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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Description of Data
The data that the writer used in her research is the English Summative test items tested at odd semester of the second grade students of SMP YMJ Ciputat.
The time has given 120 minutes. The total numbers of test items are 50 items. There are 121 students who were classified into three groups. 40 students
are in the upper group 33 , 41 students are in the middle group 33. 8 and 40 students are in the lower group 33 . But not all the students’ answer sheet
will be analyzed. The writer took only two groups of them. They are 33 from the upper groups and 33 from the lower group. And the middle group is been
aside. See appendix table 1 page 51.
B. Analysis of Data Number 1 is an easy item, because there are 38 students in the upper
group and 31 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 69 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 86, it means
that it is range 0. 71 to 1. 00 that belongs to easy item. This question asks students about ‘who invites to have a dinner party’. It can be understood that this question
tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual information from the invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely
“Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan”.
Alternatives revision is changing part of the question, the word invites become organizes
Number 2 is a good item, because there are 27 students in the upper group and 16 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 43
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘the dinner party will be held’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual information from the
invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk
undangan.”
Number 3 is a good item, because there are 35 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 46
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 58, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘who will come to the dinner party’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual information from
the invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk
undangan.”
Number 4 is a difficult item, because there are only 8 students in the
upper group and 10 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are only 18 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 23, it
means that it is range 0. 00 to 0. 29 that belongs to difficult item. This question asks students about ‘funniest means’. This question is imtended to measure
students’ ability to identify the synonym word. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan
kalimat”.
The alternatives revision is changing the alternatives answer. That are: a. the beautifulest, b. the most beautiful, c. the more beautiful, d. the beautifuler
Number 5 is a good item, because there are 13 students in the upper group and 17 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 30
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 3, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘which one of the following statement is true based on the text’. It can be understood that this question is about “stated detail question” from the invitation
text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Number 6 is a good item, because there are 35 students in the upper group
and 19 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 54 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 68, it means that it
is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘who is the champion of the English Poetry Reading Comprehension’. It
can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual information from the recount text. Thus, this item
conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”
Number 7 is a good item, because there are 28 students in the upper group and 16 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 44
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 55, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘whom did the writer meet’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual information from the
recount text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 8 is a good item, because there are 31 students in the upper group and 14 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 45
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 56, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Where was the writer born’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the faktual information from the
recount text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 9 is a good item, because there are 31 students in the upper group and 21 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 52
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 65, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘“I hope I meet them again someday.” The underlined word refers to’. This question is imtended to measure students’ ability to identify the pronoun referent.
Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator, namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 10 is a good item, because there are 28 students in the upper group and 5 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 33
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 41, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Which one of the statement is TRUE based on the text’. It can be understood that this question is about “stated detail question” from the recount
text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Number 11 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper
group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 44 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 55, it means
that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘Arrange the jumbled words bellow into the correct order’. Thus,
this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “menyusun kata menjadi teks fungsional yang bermakna”
Number 12 is a good item, because there are 26 students in the upper group and 13 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
39 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 49, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Arrange the sentences into a good paragraph’. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “menyusun kalimat menjadi teks
fungsional yang bermakna dalam bentuk descriptive”
Number 13 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
32 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Look at the picture. What short of hair does he have’. It can be understood that this question is measure the students’ vocabulary. Thus, this item
conforms to the “Health theme”. Number 14 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper
group and 18 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 50 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 63, it means
that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘The boy in the picture of no. 13 is holding’. It can be understood
that this question is measure the students’ vocabulary. Thus, this item conforms to the “Health theme”.
Number 15 is a good item, because there are 27 students in the upper group and 9 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 36
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 45, it means that it
is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘The girl has got a special birthday present from her parents. She is’. It can
be understood that this question is measure the students’ vocabulary. Thus, this question does not conform to the curriculum.
Number 16 is a good item, because there are 24 students in the upper group and 16 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
40 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 50, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Who is the leader of the Student Organization’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in
understanding the factual information from the invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely, “Mengidentifikasi berbagai
informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan.”
Number 17 is a good item, because there are 25 students in the upper group and 18 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
43 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘When will Niken come to the meeting’ It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the faktual
information from the invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional
pendek berbentuk undangan.” Number 18 is a good item, because there are 26 students in the upper
group and 8 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 34 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means that it
is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘“The agenda of the meeting is final preparation ….” The synonym of the
word ‘final’ is’. This question is imtended to measure students’ ability to identify
the synonym word. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator, namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 19 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
44 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 55, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘The following statements are true based on the text above, EXCEPT’. It can be understood that this question is about “unstated detail
question” from the invitation text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator.
