An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts In Discover Magazine

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AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN DISCOVER MAGAZINE

A THESIS BY

PETRUS SURYO KUNCORO REG. NO 100705016

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN DISCOVER MAGAZINE

A THESIS BY

PETRUS SURYO KUNCORO REG. NO 100705016

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. PhD

NIP.195704121984031001 NIP. 197502092008121002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A.PhD NIP. 19541117 198003 1 001 NIP. 197502092008121002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 16 July 2014

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ( )

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D ( )

Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP ( )

( )

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Petrus Suryo Kuncoro, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Petrus Suryo Kuncoro

Title of Thesis : An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Discover Magazine

Qualification : S-1/ Sarjana

Department : Department of English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of University of Sumatera Utara, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Department of English on the understanding that users are made aware for their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to express my thankfulness to the Almighty God who always gives me health, patience, strength, and guidance to complete this thesis.

First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor and my co-supervisor, Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed.. TESP. And Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. for their advice, guidance, support, and constructive comments during the process of writing this thesis.

My sincere gratitude also goes to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M. A, the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, Ms. and Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. and all of the lectures and staff of English Department for the valuable knowledge, opportunities, and facilities given to me during my study on this university.

My special appreciation and thanks also expressed to my beloved parents, I.G Jokopitoyo and N. Saragi, who always pray, remind, give attention, encouragement, moral and financial support for me. Also for my beloved brother and sister, Elyas Subiastoro Pitoyo, Patricia Rizky Mutiara, and Bellarmino Wira Permana, who always be my motivation to do something better.

Special thanks are also addressed to my beloved and the only one for the love and affection during the process of writing this thesis. For my special friends, Denny, Dicky, Boy, Yudi, Samuel, Marthin, Jefri, thank you for the togetherness, support

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and also for the special snack and soft drink that we always clutch while writing this thesis. For all of the girls on my class, thank you for being spunky.

Other special thanks go to all my dormitory mates, Sarmin 91, thanks for reminding me to finish this thesis. Also for my friends in English Department and Faculty of Cultural Studies, whose names cannot be mentioned one by one, thank you for giving support and prayer in finishing this thesis. May we always have a great gathering time and build a great friendship forever. Finally, I hope this thesis will always be useful for the readers and the other student for doing the next research.

May God bless us. Amin

Medan, 20 July 2014

The writer

Petrus Suryo Kuncoro

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ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Discover Magazine”. It is a pragmatic analysis namely the speech acts category with the main subject illocutionary acts. Based on the analysis, the category of illocutionary acts they are: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives performed in Discover Magazine are the main subjects of this thesis. The data are collected and analyzed by using the Qualitative method. In this thesis, the writer used the theory of Searle (1979) for the types of illocutionary acts in this thesis. From the data analysis found there are 52 utterances or sentences that consist of illocutionary acts. From the findings, there are assertive, directives, commissives, and declarations types but no expressive category found from the magazine. Sub-category of assertives found in the magazine namely: alleging, stating, suggesting, asserting, predicting, affirming, insisting, reporting, and complaining. Sub-category of directives found namely: recommending, plead, entreating, and asking. The sub-category of commissives found is promising. The sub-category of declaration found is declaring. The most dominant type of illocutionary acts found in the scientific magazine is the assertives type.

Keywords: speech acts, illocutionary acts, Discover Magazine, assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Discover

Magazine”. Skripsi ini merupakan analisis pragmatik yakni kategori tindak

tuturdengan subjek utama tindak ilokusi. Kategori dari tindak ilokusi yakni: asertif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif dan deklaratif yang terdapat dalam Majalah Discover merupakan subyek utama dari analisis skripsi ini. Data- data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Untuk tipe- tipe dari tindak ilokusi pada skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan teori Searle (1979). Dari analisis data, ditemukan ada 52 buah ucapan atau kalimat yang mengandung tindak ilokusi. Dari hasil yang ditemukan pada majalah tersebut, terdapat kategori asertif, direktif, dan komisif, dan deklaratif tetapi tidak ada ditemukan kategori ekspresif. Sub kategori dari asertif yang ditemukan dari majalah tersebut yakni: menduga, menyatakan, menyarankan, menegaskan, menekankan, memaksakan, melaporkan dan mengeluh. Sub kategori direktif yang ditemukan yakni: merekomendasikan, mengaku, memohon, dan bertanya. Sub kategori dari komisif yang ditemukan yaitu menjanjikan. Sub kategori deklaratif ditemukan mendeklarasikan. Tipe yang tindak ilokusi yang ditemukan paling dominan ditemukan dari majalah ilmiah tersebut adalah tipe asertif.

Kata Kunci: tindak tutur, tindak ilokusi, majalah Discover, asertif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif, dan deklaratif.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..……… . vii

ABSTRACT ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics ... 8

2.2 Speech Acts ... 10

2.3 Types of Speech Acts ... 13

2.3.1 Locutionary Acts ... 13

2.3.2 Illocutionary Acts ... 14

2.3.3 Perlocutionary Acts ... 15

2.4 The Understanding of Illocutionary Acts ... 17

2.4.1 The Definition of Illocutionary Act ... 17

2.4.2 The Categories of Illocutionary Acts ... 18

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2.4.4 Performative Utterance ... 26

CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method ... 30

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 30

3.3 Data collecting Procedures ... 31

3.4 Data Analysis ... 32

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1Analysis ... 35

4.1.1 Data Description ... 35

4.1.1.1 Assertives ... 36

4.1.1.2 Directives ... 40

4.1.1.3 Commissives ... 42

4.1.1.4 Declarations ... 43

4.1.1.5 Expressives ... 43

4.2 The Intention of Illocutionary Acts ... 44

4.3 Findings ... 57

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 59

5.2 Suggestion ... 60

REFERENCES ... 61

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ABSTRACT

Keywords: speech acts, illocutionary acts, Discover Magazine, assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Discover

Magazine”. Skripsi ini merupakan analisis pragmatik yakni kategori tindak

Kata Kunci: tindak tutur, tindak ilokusi, majalah Discover, asertif, direktif, komisif, ekspresif, dan deklaratif.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study

Pragmatics is one of the main areas of linguistics study that look at the knowledge we use both toextract meaning when we hear or read, and to convey meaning when we speak or write. Pragmatics is a study of speaker meaning (Yule 1996:3). Pragmatics, as the branch of linguisticsis concerned with theuse of these tools in meaningful communication. Pragmatics is about theinteraction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world,taking into account contexts of use, Griffiths (2006:1). Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). This study also involving the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influencing the things they said. In this case, the speaker must be able to organize what they want to say in accordance with the people they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances.

Speech acts is a part of pragmatics discussion which relates to a certain sentence and utterance that has a certain acts within it. Speech acts is an utterance that serves a function in communication. Speech acts are the part of our daily life whether in spoken language or writing. By speaking a language, we will perform the speech acts such as giving commands, making statements, asking questions or making promises. In other words, we can do actions or things by using the speech. In the most basic terms, speech acts involve the act of verbally stating something, what one does while stating it, and what one hopes to accomplish by stating it. In studying speech acts, the understanding and acquaintance of context in which they

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are performed are often important for decoding the whole utterance and its proper meaning. There are various classifications of speech acts that include propositional, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.

In the pragmatic’s theory, there are three types of acts, namely: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act. These three types are called speech acts. Locutionary act is performing the act of saying something. Illocutionary act is performing the act in saying something. Perlocutionary is performing an act by saying something. For the example, locutionary, s says to h that X; illocutionary, in saying X, s asserts that p; perlocutionary, by saying X, s convinces h that P. Here, the X is the certain words spoken with a certain sense and reference. Speech acts is the centre of the pragmatics. Speech acts is the study of how to do things with words. Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts (Yule 1996:47). In an effort to express themselves, people do not only produce utterance that contains grammatical structures and words, they perform actions via those utterance. Commonly, we know the types of utterance namely: requesting, ordering, begging, inviting, offering, complaining, apologizing, promising, and the others.

Illocutionary act is an act that performed in saying something or in other words, the illocutionary acts is the action that intended by the speakers or the writers. The illocutionary acts is performed via the communicative force of an utterance (Yule: 1996:48). There is an intention of the speaker or the writer in making that utterance or sentence. Illocutionary acts are considered the core of the theory of speech acts. As already explained above, the illocutionary act is an action that performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. The illocutionary act always related to the speaker’s intentions, such as stating, questioning, promising,

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requesting, giving commands, threatening for instance. Illocutionary acts also can be found in the written form such as books, magazines, or in the literary works such as play, novel, and short story.

Some linguists have attempted to classify illocutionary acts into a number of categories or types. Leech (1983: 205) classifies illocutionary acts into four, they are: assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive. Yule ( 1996: 48) categorizes the illocutionary acts into five main categories, they are: declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissives. Searle (1979:13-23) categorizes them into five main categories, they are:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations. The main five categories would show the intention or action of the writer or the speaker for the reader. For example, in Discover Magazine April 2013 edition page 7,

(1) ‘So please take a minute to share your thoughts and suggestion by email’

The example above is the illocutionary act namely the directive type that meant for begging or requesting the help from the reader to send their feedback through the utterance above. As Yule (1996: 48) explains that directive types are the kind of speech acts that speakers or writers use to get someone else to do something. This type can be command, order, request, or suggestion. The example above is an illocutionary act because there is an action namely the action of requesting, performed by the utterance.

Another example, in Discover magazine April 2013 edition page 7,

(2) “Thankfully, as you pointed out, the medical community is dropping the ‘us versus them’ attitude toward bacteria”.

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This is also the example of illocutionary type namely the expressive of thanking. Yule (1996:48) explains that expressives are those kinds of speech that state what the speaker feels. This type expresses the psychological state and can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislike, joy, or sorrow. The person above is stating his/her feeling and he/she is thanking. The person above performs the thanking action by using an utterance as stated above.

Discover Magazine is an American articles about in October 1980 by than like interesting topics for the reader because many real fact shown from our daily activities. Nowadays, this magazine already distributed worldwide. This magazine provides more useful and popular scientific articles that are interesting to be read. Not only science, technology, and the future also discussed on this magazine. Discover Magazine April 2013 edition would be the object of this thesis because on this edition, there are many topics about the natural environment and many solutions for solving environment problems and also indirectly asked us to protect the natural environment around us. This edition would be an interesting object because environment is related to our daily life.

From this scientific articles can be found many illocutionary cases and would be an interesting topic because the role of illocutionary acts would be shown through the articles. Based on the explanations above, the Illocutionary acts found in Discover Magazine April 2013 edition would be the focus of this thesis. Discover

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Magazine April 2013 edition become the object of this thesis because there are many illocutionary acts happen in this magazine although it is a scientific magazine. By using illocutionary, we could ask someone to do some action or we can express an action just by using an utterance. Illocutionary become the most interesting topic compared with locutionary and perlocutionary. Locutionary is just an ordinary act without any certain action intended meanwhile the perlocutionary is an action of asking someone to do something by using utterances or sentences. As we see, Illocutionary act is the act that performed through utterances and it is completely different with the locutionary and perlocutionary act. Illocutionary act become an interesting topic to be analyzed because we may learn to perform many actions just by using the utterances or sentences.

1.2Problems of The Study

The problem of the study is an important thing for the thesis in order that the researcher will not get lost in discussing the main topic of the thesis. Based on the background above, the problems of the study of this thesis are formed as bellow:

1. What types of illocutionary acts that are found in some selected Discover Magazine’s articles?

2. What are the intentions of each illocutionary acts performed in some selected Discover magazine’s articles?

3. What is the most dominant type of illocutionary acts found in some selected Discover magazine’s articles?

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1.3Objective of the study

The objective of this research is to improve the student’s knowledge about the illocutionary acts. Discussing about illocutionary acts, there are many types of it. As stated at the problems of the study above, below are the objectives of the study to answer the problems of the analysis namely:

1. To find out the number and types of illocutionary acts in some selected Discover Magazine’s articles.

2. To interpret the intention of each illocutionary acts found in some selected Discover Magazine’s articles.

3. To determine the most dominant type of illocutionary acts in Discover Magazine’s some selected articles.

1.4Scope of the Study

It is necessary to limit the analysis to avoid the vagueness since the object of speech acts is too wide. The analysis would be limited only on the illocutionary acts. There are only five types of illocutionary will be discussed on this thesis namely: assertive, expressive, directives, declarative, and commissives. Therefore, the illocutionary act types and the intention of utterance in Discover Magazine would be the focus of this thesis. The Discover Magazine on April 2013 edition would be the object of this thesis. This analysis would be valid only for the Discover Magazine on April 2013 edition. The object of the analysis is limited only for five selected articles. Through this scope of analysis, it will help the readers to figure out the major problems and ideas properly.

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1.5Significance of the Study

From this study, this analysis hopefully gives contribution in developing the linguistics studies especially about illocutionary acts. This study hopefully could give a worth significances such as:

1. This study will help the students’ competence in understanding the illocutionary acts.

2. To enlarge the reader’s knowledge about speech acts namely illocutionary

acts.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics

Pragmatics studies the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated. Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the ways we reach our goal in communication. Pragmatics explains language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. Pragmatics is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects for language learners to grasp, and can only truly be learned with experience.

Pragmaticsis concerned with theuse of these tools in meaningful communication. Pragmatics is about theinteraction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use (Griffiths, 2006:1).

For example, the sentence (3) “You get a green light” is an ambiguous sentence. Without understanding the context, it would difficult to identify the meaning of the sentence, such as:

a. It could mean that you are getting a green bulb.

b. It could mean that you are getting a green light in the traffic light to drive

your car.

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From these interpretations, we may see that the meaning of the sentence is depending on the context and the intention of the speaker.

According to Yule (1996:3), there are four areas that pragmatics are concern with, namely:

1. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.

2. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires the consideration of how speaker organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. Pragmatic is the study of contextual meaning.

3. This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. We might say that it is the investigation of invisible meaning. Pragmatic is the study of how more meaning gets communicated than it said.

4. This perspective than raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tried to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies

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shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.

Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. Pragmatics is a way of investigating how sense can be made of certain texts even when, from a semantic viewpoint, the text seems to be either incomplete or to have a different meaning to what is really intended. Consider a sign seen in a children's wear shop window:

(4) “Baby Sale - lots of bargains”.

From this sign, we know without asking that there are no babies are for sale. We will know the things that sold there are items used for babies. Pragmatics allows us to investigate how this “meaning beyond the words” can be understood without ambiguity.

2.2 Speech Acts

Yule (1996:47) states that speech act is defined as the action that performed via utterances. In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, they perform actions via those utterances. In English, speech acts are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request. These descriptive terms for different kinds of speech acts apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects

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that his or her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped by this process by the circumstances surrounding the utterance. These circumstances, including other utterances, are called the speech events.

For instance, if we work in a situation where a boss has a great deal of power, then the boss utterance of the utterance bellow is more than just statement:

(5) “You’re fired”

The utterance above can be used to perform the act of ending your employment. Sspeech act is characterized as an act which characteristically consistsin the issuance of words in sentences, characteristically succeeds only if the circumstancesare in some way appropriate, and characteristically comes into being only if theperson issuing the linguistic token has certain intentions.

According to Yule (1996:48), on any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related actsnamely:

1. Locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a

meaningful linguistic expression.

2. Illocutionary acts is an act that performed via communicative force of an

utterance.

3. Perlocutionary act is an act that simply create an utterance with a function

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Akmajian (2001:394) states that speech acts are defined as the acts performed in uttering expressions. According to the theory they have developed,there are four important categories of speech acts namely:

1. Utterance acts are simply acts of uttering sounds, syllables, words,

phrases, and sentences from a language.

2. Illocutionaryact is an act performed in uttering something.

3. Perlocutionary act is anact performed by uttering something, an act that

produces an effect on the hearer.

4. Prepositional acts is an act that used for referring and predicating.

According to Leech (1983:199), the language provides us with verbs like order, request, beg, plead, just as it provides us with nouns like puddle, pond, lake, sea, ocean. In speech acts, Leech categorized into three types namely:

1. Locutionary act is performing the act of saying something.

2. Illocutionary act is performing an act in saying something.

3. Perlocutionary act is performing an act by saying something.

For example:

1. Locution: s says to h that X

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3. Perlocution: By saying X, s convinces h that P

Note: (X being certain words spoken with a certain sense and reference)

Austin (1962:108) distinguished a group of things we do in saying something, namely:

1. Locutionary act, which is roughlyequivalent to uttering a certain sentence

with a certainsense and reference, which again is roughly equivalent to 'meaning' in the traditional sense.

2. Illocutionary acts such as informing,ordering, warning, undertaking, and

so on, for instance, utterances whichhave a certain (conventional) force.

3. perlocutionary acts: what we bring about orachieve by saying something,

such as convincing, persuading,deterring, and even, say, surprising or misleading.

2.3 Types of Speech Acts 2.3.1 Locutionary acts

Austin (1962:108) Locutionary act, which is roughlyequivalent to uttering a certain sentence with a certainsense and reference, which again is roughly equivalent to 'meaning' in the traditional sense. Meanwhile Yule (1996:48) says that

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locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression.For Example:

(6) Mike Uttered the words “Hand some money over to me”, with referring

to Mike.

2.3.2 Illocutionary Acts.

Austin (1962:108) states that Illocutionary acts such as informing,ordering, warning, undertaking, and so on, for instance, utterances whichhave a certain (conventional) force. Leech (1983:199) says that Illocutionary act is performing an act in saying something. According to Yule (1996:48) Illocutionary acts is an act that performed via communicative force of an utterance.

Austin in Akmajian (1980:395) characterized the illocutionary act as an act performed insaying something. For instance, in saying:

(7) “Sampras can beat Agassi”,

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Someother examples of illocutionary acts are given bellow:

promising threatening

reporting requesting

stating suggesting

asking ordering

telling proposing

2.3.3 Perlocutionary acts

Cruse (2000: 345) states that perlocutionary acts are acts performed by means of language, using languageas a tool. The elements which define the act are external to the locutionary act.Take the act of persuading someone to do something, or getting them tobelieve that something is the case. In order to persuade someone to do something,one normally must speak to them. But the speaking, even accompaniedby appropriate intentions and so on, does not of itself constitute the act ofpersuasion. For that, the person being persuaded has to do what the speaker isurging. The same is true of the act of cheering someone up: this may well beaccomplished through language, in which case it is a perlocutionary act, buteven then the act does not consist in saying certain things in a certain way, butin having a certain effect, which in principle could have been produced in someother way.

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According to Akmajian (1980:396), perlocutionary act is the act performed by sayingsomething. For instance, suppose John believes everything a certainsportscaster says; then by saying:

“Sampras can beat Agassi”,

the sportscastercould convince John that Sampras can beat Agassi. Some typicalexamples of perlocutionary acts are bellow:

inspiring embarrassing

persuading misleading

impressing intimidating

deceiving irritating

These are some important characteristics of perlocutionary acts:

1. Perlocutionary acts (unlike illocutionary acts) are not performedby uttering explicit performative sentences. We do not perform the perlocutionaryact of convincing someone that Sampras can beat Agassi by uttering “Sampras can beat Agassi”.

2. Perlocutionary acts seem to involve the effects of utterance actsand illocutionary acts on the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the hearer,whereas illocutionary acts do not. Thus, perlocutionary acts can be representedas an illocutionary act of the speaker (S) plus its effects on thehearer (H):

a. S tells + H believes . . . = S persuades H that . . .

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2.4 The Understanding of Illocutionary Acts 2.4.1 The Definition of Illocutionary Act

Leech (1983:199) says that Illocutionary act is performing an act in saying something. According to Yule (1996:48) Illocutionary acts is an act that performed via communicative force of an utterance.

For example:

(8) I’ve just made some coffee.

We might utter the example above to make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for some other communicative purpose. This is also generally known as the illocutionary force of the utterance.

There are three important characteristics of illocutionary according to Akmajian (1980:395), namely:

1. Illocutionary acts can often besuccessfully performed simply by uttering the right

explicit performativesentence, with the right intentions and beliefs, and under the right circumstances.

2. Illocutionary acts (unlike perlocutionary acts) arecentral to linguistic communication. Our normal conversations arecomposed in large part of statements, suggestions, requests, proposals,greetings, and the like. When we do perform perlocutionary acts suchas persuading or intimidating, we do so by performing illocutionary actssuch as stating or threatening.

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3. The most important, unlike perlocutionary acts, most illocutionaryacts used to communicate have the feature that one performs themsuccessfully simply by getting one’s illocutionary intentions recognized.

2.4.2 The Categories of illocutionary Act

Leech (1983:205) classifies illocutionary acts into four corresponding verbs namely:

1. Assertive Verbs normally occur in the construction ‘S verb (…) that X’ , where S is the subject (referring to the speaker), and where X refers to a proposition, example: affirm, allege, assert, forecast, predict, announce, insist.

2. Directive Verbs normally occur in the construction ‘S verb (O) that X’ or S’ verb O to Y’, where S and O are subject and object (referring to s2 and h2

respectively), where that X’ is a non-indicative that-clause, and where to Y’ is an infinitive clause, such as: ask, beg, bid, command, demand, forbid, recommend, request. Unlike the that-clauses following assertive verbs, these non-indicative that-clauses contain a subjunctive or modal like should, since they refer to a mand rather than to a proposition; for example: We requested that the ban (should) be lifted.

3. Commisive verbs normally occur in the construction ‘S verb that X’ (where the that-clauses again non-indicative), or S’ verb to Y’, where to Y’ is again an infinitive construction; for example: offer, promise, swear, volunteer, vow. Commisive verbs, which form a relatively small class, resemble directive verbs in having non-indicative complementizers (that-clauses and infinitive clauses), which necessarily have posterior time reference (in example time reference later

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than that of the main verb). There is therefore a case for merging the directive and commisive verbs into one ‘superclass’.

4. Expressive verbs normally occur in the construction ‘S verb (prep) (O) (prep) Xn’, where ‘(prep)’ is an optimal preposition, and where Xn is an abstract noun phrase or a gerundive phrase; for example: apologize, commiserate, congratulate, pardon, thank.

Yule (1996:48) states that one general categories system list five types of general function performed by speech acts: declaration, representatives, expressive, directives, and commisives.

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. As example in illustrate below, the speaker has to have a special institutional role, in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately.

(9) Priest : I now pronounce you husband and wife.

(10) Referee : You’re out!

(11) Jury Foreman : We find the defendant guilty.

In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. Statements of fact, assertion, conclusion, and descriptions, as illustrated in below, are all examples of the speaker representing the world as he or she believes it is.

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(12) The earth is flat.

(13) Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts.

(14) It was warm sunny day.

In using a representative, the speaker makes world fit the world (of belief).

Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They express psychological state and can be statement of pleasure, pain, likes, dislike, joy, or sorrow. As illustrated below, they can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer does, but they are about the speaker’s experience.

(15) I’m really sorry!

(16) Congratulation.!

(17) Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssah!

In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling).

Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something. They express what the speaker wants. They are commands, order, request, suggestion, and as illustrated below, they can be positive or negative.

(18) Give me a cup of coffee. Make it black.

(19) Could you lend me a pen, please?

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In using the directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words (via the hearer).

Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speaker use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends. They are promises, threats, refusals, pledges, and, as shown below, they can be performed by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group.

(21) I will be back.

(22) I’m going to get it right next time.

(23) We will not do that.

In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words ( via the speaker).

Searle (1979:13-23) categorizes them into five main categories, they are:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations.

Assertives show thatthe point or purpose of the members of the assertive class is to commit the speaker (in varying degrees) to something's being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition. All of the members of the assertive class are assessable on the dimension of assessment which includes true and false. For example, consider: "boast" and "complain".They both denote assertives with the added featurethat they have something to do with the interest of the speaker. "Conclude" and "deduce" arealso assertives with the added feature that they mark certainrelations between the assertive illocutionary act and the restof the discourse or the context of utterance.

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For Example:

(24) I inform you that our lecturer makes wrong decision.

(25) It’s raining.

Directives is the illocutionary point that consists in the fact that they are attempts (of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are determinates of the determinable which includes attempting) by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. They may be very modest "attempts" as when I invite you to do it or suggest that you do it, or they may be very fierce attempts as when I insist that you do it. Verbs denoting members of this class are ask, order, command, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, and also invite, permit, advise,dare, defy and challenge.

For example:

(26) Don’t eat that!

(27) Can you reach the salt for me?

For example:

(28) We will complete the task.

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Expressives are the illocutionary point to express the psychological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state of affairs specified in the propositional content. The paradigms of expressive verbs are thank, congratulate, apologize, condole, deplore, and welcome. Notice that in expressive types, there is no direction of fit. In performing an expressive, the speaker is neither trying to get the world to match the words nor the words to match the world, rather the truth of the expressed proposition is presupposed.

For example:

(30) I congratulate you on winning the race.

(31) I thank you for paying me the money.

For Example:

(32) I declare that your employment is terminated.

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Cruse (2000:342-343) classifies illocutionary acts into five categories such as:

Assertives commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition: state, suggest, boast, complain, claim, report, warn (that). Notice that boast and complain also express an attitude to the proposition expressed other than a belief in its truth.

Directives have the intention of eliciting some sort of action on the part of the hearer: order, command, request, beg, beseech, advise (to), warn (to), recommend, ask, ask (to).

Commissives commit the speaker to some future action: promise, vow, offer, undertake, contract, threaten.

Expressives make known the speaker's psychological attitude to a presupposed state of affairs: thank, congratulate, condole, praise, blame, forgive, pardon.

Declaratives are said to bring about a change in reality: that is to say, the world is in some way no longer the same after they have been said. Now in an obvious sense this is true of all the performative verbs: after someone has congratulated someone, for instance, a new world comes into being in which that congratulation has taken place. . So, if someone says / resign, then thereafter they no longer hold the post they originally held, with all that that entails. resign, dismiss,

divorce (in Islam), christen, name, open (e.g. an exhibition), excommunicate,

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2.4.3 Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID)

The most obvious device for indicating the illocutionary force (the

Illocutionary Force Indicating Device, or IFID) is an expression of the type of

shown below where here is a slot for a verb that explicitly names the illocutionary act being performed. Such a verb can be called a performative verb (Vp).

(34) I promise you that…

(35) I warn you that….

In the preceding examples, 34,35 ‘promise’, and ‘warn’ “I am that doctor.’would be the performative verb and, if stated, would be very clear IFIDs. Speakers do not always ‘perform’ their speech acts so explicitly, but they sometimes describe the speech act being performed. Imagine the telephone conversation in (36), between a man trying to contact Mary, and Mary’s friend.

(36) Him : Can I talk to Mary?

Her : No, she is not here.

Him : I’m asking you—can I talk to her?

Her : And I’m telling you—she’s not here!

In this scenario, each speaker has described, and drawn attention to, the illocutionary force (‘ask’ and ‘tell’) of their utterances.

Most of the time, however, there is no performative verb mentioned. Other IFIDs which can be identified are word order, stress, and intonation, as shown in the different version of the same basic elements (You are going) as shown below.

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(37) You’re going! (I tell you “You are going”)

(38) You’re going? (I request confirmation about “You are going”)

(39) Are you going? (I ask you if “You are going”)

While other devices, such as a lowered voice quality for a warning or a threat, might be used to indicate illocutionary force, the utterance also has to be produced under certain conventional conditions to count as having the intended illocutionary force.

