Training Programme of Biogas to Minimize Environmental Pollution in the Tempok Village Sub Tompaso District
Training Programme of Biogas to Minimize Environmental
Pollution in the Tempok Village Sub Tompaso District
Femi H. Elly
Social-Economic Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty,
The University of Sam Ratulangi Manado,
Jl. Kampus Bahu Kleak Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, 95115
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The cattle in the village Tempok traditionally maintained, in the sense that
no caged animals. On the afternoon of cattle grazing in the garden, the evening
brought home and left on the home page. The problem, waste of cattle can cause
environmental pollution. Based on the problems of making biogas training was
conducted with the aim to increase knowledge and awareness of peasant farmers
in minimizing environmental pollution and produce biogas reactor. The goal of
this group was the farmers’ cattle Pinatoroan and Samperongan. The method used
of the application of science and technology was extension and training program
of making biogas. Waste of cattle produces methane (CH4), which can increase
greenhouse gas emissions. One of the activities that can be done is processing of
biogas as an effort to improve environmental quality. Biogas reactor is made of
2 pieces and has successfully seen the fire coming out of the stove. This activity
is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced from waste of cattle. The
result of the application of science and technology was to increase knowledge and
awareness of peasant farmers in minimizing environmental pollution. Biogas reactor
produces gas as a fuel substitute. Benefits derived from these activities is to reduce
expenditures for kerosene, reducing the dependence of fuel wood, the home page be
clean, pleasing to the eye and reduce odor.
Keywords: biogas, cattle waste, environment
Introducton
Accordng to Putro (2007), global energy crss caused world ol prces reached
U.S. $ 70/barrel. Ths condton nfluenced the lfe of Indonesan ncludng rural
people of the dstrcts Tompaso. There s a need to provde an alternatve energy
supply through development non-fuel energy technologes whch are envronmentally
frendly.
606
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Based on jont decson of the Mnster of Home Affars and Mnster of Agrculture, No. 54 of year 1996: 304/KPTS/L.P.120/4/96, about Gudelnes for Implementaton of Agrcultural Extenson, a program to mprove farmer groups, based
on local condtons and potental resources, and consderng the strategc envronment that nfluence t, have been run (Department of Anmal Husbandry, 1998).
The program was prmarly ntended for low ncome rural households. One energy
technology n accordance wth the requrements of the rural households was bogas
technology. Accordng to Srsertpol et al. (2010), bogas was one knd of energy and
sustanable development that were essental to energy and envronmental plannng.
Bogas from cattle waste could substtute kerosene whch were expensve and scarce
n rural area.
In Dstrct Tompaso there were two groups of cattle farmers, namely group
of cattle farmers Pnatoroan and Samperongan. The groups mantaned ther cattle
tradtonally and extensvely. On the mornng untl late afternoon the cattle were let
grazng n the feld. In the afternoon, around 18:00 o’clock, the cattle were brought
back and let slept n ther home yard. The system caused envronmental problem due
to unmanaged of the cattle dunk(El-Hadd and A-Turk, 2007).
Based on these problems, we conducted a program to use cattle waste to make
bogas. The purpose of program was to tran members of the cattle farmer groups
to convert ther cattle waste nto bogas. Ths program were conssted of two actvtes namely extenton servce and tranng. These actvtes were done as efforts to
ncrease awareness of the cattle farmers n mnmzng envronmental polluton.
Materals and Methods
Based on the background and the problems above, extenton servce and tranng
for groups of cattle farmers Semporongan and Pnotoroan have been conducted.
Pnotoroan group conssted of 23 members whle the Samperongan group have 20
members. In lvestock development, especally beef cattle, extenson servce take an
mportant role especally n strengthenng of farmer groups and ncrease adopton
of farm technology (Abdullah, 2008). Extenson servce that have been conducted
n the rural Tempok were amed at changng of the farmer behavor toward a better
drecton (Pambudy, 1999). Materals and meda used were brochures and LCD
projector. After the extenson servces, the farmers were traned n makng bogas
reactor and how to produce bogas. Materals and equpment used was waste of
cattle, two old drum contaner, hoses, and gas stove. Extenson servce have been
successfully carred out can be seen from the compactness of the group members n
response to the manufacture of bogas. Technology adopton s measured from the
bogas reactor has been successful n producng a flame.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
607
Results and Dscusson
The number of cattle owned by members of the Semporongan group was 55
and Pnatoroan group owned 64 cattle. The cattle were prvately owned by the group.