Number 20 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
43 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘My mother and I … the cake for my birthday tomorrow. We have bought some eggs, some sugar, and some flour’. . It can be understood that this
question is measure the students’ comprehention in grammar. But this question does not conform to the curriculum.
Number 21 is a difficult item, because there are only 8 students in the
upper group and 9 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are only 17 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 21, it
means that it is range 0. 00 to 0. 39 that belongs to difficult item. This question asks students about ‘Read the sentence “then he left me a book’. What does the
word in italic type refer to’. This question is imtended to measure students’ ability to identify the pronoun referent. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended
indicator, namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
The alternative revision is change the italic word to underline, it make easy to notice.
Number 22 is a good item, because there are 35 students in the upper group and 7 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 42
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 53, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘How many postcards did the writer buy’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual
information from the recount text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 23 is a good item, because there are 25 students in the upper group and 19 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
44 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 55, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘“I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards.” The antonym of the underlined word is’. This question is imtended to measure students’ ability to
identify the antonym word. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator, namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 24 is a good item, because there are 28 students in the upper group and 7 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 35
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 44, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Which one of the statements below disagrees with the text’. It can be understood that this question is about “unstated detail question” from the recount
text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator.
Number 25 is a good item, because there are 23 students in the upper group and 22 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
45 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 56, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘What does rambutan taste? It is’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual
information from the descriptive text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive”
Number 26 is a good item, because there are 24 students in the upper group and 17 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
41 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 51, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘People eat rambutan to get its’. It can be understood that this question tries to measure the students’ ability in understanding the factual
information from the descriptive text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive”
Number 27 is a good item, because there are 28 students in the upper group and 6 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 34
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘The statements bellow are true based on the text, EXCEPT’. It can be understood that this question is about “unstated deatail question ” from the
descriptive text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Number 28 is a good item, because there are 24 students in the upper
group and 10 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 34 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means
that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about ‘Anita : How if we have lunch at the canteen?
Jamilah : Great …. Let’s go now. It can be understood that this question asks students to use expressing of
agreement and disagreement. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended
indicator. Namely “Merespon ungkapan mengundang, menerima dan menolak ajakan”
Number 29 is a good item, because there are 32 students in the upper group and 14 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
46 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 58, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Diana : I am rather hungry. How if we eat at the canteen? Jamilah : …, I have just had lunch’. It can be understood that this question asks
students to use expressing of agreement and disagreement. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Merespon ungkapan
mengundang, menerima dan menolak ajakan” Number 30 is a good item, because there are 30 students in the upper
group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 42 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 53, it means
that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students about
‘Bob : I’ve heard that you won the Speech Contest. Is it true? Bill : yes, I won the first prize
Bob : …’ It can be understood that this question asks students to use showing of
congratulate. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “Bertanya dan menjawab tentang memberi selamat”
Number 31 is a good item, because there are 26 students in the upper group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
38 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 48, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Aziz : do you like to play football, Fais? Faiz : …’.
It can be understood that this question asks students about some one hobby. And this item does not conform to the recomended indicator.
Number 32 is a good item, because there are 26 students in the upper group and 17 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
43 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘This animal lives in the river, swamp, and on the land nearby. It has skin and very strong tail. It also has sharp and strong teeth. What is it? It is
aan..’. It can be understood that this question measures students’ vocabulary. . And this item does not conform to the recomended indicator.
Number 33 is a good item, because there are 35 students in the upper group and 8 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 43
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 54, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘It is kind of aircraft with horizontal revolving blades or rotors. It is able to take off and land in a very small space and remain stationary in the air. What is it?
It is aan’. It can be understood that this question measures students’ vocabulary. And this item does not conform to the recomended indicator.
Number 34 is a difficult item, because there are only 10 students in the upper group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there
are only 22 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 28, it means that it is range 0. 00 to 0. 29 that belongs to difficult item. This question
asks students about ‘“The secretary sent the invitation yesterday.” The underlined word means’. It can be understood that this question is about synonym. Thus, this
item conforms to the recomended indicator, namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
The alternatives revision is changing the alternatives answer: a. greeting card, b. letter, c. a written request, d. notice.