2.4.4 Performative Utterance

One way to think about the speech acts being performed via utterance is to assume that underlying every utterance (U) there is a clause, similar to (34,35) presented earlier, containing a performative verb (Vp) which makes theillocutionary force explicit. This is known as the performative utterance and the basic format of the underlying clause is shown in (37,38,39 ).

I (hereby) Vp (that) I (U)

In this clause, the subject must be first person singular (‘I’), followed by the adverb ‘hereby’, indicating that the utterance “counts as” an action by being uttered. There is also a performative verb (Vp) in the present tense and an indirect object in first person singular (‘I’). This underlying clause will always make explicit, as in (41) and (43), what in utterances such as (40) and (42) are implicit.

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(40) Clean up this mess!

(41) I hereby order

(42) The work was done by Elaine and myself. you that you clean up this mess.

(43) I hereby tell

Examples like (41) and (43) (normally without ‘hereby’), are used by speakers

asexplicit performatives. Examples like (40) and (42) are implicit performatives,

sometimes called primary performatives.

you that the work was done by Elaine and myself.

The advantage of this type of analysis is that it makes clear just what elements are involved in the production and interpretation of utterances. In syntax, a reflexive pronoun like ‘myself’ in (42, 43) requires the occurrence of an antecedent (in this case ‘I’) within the same sentence structure.

The explicit performative in (42) provides the ‘I’ element. Similarly when the speaker says to someone, ‘Do it yourself!’, the reflexive in ‘yourself’ is made possible by the antecedent ‘you’ in the explicit version (‘I order you that you do it yourself’). Another advantage is to show that some adverbs such as ‘honestly’, or adverbial clauses such as ‘because I may be late’, as shown in (44, 45), naturally attach to the explicit performative clause rather than the implicit version.

(44) Honestly, he’s a scoundrel.

(45) What time is it, because I may be late?

In (44) it is the telling part (the performative verb) that is being done ‘honestly’ and in (45), it is the act of asking (the performative again) that is being justified by the ‘because I may be late’ clause.

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There are some technical disadvantages to the performative hypothesis. For example, uttering the explicit performative version of a command (41) has a much more seriouos impact than uttering the implicit version (40). The two versions are consequently not equivalent. It is also difficult to know exactly what the performative verb (or verbs) might be for some utterances. Although the speaker and hearer might recognize the utterance in (46) as an insult, it would be very strange to have (47) as an explicit version.

(46) You’re dumber than a rock.

(47) I hereby insult you that you’re dumber than a rock.

The really practical problem with any analysis based on identifying explicit performatives is that, in principle, we simply do not know how many performative verbs there are in any language. Instead of trying to list all the possible explicit performatives, and then distinguish among all of them, some more general categories of types of speech acts are usually used.

The types of illocutionary acts and how they are performed would be the main focus of this analysis. This analysis would use the qualitative method (content analysis). Each types of illocutionary acts would be analyzed from each chapter of the magazine and classify them into a specific category and show how they are performed in the text. From the theory above, Searle (1979:13-23) categorizes them into five main categories, they are:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations. The theory of Searle would be used for finding the types of illocutionary acts performed on the magazine. For finding the meaning or the intention of each illocutionary acts performed on the magazine, the theory of Cruse

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would be used. This analysis is rather different with the other previous study because on this analysis, the five types of illocutionary acts are tried to be found and analyzed, not by choosing just one type of illocutionary acts to be analyzed. Some articles of the Discover Magazine would be analyzed to find every single types of illocutionary act performed there.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

In completing this thesis, the qualitative method is used. Miles & Huberman (1994: 1) say that data of the qualitative method usually in the form of word rather than numbers. The qualitative data are the source of well-grounded, rich description and explanations of process in identifiable local context. With the data from qualitative method, people can preserve chronological flow, see precisely which events led to which consequences, and derive fruitful explanation. Words, especially organized into incidents or stories, have a concrete, vivid, meaningful flavor that often proves more than convincing to a reader, another researcher, a policy maker, a practitioner, than pages of summarized numbers.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The data presented in this analysis are the Illocutionary acts from selected articles of Discover Magazine. The source of the data in this research is the utterance and sentence found in some subthemes of the Discover Magazine which contains the illocutionary acts. The source of data in this research is taken from the Discover Magazine published on April 2013 edition. There are five articles which are used as the data source. They are:

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2. Annual Checkups Are a waste of Time (page 20)

3. How I Rediscovered The Enduring Importance of Neighborhoods (page

21)

4. What is Fanning His Temper (page 28)

5. It’s Years of lab Work and Green House Work Destroyed. There Won’t Be

Any Results (page 41)

3.3 Data Collecting Procedures

The selected articles from the Discover Magazine are chosen by using purposive sampling. Arikunto (2006 : 139) defines that Purposive sample is done by taking the subject is not based on any strata, random or region but a particular purpose. This technique is usually done because of several considerations, such as limited time, energy, and funds. Therefore, it cannot take larger and further sample. The five articles of Discover magazine are selected for a particular consideration and reason as explained above.

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3.4 Data Analysis

After collecting the data from the data source, the analysis then continue to the analyzing the data. Miles and Huberman introduce about the qualitative method based on content analysis. According to Miles & Huberman (1994: 10-11), there are three concurrent flows of activity: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verification.

The first step is reducing the data by the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, and transforming the data that appear in written up-filed notes or transcriptions. Data reduction is a form of analysis that sharpens, shorts, focuses, discards, and organizes data in such a way that “final” conclusions can be drawn and verified.

The second step is data display. After reducing the data, the analyst has to display the data whether in tables, matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. All are designed to assemble, compact form so that the analyst can see what is happening and either draw justified conclusions or move on to the next step of analysis the display suggests may be useful.

The third step is conclusion drawing and verification. Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second thought crossing the analyst’s mind during writing. Final conclusion may not appear until the data collection is over.

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Below are the components of data analysis: interactive model (Miles & Huberman, 1994:12)

Figure 3.1: Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model From: Miles and Huberman (1994:12)

The systematic procedures in this research namely:

1. Reading the selected articles of Discover Magazine.

2. Identifying the illocutionary acts existed in the five selected articles of Discover Magazine.

3. Categorizing the utterances found in the selected articles into the type of

illocutionary acts.

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illocutionary acts.

5. Identifying the most dominant types of illocutionary acts by using Malo’s formula

(1986:200). The Formula is:

�

� x 100% = N

Notes:

X: number of particular type of illocutionary acts

Y: number of all data

N: percentage of the type of illocutionary acts

6. Making summary of the analysis and draw a conclusion based on the findings of

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis

In this subchapter, the material namely the illocutionary acts performed in Discover Magazine on April 2013 edition would be the main part to be analyzed. The data would be classified into five types of the illocutionary acts based on the theory of Searle (1979:13-23) namely:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations. The theory of Searle is used in classifying the types of illocutionary acts because he categorizes it into five types, meanwhile Leech (1983:205) only classifies it into four category. Yule also categorizes it into five types but for the consideration, according to the year, Searle introduces the theory first. That is the main reason of choosing the theory that used in this thesis.

4.1.1 Data Description

Below are the data of illocutionary acts performed in the Discover Magazine on April 2013 edition. The data would be inserted in the table and classified into each types of the illocutionary acts based on the theory of Searle (1979: 13-23).

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4.1.1.1 Assertives

NO Utterances

Page in magazine

“Stem cells function far differently in mice than monkeys”, says biologist Shoukhrat Mitalipov, a senior scientist in the Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences at Oregon National Primate Research Center and lead author of the monkey study.

“If we are going to bring stem cells to human clinic, we need to know exactly how those stem cells will work.”

“In mice, you can inject pluripotent cells from a black mouse into the embryo of an albino mouse (in the womb of a mother mouse) and they will get along well, and you’ll end up with a black-and-white-spotted mouse chimera.”

“In the monkey, when we tried injecting 20 or 30 laboratory-cultured pluripotent stem cells, nothing happened.”

5 “The stem cells seemed to disappear; maybe they died” 13

Even rhesus Macaques, he says, “are not the ideal nonhuman primate to study, since they are not as closely related to us as chimpanzees.”

“We need to ask if we’d learn more if we studied other animals-more expensive animals that are closer to humans.”

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“If our ultimate goal is to take human cells and transplant them into human subjects, we want to know ahead of time that they will behave and integrate well.”

9 “Stem cells therapies hold great promise,” he says 13

“No drug could restore functional tissue the way that stem cells could,”

“We will see if these three monkeys can have normal offspring. We will want to see if these chimeras persist through the generations,” Mitalipov says.

“More is not always better,” says Domhnall MacAuley, a physician and editor at the British Medical journal who wrote an editorial accompanying the study.

While the findings are counterintuitive, “the study adds to growing evidence that periodic exams in otherwise healthy adult are a waste of money and may even lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments,“ says medical researcher Lasse Krogsboll of the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen.

14 “I’ve always been a hard-ass,” he said. 28

15 “That’s just my style. And no one ever complained before.” 28

“It’s years of lab work and green house work destroyed,” says Uwe Schrader, one of the farm’s two managers

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17 “There won’t be any results” 40

“They targeted these particular trials to weaken research in Germany,” says Kerstin Schmidt, CEO of biovativ.

“We had to go out into the fields and do it in a very public way, so the population wouldn’t see us as criminals,”Grolm says.

“If they send me to jail again, I’ll go in smiling, and come out smiling,” he says.

21 “I don’t think it’s a sincere effort to do science,” he says. 41

“There’s no good gene technology. It’s like atomic energy-once you open the door, you can’t close it,” he says.

23 “we can’t get rid of it once it out in the world” 42

24 “That’s not our thing, but you can’t really control it,” he shrugs. 42

“We may be at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if we become complacent and relax our efforts,” he said.

“These companies keep calling for coexistence, but I call it KO-existence,” beekeeper says.

“They just want to knock us out-it’s biological equivalent of locking a wolf and a sheep in a pen together to see which one survives.”

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science,” says Hans-jorg Jacobsen, a voluble researcherat Leibniz Universitat Hannover whose specialty is transgenic legumes.

“The agricultural environment in which we produce our food doesn’t exist in nature,” says Swiss plant ecologist Bernhard Schmid.

“In most cases we’re working with varieties where the genes and their product have been consumed for millennia,” he says

“Genetic engineering is fundamentally different. It’s disingenuous to say this is a new and more precise way to do breeding,” Gurian-Sherman says

“I don’t think it’s as inherently risky as some people say, but I do think the risks are higher.”

33 “For a scientist, science looks obvious,” he says 46

“Europe was traumatized. Government regulators told consumers they had nothing to fear, and they did,” Paarlberg says.

“We have no problem with genomics,” says Kirtana Chandrasekaran, a campaigner for the London-based Friends of the Earth. “Our problem is with their application in GMOs.”

“Every week they’re photographed from every corner and every side, like models on the catwalk,” Puzio says with pride.

