic Sentences

Structure, http://grammar.about.com/od/basic sentence, diakses pada tanggal

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Oshima, Alice and Ann Hogue. 1999. Writing Academic English. England: Longman Group Ltd.

Rozakis, Laurie. 2003. English Grammar for Utterly Confused. America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Schrampfer, A. Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Simmons, Robin, 1997, The Adjective Clause, http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/adjective, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Widjaja, Grace. 2002. Complete English Grammar and the Exercise. Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer.

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3.3.3 Relative Adverb

The relative adverbs which may introduce adjective clause are:

Where

94. At the Danish capital ha was again a few days late, for they had journeyed on to London, where he at last succeeded in running them to earth

95. At night time they chose the base of a beetling crag,

. (page 71)

where the rocks offered some protection from the chill wind

When

… (page 66)

96. No, he is not a man that it is easy to draw out, though he can be communicative enough when the fancy seizes him

3.3.4 Functions

. (page 3)

When

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According to the meaning, there are two functions of adjective clause. They are:

1. Restrictive Relative Clause

Restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that helps to identify the referent of the word that it modifies (Pei and Gaynor 1945: 185). A referent is the concentrate object or concept that is designated by a word or expression. In other words, it means necessary. Restrictive relative pronoun has no comma around it.

Example:

97. The despotism and hatred of liberalism which animated the continental governments had the effect of driving

2. Non-Restrictive Relative Clause

to our shores a number of men… (page 32)

Example:

98. That fool Lestrade, who thinks him himself so smart, has gone off upon the wrong track altogether. (page 34)

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4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 CONCLUSIONS

Subordination is a way of combining sentences that makes one sentence more important than the other. It is connecting two unequal but related clauses with a subordinating conjunction to form a complex sentence. The subordinators are categorized into two, base on their forms and function.

Adjective clause is introduced by subordinators like who, whom, which, when, where, and that. Adjective clause is functioning as restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause.

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4.2 SUGGESTION

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REFERENCES

Anonim, 2010, Adverbial Clause, http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Anonim, 2007, Clause of Condition, http://www.Answer.com/topic/condition, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Anonim, 2010, English Relative Clause, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Byrd, P. and Benson, B. 1992. Applied English Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1995. A Study in Scarlet. America: A Barkley Medallion

book.

Hancock, Craig. 2005. Meaning – Centered Grammar an Introductory Text. London: Equinox Group Ltd.

Hartmann, R.R.K, and F.C. Stork. 1972. Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Applied Science.

Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A Short course in Grammar. New York: Norton Company. Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Marie Kusor, Heather, 2009, The Eight Functions of Noun Clause in English. http://language study.suite101.com/article, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010.

Mish, Frederick. 1991. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: A Merriam and Webster.

Murphy, Raymond. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Australia: Cambridge University Press.

Nordquist, Richard, 2010, Sentences Structure in English – Basic Sentences Structure, http://grammar.about.com/od/basic sentence, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

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Oshima, Alice and Ann Hogue. 1999. Writing Academic English. England: Longman Group Ltd.

Rozakis, Laurie. 2003. English Grammar for Utterly Confused. America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Schrampfer, A. Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Simmons, Robin, 1997, The Adjective Clause, http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/adjective, diakses pada tanggal 21 Februari 2010

Widjaja, Grace. 2002. Complete English Grammar and the Exercise. Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer.

Subordination In “A Study In Scartlet” By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle