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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Novel
Eagleton 1983:1 says, “There have been various attempts to be define literature. You can define it, as “imaginative” writing in the sense of fiction-
writing which is not really true. But even the briefest reflection on what people commonly include under the heading of literature suggests that this will do.”
Literature as imaginative writing plot is reflected from people thought, that is not true. Types of literature in the fiction genre include the novel, short story, and
novella. Novel is one form of a literary work which is the story fiction in form of
writings or words and had instances of instrinsik and extrinsic. In a novel author make a a bouquet having a groove broader and clearly and containing the urethane
story someone and people around him with accentuating dispositive deeper and setting being diverse. Hence can be concluded that novel is a fictitious tales that
seeks describing or delineating life the characters by using grooves. Fictional story not only as mere fantasy, but an imagination that is produced by the author
is reality or phenomenon that is seen and perceived. Edgar. V Robert and Henry E. Jacob in their literary books: An Introduction to Reading and Writing 1995;49
says that they are some aspects of fiction novel from french and Italy to discribe about, there are : character the people that goes along in the story, plot the
development and the organization of stories, structure the way a plot is assembled, theme the meaning and the whole idea of the story, point of view
the position or stance of the narrator, and style the words that tells the story.
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The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella, which means the new staff that small. The novel was originally developed in the region from other
forms or narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data
nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination. From the statement, Novel, that gives you imaginative, is a fictional long
prose work that adopted from french and Italy to describe about the element prose.
2.2 Plot
Plot is a literary term defined as the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause
and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. A plot insures that you get your character from point A to point Z. Plot according to
Roberts and Jacobs in their book literature 1995;88 said that plot is all the actions or incidents, speeches, thoughts, and observations are linked together to
make up an entirety, sometimes called an organic unity. The essence of this unity is the development and resolution of a conflict in hich protagonist, or central
character. The plot is interactions of causes and effects as they develop sequentially or chronologically. Plot is stories are made up mostly of actions or
incidents that follow each other sequentially. Finding a sequential or narrative order, however, is only the first step toward the more important consideration.
The plot is the controls governing the development of the actions. In a well- plotted story , things precede or follow each other not simply because time ticks
away, but more importantly because effects follow causes.
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Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a
logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story.
There are five main elements in a plot. The first is the exposition or the introduction. This is known as the beginning of the story where characters and
setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. The second element of a plot is known as the rising action which occurs when a series
of events build up to the conflict. The main characters are established by the time the rising action of a plot occurs and at the same time, events begin to get
complicated. It is during this part of a story that excitement, tension or crisis is encountered. The third element of a plot is known as the climax or the main point
of the plot. This is the turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion. The reader wonders what is going to happen next.
The fourth element of a plot is known as falling action or the winding up of the story. Events and complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the
main characters are put forward. The last element of a plot is the resolution or the conclusion. It is the end of a story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending.
From the above statement, plot is the parts that the conflict raising is climax in a story, but this paper explained that the plot has mixed time. The novel
story in future time , then flashback and repeat again until finally the plot finished in climax.
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2.3 Character
Character is a person who is responsible for the thoughts and action within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important
because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author
uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood. The different attitudes, mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influence
the other major elements in a literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone. With this understanding of the character, a reader can become more aware of other
aspect of literature, such as symbolism, giving the reader a more complete understanding of the work.
Roberts and Jacobs 1995;51 said that character is natural facsimile from the human with all good and bad characteristics. A story is usually related to big
conflict of the character. It probable to involve interaction with another character in complicated situation, or with idea or ordinary condition. The character may
win,lose,or relevant. He or she can learn and become better for experience or maybe lose point and no change.
Abram 1981:76 says that character is people who are appeared in a narrative prose or novel and it is interpreted by the readers as a person who has
moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they say and what they do.
E.M. Foster 1927 says, “There are two basic types of characters “round character” and “flat character.”
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Round character is a major character in a work of fiction who
encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the
characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer
employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including description and dialogue.
Flat character is a minor character in a work of fiction who does not
undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as two-dimensional characters or static characters, flat characters play a
supporting role to the main character, which as a rule should be round. Though we dont generally strive to write flat characters, they are often necessary in a story,
along with round characters. From the statement, Character is a person who is responsible for the
thoughts and action within a story. And he or she can learn and become better for experience or maybe lose point and no change.
2.4 Setting Roberts and Jacobs 1987: 230 says that the setting is the natural,
manufactured, political, and temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own. Setting is divided into three types : natural and
outdoors, the object of human manufacture and construction , and cultural condition and assumptions. Background setting is something or state of being
gone over the offender in a story. Make trouble background, namely: 1 a place,
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is a wherein the offender was or story occurring in school in the city in the room etc., 2 a time,is when that story occurring morning, afternoon, night, yesterday,
etc, 3 theatmosphere, is in a state where the story going on. sad, excited, cold, peace, desolate etc.. Background formed of some respects, namely: 1 the
geographical. The setting provides the historical an cultural context for characters. It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters. Stories actually have two
types of setting: Physical and Chronological. The Physical setting is of course where the story takes place. Likewise, the chronological setting, the “when” can
be equally general or specific. From the above statement, Setting is including everything that characters
know and own. And three types that is divided natural and outdoors, the object of human manufacture and construction , and cultural condition and assumptions.
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
Wallek and Warren 1977:75 says that the approach is based on the intrinsic structural point of text and literature. This means the intrinsic approach
emphasizes the intertext analysis by describing the elements of prose that described previously. The study of literature with intrinsic approach usually
concern with the content and the form of the works itself. According to Rene Wellek 1997: 158 many novel studies not only see the relations of literature
with the social structure, but also study of the artistic, perspective or point of view and narrative techniques. The basic elements to analyzing literary works
are theme, point of view, plot, character, characterization, dramatic, conflict.
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These elements will help the student in analyzing literary works based on intrinsic approach.
Furthermore Wallek and Warren says, one approach is to find the purpose and theory of the artist creator. A more useful is based on the comparison
of work of art, social and cultural background the same, can unravel the background of time , place setting, and social background art and literature.
Furtthemore, it Wallek and Warren said that the golden age of literature in the days of Elizabeth is not matched by progress in the field of fine arts. The
various branches of art which Platis art, literature, music has the evolution of each with a different tempo and it has elements of different structures.
From the statement that approach of interpretation and analysis of the work itself. Performed with several stages of the process in order to get a perfect
result, among others, describe, criticize, analyze and interpret the situation occurring in the present.
2.6 Phone Syndicate
Phone is An instrument that converts voice and other sound signals into a form that can be transmitted to remote locations and that receives and reconverts
waves into sound signals. A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make calls and send text messages, among other features. The
earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive calls. Today’s mobile phones, however, are packed with many additional features, such as Web
browsers, games, cameras, video players and even navigational systems. A mobile phone may also be known as a cellular phone or simply cellphone.
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When the first mobile phones were introduced, their only function was to make calls, and they were so bulky it was impossible to carry them in a pocket.
Later, mobile phones belonging to the Global System for Mobile Communications GSM network were capable of sending and receiving text messages. As these
devices evolved, they became smaller and more features were added, such as multimedia messaging service MMS, which allowed users to send and receive
images. Most of these MMS-capable devices were naturally equipped with cameras, which allowed users to capture photos with the built-in camera, add
captions, and send them to friends and relatives who also had MMS-capable phones. A mobile phone with highly advanced features is called a smartphone,
while a regular mobile phone is known as a feature phone. A mobile phone typically operates on a cellular network, which is composed of cell sites scattered
throughout cities, countrysides, and even mountainous regions. If a user happens to be located in an area where there is no signal from any cell site belonging to the
cellular network provider he or she is subscribed to, calls cannot be placed or received in that location.
Syndicate is an outstanding, incredibly atmospheric action-strategy game by Bullfrog, one of the best of its kind. The game is set in a bleak future where
Syndicates control the world. Youre a young executive in a small European based syndicate, you must perform a series of tasks to subdue the major
population centres one by one until you have driven the forces of the rival corporations out of their final strongholds.
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Mariam said that phone syndicate is to sell something, such as a piece of writing, comic strip, or photograph to many different newspapers or magazines
for publication at the same time. Syndicate is group of people or business companies combined to pursue a commoninterest. And publish an article in many
different newspapers or magazines by making it available to a central organization that distributes it. His column is syndicated throughout the world. Although there
are many legal syndicates formed around the world, the usage of the term the syndicate in colloquial English often refers to one involved in illegal activities.
The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines syndicate as a group of people or businesses that work together. This may be a council or body or association of
people or an association of concerns, officially authorized to undertake a duty or negotiate business with an office or jurisdiction. It may mean an association of
racketeers in organized crime. From the statement, Phone Syndicate is group of people or business
companies combined to pursue a commoninterest and His column is syndicated throughout the world.
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3. THE ANALYSIS 3.1 Sullivan Harding