The cattle released waste daly. Unmanaged cattle waste produced methane (CH4),
whch ncreased greenhouse gas emssons (GHG). Methane was a greenhouse gas
that accumulates n the atmosphere due to human actvtes (Masse et al., 2003).
Therefore, cattle farmng have been blamed to cause global warmng.
Lvestock waste was a potental source of CH4 emssons (Moss, 1993 n Masse
et al., 2003). Therefore, t should be converted nto bogas. Accordng to Yrdoe et
al. (2009), producton of bogas n general, was consdered fnancally feasble f t
was made from 50 cows or 200 sows.
In average, a famly energy needs for cookng was 2000 lters per day.
Accordng Putro (2007), household cookng energy needs can be met from waste
of 3 cattle. Therefore, bogas produced by the group was consdered fnancally
feasble (numbers of cattle owned by the group were more than 50 wth average of
cattle owned was 3).
Bogas technology has been ntroduced and developed qute a long tme n
Indonesa (Wdodo et al., 2009). Bogas technology can be appled to the scale of
household, commercal or vllage (Eze, 2009). Bond and Templeton (2011) explaned that the bogas contans 50-70% CH4 and 30-50% CO2. In nature, methane
gas was always there, but there was a need for equpment and specfc condtons to
accelerate the formaton of gas (Putro, 2007).
Bogas reactor was a devce that can process waste nto bogas. Each bogas
reactor unt had been made from two drum contaner. The other two drums were
used to buld a gas reservor. Cattle waste was mxed wth water n the rato 1: 1,
strred untl dssolved and then nserted nto the bogas reactor. Bogas reactor was
made smply to be accessble to the farmers (Fgure 1). Lo et al. (1984) noted that
unwllngness of North Amercan farmers to adopt the bogas technology were due
to the hgh captal nvestment for constructon of bogas. The earler reactor had
been made for convertng pg waste (Adl et al, 2012).
A larger drum wth a capacty of 200 lters were flled wth water. The drum
served as a control gas formaton. Then a smaller drum wth a capacty of 120 lters
were then be put nto the larger. The drum were fed wth fresh cattle waste every
day. The bogas process could reduce the rato of carbon to ntrogen (C/N) 21.82 to
14.19 (Chen et al, 2010).
The bogas were resulted after 3-4 weeks of cattle waste converton n the
bogas reactor. Bogas was produced by bactera that convert organc materal n the
absence of oxygen (anaerobc process) (Putro, 2007). Ths process took place durng processng or fermentaton. The resulted gas was conssted manly out of CH4
and CO2. If the content of CH4 gas was more than 50%, then the mxture was hghly
608
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
flammable gas. The CH4 gas content n the bogas produced from cattle waste n ths
tranng were about 60%.
Fgure 1. Bogas Reactors usng Drum (Oley et al., 2009)
The bogas reactor was connected to the reservor gas, methane gas generated
out through the hose to the gas reservor. The resultng methane gas can come out
through the hose from the gas reservor to the gas stove. After 4 weeks, the gas can
be heated up and used for cookng. Bogas producton could partally replace fossl fuel energy so as to reduce the envronmental mpact. Bogas was cleaner fuels
and renewable energy (Schevano et al, 2009). Furthermore, Barnhart (2012) sad
that household-scale bogas technology could be used for cookng as a substtute to
frewood and mproved human health and the envronment.
Tranng of makng bogas for cattle farmers n the vllage of Tempok very
benefcal to the avalablty of fuel energy. As a result, household expendtures for
kerosene, whch was ncreasngly expensve and scarce, could be suppressed. In
addton, ths actvty could be benefcal for reducton of envronmental polluton.
Accordng to Smpson (1979), bogas producton may also benefted from reducton
of fles and mosqutoes reproducton cycle. Whle, Aklaku et al (2006) explaned
that the presence of bogas as an energy source would free the farmer from the dependence on wood fuel, reduced bad smell and the presence of anmal pests such as
fles. Accordng Byatmoko and Wjokongko (2011), an mportant beneft of bogas
as a fuel alternatve was because of t was cheap, the raw materals were easly avalable, and because t was envronmentally frendly. Methane gas that wll burn and
destroy ozone could be optmally utlzed as a source of fuel n rural communtes.