Number 35 is a good item, because there are 33 students in the upper group and 12 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
45 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 56, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘She … algebra yesterday’. It can be understood that this question is about “grammar”. And this item does not conform to the recomended indicator.
Number 36 is a good item, because there are 23 students in the upper group and 13 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
36 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 45, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Anto : let’s go to the cinema tonight I heard the film is good. Anti : I think that’s not a good idea. We will have a test tomorrow.’
It can be understood that this question asks students to use showing of asking and giving opinion. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely,
“Merespon ungkapan meminta dan memberi pendapat”.
Number 37 is a good item, because there are 27 students in the upper group and 9 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 36
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 45, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Santo : Look Who is she? She looks like an actress.
Rinto : yeah, you’re right’. Based on the alternatives given, the question asks students to show appraisal. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator.
Namely, “Bertanya dan menjawab tentang memuji”.
Number 38 is a good item, because there are 26 students in the upper group and 8 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 34
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Luki : What do you think of the football match? Reno : …. I like it very much’. It can be understood that this question asks
students to use showing of asking and giving opinion. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely, “Merespon ungkapan memuji”.
Number 39 is a good item, because there are 27 students in the upper group and 24 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
51 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 64, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘We cannot find … in the library’. It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the descriptive text. Thus,
this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive”.
Number 40 is a good item, because there are 23 students in the upper group and 10 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
33 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 41, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Who can help the students to find the books in the library’. . It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the
descriptive text. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive”.
Number 41 is a good item, because there are 33 students in the upper group and 6 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 39
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 49, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘Look at the second paragraph, “… if they have difficulty …” the word “they” means’. It can be understood that this question is about pronoun reference
from the descriptive text Thus, this item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 42 is a good item, because there are 19 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
30 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 38, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Maria and I are friends … always go to school on foot everyday’. It can be understood that this question is about pronoun reference from the
descriptive text Thus, this item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 43 is a good item, because there are 31 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
42 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 53, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Mr. Smith is our English teacher. He always teaches … everyday’. It can be understood that this question is about pronoun reference from the
descriptive text. Thus, this item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “mengidentifikasi makna kata, frase dan kalimat”.
Number 44 is a good item, because there are 31 students in the upper group and 15 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
46 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 58, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Was Peter sleeping when it rained?’. It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the recount text. Thus, this
item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 45 is a good item, because there are 24 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
35 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 44, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Did the river overflow?’. It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the recount text. Thus, this item
conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 46 is a good item, because there are 25 students in the upper group and 9 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are 34
students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks students
about ‘What did Peter do when he knew the flood?’. It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the recount text. Thus, this
item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 47 is a good item, because there are 29 students in the upper group and 20 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
49 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 61, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Where did Peter and his family spend the rest on the night?’. It can be understood that this question is about “identifaying supporting detail” from the
recount text. Thus, this item conforms to the recommended indicator. Namely, “Makna tekstual dalam teks recount”.
Number 48 is a good item, because there are 37 students in the upper group and 11 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
48 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 60, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Arrange the jumbled words below into a good sentence. This question asks students about ‘Arrange the jumbled words bellow into the
correct order’. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “menyusun kata menjadi teks fungsional yang bermakna”
Number 49 is a good item, because there are 20 students in the upper group and 14 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
34 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0. 43, it means that it is range 0. 30 to 0. 70 that belongs to moderate item. This question asks
students about ‘Arrange the jumbled words bellow into a good sentence. This question asks students about ‘Arrange the jumbled words bellow into the
correct order’. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely “menyusun kata menjadi teks fungsional yang bermakna”
Number 50 is an easy item, because there are 38 students in the upper group and 30 students in the lower group who can answer correctly, so there are
31 students from 80 students. The difficulty level of this item is 0.76, it means that it is range 0. 71 to 1. 00 that belongs to easy item. This question asks students
about ‘Charles : …? Nicholas: Yes, please. But don’t forget to return it next Friday, I’ll need it.
Charles : I promise. It can be understood that this question asks students to use showing of “ asking
permission”. Thus, this item conforms to the recomended indicator. Namely, “Bertanya dan menjawab tentang meminta, memberi dan menolak barang”.
The alternatives revision is changing the alternatives question, they are: a.
do you have a type writer, b. might I borrow your type writer, c. could I borrow
your type writer, d. may I borrow your type writer, please
C. Interpretation of Data Table 4.4
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