Accordng Amjd et al (2011), the opportunty cost of women ncreased n the
presence of bogas and gave a postve mpact on households. But ts applcaton
as an alternatve energy source was lmted because of several problems ncludng
costly nvestment for development of each farmer. Wdodo et al (2009) conducted a
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
609
study to develop a bogas reactor for scale of the group farmers. In ths case the development of the vllage Tempok need government nterventon. Accordng Byatmoko and Wjokongko (2011), there was an urgency for socalsaton of bogas uses
and mprovng publc percevng n bogas utlzaton. Ths condton, especally n
rural communtes, ncludng mprovement of capacty n techncal and management dgester care.
Concluson
Applcaton of scence and technology can mprove farmer knowledge and
awareness of n mnmzng envronmental polluton. The avalablty of two unts
of bogas reactor n the Tempok Vllage produced gas that can be used as a fuel
substtute for petroleum. Benefts derved from these actvtes were reducton of
expendtures for kerosene, reducng the dependence on fuel wood, produced a better
envronment for the farmer by means of cleaner yard and less smell of cattle waste.
References
Abdullah, A. (2008). Peranan Penyuluhan dan Kelompok Tan Ternak Untuk Menngkatkan Adops Teknolog Dalam Peternakan Sap Potong. Makalah Semnar Nasonal Sap Potong Unverstas Tadulako, Palu. 24 November 2008.
Adl, M., K.C. Sheng., Y.H. Xa., A. Gharb and X. Chen. 2012. Examnng a hybrd
plug-flow plot reactor for anaerobc dgeston of farm-based bodegradable
solds. Int. J. Envron. Res., 6(1):335-344, Wnter 2012.
Aklaku, E. D. and J. Keth and K. Obr-Danso. 2006. Integrated biological treatment and biogas production in a small-scale slaughterhouse in rural Ghana.
Water Envronment Research, 78 (12). pp. 2335-2339.
Amjd, S.S., M.Q. Blal., M. S. Nazr and A.Hussan. 2011. Bogas, renewable energy resource for Pakstan. Renewable and Sustanable Energy . Revews 15
(2011). p:2833– 2837.
Barnhart, S. 2012. Teachng Sustanablty across Scale and Culture: Bogas n Context. Journal of Sustanablty Educaton Vol. 3, March 2012.
Byatmoko, D dan B. Wjokongko. 2011. Perseps masyarakat kabupaten banjar terhadap pemanfaatan energ bogas dan kualtas pupuk lmbah bogas. EnvroScenteae 7 (2011). p:1-5.
Bond, T and M. R. Templeton. 2011. Hstory and future of domestc bogas plants
n the developng world. Energy for Sustanable Development 15 (2011). p:
347–354.
Chen, G., Z. Zheng., S. Yang., C. Fang., ; X. Zou and J. Zhang. 2010. Improvng
converson of Spartina alterniflora nto bogas by co-dgeston wth cow feces.
Fuel Processng Technology (Nov 2010), 91 (11), p. 1416-1421.
610
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Dnas Peternakan SULUT, 1998. Laporan Tahunan Dnas Peternakan Provns Sulawes Utara. Manado.
El-Hadd, Y.M and A. I. Al-Turk. 2007. Organc fertlzer and bogas producton
from poultry wastes. Journal of Food, Agrculture & Envronment. Vol.5 (1).
p: 228-233.
Eze, J.I. and E.O. Uzodnma. 2009. Generaton of Methane Gas from Poultry Broodng House. The Pacfc Journal of Scence and Technology. Vol 10. Number 2.
Nov 2009 (Fall). p: 942-948.
Lo, K. V., P. H. Lao., N. R. Bulley and S. T. Cheng. 1984. Acomparson of bogas producton from dary manure fltrate usng conventonal and fxed-flm
reactors. Can. Agrc. Eng. 26. p 73-78.
Masse, D.I., F. Croteau., N.K. Patn and L. Masse. 2003. Methane emssons from
dary cow and swne manure slurres stored at 10°C and 15°C. Canadan Bosystems Engneerng. Vol. 45 2003. p: 61-66.
Oley, F.S.G., F.H. Elly., dan M.A.V. Manese. (2009). Pemanfaatan Kotoran Ternak
Sapi Sebagai Upaya Pengentasan Kemiskinan Di Desa Tempok Kecamatan
Tompaso Kabupaten Minahasa. Laporan Program Penerapan IPTEK (Bdang
Kemsknan). Drektorat Jenderal Penddkan Tngg Departemen Penddkan
Nasonal. Nomor : 209/SP2H/PPM/DP2M/IV/2009. Fakultas Peternakan UNSRAT, Manado.
Pambudy, R. (1999). Perlaku Komunkas, Perlaku Wrausaha Peternak, dan Penyuluhan Dalam Sstem Agrbsns Peternakan Ayam. Dsertas Doktor. Program Pascasarjana Insttut Pertanan Bogor, Bogor.
Putro, S. 2007. Penerapan nstalas sederhana pengolahan kotoran sap menjad energ bogas d Desa Sughan kecamatan bendosar Kabupaten sukoharjo. WARTA, Vol .10, No. 2, Sept 2007. p: 178 – 188.
Schevano, A., G. D’Imporzano and F. Adan. 2009. Substtutng energy crops wth
organc wastes and agro-ndustral resdues for bogas producton. Journal of
Envronmental Management 90 (2009). p: 2537–2541.
Smpson, M.H. 1979. Effectveness of onste bogas dgesters and santzng of fecal waste n developng countres: part I. J. Envron. Sc.; (Unted States); Vol:
22:2, Mar 01, p : 29-32.
Srsertpol, J., P. Srnakorn., A. Kheawnak and K. Chamnprasart. 2010. Mathematcal modelng and parameters estmaton of an anaerobc dgeston of shrmp of
culture pond sedment n a bogas process. Internatonal Journal of Energy and
Envronment. Issue 4, Vol. 4, 2010. p: 213-220.
Wdodo, T.W., A. Asar., N. Ana and R. Elta. 2009. Desgn and development of
bogas reactor for farmer group scale. Indonesan Journal of Agrculture 2(2)
2009. P: 121-128.
Yrdoe, E.K., R. Gordon and B. B. Brown. 2009. Nonmarket cobenefts and economc feasblty of on-farm bogas energy producton. Journal Energy Polcy.
Volume 37, Issue 3, March 2009, p 1170–1179.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
611
Pollution in the Tempok Village Sub Tompaso District
Femi H. Elly
Social-Economic Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty,
The University of Sam Ratulangi Manado,
Jl. Kampus Bahu Kleak Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, 95115
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The cattle in the village Tempok traditionally maintained, in the sense that
no caged animals. On the afternoon of cattle grazing in the garden, the evening
brought home and left on the home page. The problem, waste of cattle can cause
environmental pollution. Based on the problems of making biogas training was
conducted with the aim to increase knowledge and awareness of peasant farmers
in minimizing environmental pollution and produce biogas reactor. The goal of
this group was the farmers’ cattle Pinatoroan and Samperongan. The method used
of the application of science and technology was extension and training program
of making biogas. Waste of cattle produces methane (CH4), which can increase
greenhouse gas emissions. One of the activities that can be done is processing of
biogas as an effort to improve environmental quality. Biogas reactor is made of
2 pieces and has successfully seen the fire coming out of the stove. This activity
is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced from waste of cattle. The
result of the application of science and technology was to increase knowledge and
awareness of peasant farmers in minimizing environmental pollution. Biogas reactor
produces gas as a fuel substitute. Benefits derived from these activities is to reduce
expenditures for kerosene, reducing the dependence of fuel wood, the home page be
clean, pleasing to the eye and reduce odor.
Keywords: biogas, cattle waste, environment
Introducton
Accordng to Putro (2007), global energy crss caused world ol prces reached
U.S. $ 70/barrel. Ths condton nfluenced the lfe of Indonesan ncludng rural
people of the dstrcts Tompaso. There s a need to provde an alternatve energy
supply through development non-fuel energy technologes whch are envronmentally
frendly.
606
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Based on jont decson of the Mnster of Home Affars and Mnster of Agrculture, No. 54 of year 1996: 304/KPTS/L.P.120/4/96, about Gudelnes for Implementaton of Agrcultural Extenson, a program to mprove farmer groups, based
on local condtons and potental resources, and consderng the strategc envronment that nfluence t, have been run (Department of Anmal Husbandry, 1998).
The program was prmarly ntended for low ncome rural households. One energy
technology n accordance wth the requrements of the rural households was bogas
technology. Accordng to Srsertpol et al. (2010), bogas was one knd of energy and
sustanable development that were essental to energy and envronmental plannng.
Bogas from cattle waste could substtute kerosene whch were expensve and scarce
n rural area.
In Dstrct Tompaso there were two groups of cattle farmers, namely group
of cattle farmers Pnatoroan and Samperongan. The groups mantaned ther cattle
tradtonally and extensvely. On the mornng untl late afternoon the cattle were let
grazng n the feld. In the afternoon, around 18:00 o’clock, the cattle were brought
back and let slept n ther home yard. The system caused envronmental problem due
to unmanaged of the cattle dunk(El-Hadd and A-Turk, 2007).
Based on these problems, we conducted a program to use cattle waste to make
bogas. The purpose of program was to tran members of the cattle farmer groups
to convert ther cattle waste nto bogas. Ths program were conssted of two actvtes namely extenton servce and tranng. These actvtes were done as efforts to
ncrease awareness of the cattle farmers n mnmzng envronmental polluton.
Materals and Methods
Based on the background and the problems above, extenton servce and tranng
for groups of cattle farmers Semporongan and Pnotoroan have been conducted.
Pnotoroan group conssted of 23 members whle the Samperongan group have 20
members. In lvestock development, especally beef cattle, extenson servce take an
mportant role especally n strengthenng of farmer groups and ncrease adopton
of farm technology (Abdullah, 2008). Extenson servce that have been conducted
n the rural Tempok were amed at changng of the farmer behavor toward a better
drecton (Pambudy, 1999). Materals and meda used were brochures and LCD
projector. After the extenson servces, the farmers were traned n makng bogas
reactor and how to produce bogas. Materals and equpment used was waste of
cattle, two old drum contaner, hoses, and gas stove. Extenson servce have been
successfully carred out can be seen from the compactness of the group members n
response to the manufacture of bogas. Technology adopton s measured from the
bogas reactor has been successful n producng a flame.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
607
Results and Dscusson
The number of cattle owned by members of the Semporongan group was 55
and Pnatoroan group owned 64 cattle. The cattle were prvately owned by the group.
The cattle released waste daly. Unmanaged cattle waste produced methane (CH4),
whch ncreased greenhouse gas emssons (GHG). Methane was a greenhouse gas
that accumulates n the atmosphere due to human actvtes (Masse et al., 2003).
Therefore, cattle farmng have been blamed to cause global warmng.
Lvestock waste was a potental source of CH4 emssons (Moss, 1993 n Masse
et al., 2003). Therefore, t should be converted nto bogas. Accordng to Yrdoe et
al. (2009), producton of bogas n general, was consdered fnancally feasble f t
was made from 50 cows or 200 sows.
In average, a famly energy needs for cookng was 2000 lters per day.
Accordng Putro (2007), household cookng energy needs can be met from waste
of 3 cattle. Therefore, bogas produced by the group was consdered fnancally
feasble (numbers of cattle owned by the group were more than 50 wth average of
cattle owned was 3).
Bogas technology has been ntroduced and developed qute a long tme n
Indonesa (Wdodo et al., 2009). Bogas technology can be appled to the scale of
household, commercal or vllage (Eze, 2009). Bond and Templeton (2011) explaned that the bogas contans 50-70% CH4 and 30-50% CO2. In nature, methane
gas was always there, but there was a need for equpment and specfc condtons to
accelerate the formaton of gas (Putro, 2007).
Bogas reactor was a devce that can process waste nto bogas. Each bogas
reactor unt had been made from two drum contaner. The other two drums were
used to buld a gas reservor. Cattle waste was mxed wth water n the rato 1: 1,
strred untl dssolved and then nserted nto the bogas reactor. Bogas reactor was
made smply to be accessble to the farmers (Fgure 1). Lo et al. (1984) noted that
unwllngness of North Amercan farmers to adopt the bogas technology were due
to the hgh captal nvestment for constructon of bogas. The earler reactor had
been made for convertng pg waste (Adl et al, 2012).
A larger drum wth a capacty of 200 lters were flled wth water. The drum
served as a control gas formaton. Then a smaller drum wth a capacty of 120 lters
were then be put nto the larger. The drum were fed wth fresh cattle waste every
day. The bogas process could reduce the rato of carbon to ntrogen (C/N) 21.82 to
14.19 (Chen et al, 2010).
The bogas were resulted after 3-4 weeks of cattle waste converton n the
bogas reactor. Bogas was produced by bactera that convert organc materal n the
absence of oxygen (anaerobc process) (Putro, 2007). Ths process took place durng processng or fermentaton. The resulted gas was conssted manly out of CH4
and CO2. If the content of CH4 gas was more than 50%, then the mxture was hghly
608
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
flammable gas. The CH4 gas content n the bogas produced from cattle waste n ths
tranng were about 60%.
Fgure 1. Bogas Reactors usng Drum (Oley et al., 2009)
The bogas reactor was connected to the reservor gas, methane gas generated
out through the hose to the gas reservor. The resultng methane gas can come out
through the hose from the gas reservor to the gas stove. After 4 weeks, the gas can
be heated up and used for cookng. Bogas producton could partally replace fossl fuel energy so as to reduce the envronmental mpact. Bogas was cleaner fuels
and renewable energy (Schevano et al, 2009). Furthermore, Barnhart (2012) sad
that household-scale bogas technology could be used for cookng as a substtute to
frewood and mproved human health and the envronment.
Tranng of makng bogas for cattle farmers n the vllage of Tempok very
benefcal to the avalablty of fuel energy. As a result, household expendtures for
kerosene, whch was ncreasngly expensve and scarce, could be suppressed. In
addton, ths actvty could be benefcal for reducton of envronmental polluton.
Accordng to Smpson (1979), bogas producton may also benefted from reducton
of fles and mosqutoes reproducton cycle. Whle, Aklaku et al (2006) explaned
that the presence of bogas as an energy source would free the farmer from the dependence on wood fuel, reduced bad smell and the presence of anmal pests such as
fles. Accordng Byatmoko and Wjokongko (2011), an mportant beneft of bogas
as a fuel alternatve was because of t was cheap, the raw materals were easly avalable, and because t was envronmentally frendly. Methane gas that wll burn and
destroy ozone could be optmally utlzed as a source of fuel n rural communtes.
Accordng Amjd et al (2011), the opportunty cost of women ncreased n the
presence of bogas and gave a postve mpact on households. But ts applcaton
as an alternatve energy source was lmted because of several problems ncludng
costly nvestment for development of each farmer. Wdodo et al (2009) conducted a
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
609
study to develop a bogas reactor for scale of the group farmers. In ths case the development of the vllage Tempok need government nterventon. Accordng Byatmoko and Wjokongko (2011), there was an urgency for socalsaton of bogas uses
and mprovng publc percevng n bogas utlzaton. Ths condton, especally n
rural communtes, ncludng mprovement of capacty n techncal and management dgester care.
Concluson
Applcaton of scence and technology can mprove farmer knowledge and
awareness of n mnmzng envronmental polluton. The avalablty of two unts
of bogas reactor n the Tempok Vllage produced gas that can be used as a fuel
substtute for petroleum. Benefts derved from these actvtes were reducton of
expendtures for kerosene, reducng the dependence on fuel wood, produced a better
envronment for the farmer by means of cleaner yard and less smell of cattle waste.
References
Abdullah, A. (2008). Peranan Penyuluhan dan Kelompok Tan Ternak Untuk Menngkatkan Adops Teknolog Dalam Peternakan Sap Potong. Makalah Semnar Nasonal Sap Potong Unverstas Tadulako, Palu. 24 November 2008.
Adl, M., K.C. Sheng., Y.H. Xa., A. Gharb and X. Chen. 2012. Examnng a hybrd
plug-flow plot reactor for anaerobc dgeston of farm-based bodegradable
solds. Int. J. Envron. Res., 6(1):335-344, Wnter 2012.
Aklaku, E. D. and J. Keth and K. Obr-Danso. 2006. Integrated biological treatment and biogas production in a small-scale slaughterhouse in rural Ghana.
Water Envronment Research, 78 (12). pp. 2335-2339.
Amjd, S.S., M.Q. Blal., M. S. Nazr and A.Hussan. 2011. Bogas, renewable energy resource for Pakstan. Renewable and Sustanable Energy . Revews 15
(2011). p:2833– 2837.
Barnhart, S. 2012. Teachng Sustanablty across Scale and Culture: Bogas n Context. Journal of Sustanablty Educaton Vol. 3, March 2012.
Byatmoko, D dan B. Wjokongko. 2011. Perseps masyarakat kabupaten banjar terhadap pemanfaatan energ bogas dan kualtas pupuk lmbah bogas. EnvroScenteae 7 (2011). p:1-5.
Bond, T and M. R. Templeton. 2011. Hstory and future of domestc bogas plants
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