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Assertives show thatthe point or purpose of the members of the assertive class is to commit the speaker (in varying degrees) to something's being the case, to the truth of the expressed proposition. All of the members of the assertive class are assessable on the dimension of assessment which includes true and false. For example:state, suggest, boast, complain, claim, report, warn, affirm, allege, assert, forecast, predict, announce, insist. Above are the illocutionary acts namely assertives type applied in the magazine.

4.1.1.2 Directives

NO Uterrances

Page in magazine

“Calling for systematic assembly-line health checks consumes precious medical resources- in doctors’ time and unnecessary treatments and test- that could be better used elsewhere.”

“Many adults don’t need an annual checkup, but they do need to see their doctors frequently enough to get the preventive services- mammograms, screenings for sexually transmitted diseases- that we know work,” LeFevre says.

If you let loose a kid who appears to be lost on a street, will an anonymous stranger ask, “Can I help you? Are you lost?”

40 If a stamped, addressed envelope is found on the street- something we actually tested- will someone pick it up and put it

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in a mailbox?

“I just have two questions for you. First, what the hell is wrong with him?

“And second, can it be fixed? If not, he’ll have to leave the firm. We had enough.”

43 “Don’t you know who I am?” he demanded to know. 28

44 “what the f--- are you stopping me for? I’m due in court” 28

45 “So, what’s changed? I asked 28

46 “Do you snore?” I asked 30

“Let’s put it in this way. “Steve said.“I’ve had people pound on the walls of the hotel rooms at night complaining that I was keeping them awake.”

“Does your wife ever notice that you stop breathing while you are sleeping?”

“If I were a scientist that really wanted to study this, what would I do?”

50 “What kind of agriculture do we want?” 45

Directives is the illocutionary point that consists in the fact that they are attempts (of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are determinates of the

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determinable which includes attempting) by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. They may be very modest "attempts" as when I invite you to do it or suggest that you do it, or they may be very fierce attempts as when I insist that you do it. Verbs denoting members of this class are ask,ask (to), order, command, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, advise,dare, defy, challenge, beseech, warn (to), and recommend. Above are illocutionary acts namely directives type applied in the magazine.

4.1.1.3 Commissives

No Utterances

Page in magazine

“When I can, I dry seeds without electricity. I use the sun, the wind,” he says

Commissives then are those illocutionary acts whose point is to committ the speaker (again in varying degrees) to some future course of action. The direction of fit is world-to-word and the sinceritycondition is Intention. The propositional content is always that the speakerdoes some future action such as: promise, vow, offer, undertake, contract, threaten. Above is illocutionary act namely commissive type applied in the magazine.

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4.1.1.4 Declarations

NO Uterrances

Page in magazine

52 “I’m the guy the mayor turns to for legal advice when your clowns get yourselves into trouble.”

Declarationshas special characteristic of this class that the successful performance of one of its members brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality, successful performance guarantees that the propositional content corresponds to the world such as: resign, dismiss, divorce (in Islam), christen, name, open (e.g. an exhibition), excommunicate, sentence (in court), consecrate, bid (at auction), declare (at cricket).Above is illocutionary act namely declaration type applied in the magazine.

4.1.1.4 Expressives

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4.2. The Intention of Illocutionary Acts

As explained in the previous chapter, illocutionary acts can be categorized into five categories. Searle (1979:13-23) categorizes them into five main categories, they are:assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations. In analyzing the intention, the theory of Searle (1979) and Cruse (2000) are used. Both Searle and Cruse introduce five types of illocutionary acts. Cruse defines each type more specific for the intention of the illocutionary acts. Below are the analyses of the illocutionary acts based on the data in Discover Magazine’s some selected articles.

1.“Stem cells function far differently in mice than monkeys”, says biologist Shoukhrat Mitalipov, a senior scientist in the Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences at Oregon National Primate Research Center and lead author of the monkey study.

In data 1, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an action of asserting. He asserts the stem cells function far differently in mice than in monkeys. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

2. “If we are going to bring stem cells to human clinic, we need to know exactly how those stem cells will work.”

In data 2, the type of assertive means suggesting. Mitalipov performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to know exactly how long the stem cells will work when we are going to bring the stem cells to human clinic. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.

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3. “In mice, you can inject pluripotent cells from a black mouse into the embryo of an albino mouse (in the womb of a mother mouse) and they will get along well, and you’ll end up with a black-and-white-spotted mouse chimera.”

In data 3, the type of assertive means announcing. Mitalipov performs an action of announcing. He announces that we may inject pluripotent cells from a black mouse into embryo of an albino mouse (in the womb of a mother mouse) and they will get along well, and we will end up with a black-and-white spotted mouse chimera. The intention of this illocutionary act is announcing.

4. “In the monkey, when we tried injecting 20 or 30 laboratory-cultured pluripotent stem cells, nothing happened.”

In data 4, the type of assertive means reporting. Mitalipov performs an action of reporting. He reports that in the monkey, from the 20 or 30 laboratory-cultured pluripotent stem cells experiment, nothing happened. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.

5. “The stem cells seemed to disappear; maybe they died”

In data 5, the type of assertive means alleging. Mitalipov performs an action of alleging. He alleges the stem cells may be died when it’s disappeared.The intention of this illocutionary act is alleging.

6. Even rhesus Macaques, he says, “are not the ideal nonhuman primate to study, since they are not as closely related to us as chimpanzees.”

In data 6, the type of assertive means asserting. Jason Robert perfoms an action of asserting. He asserts that rhesus Macaques are not an ideal study of

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nonhuman primate, because they are not closely related to human as chimpanzees. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

7. “We need to ask if we’d learn more if we studied other animals-more expensive animals that are closer to humans.”

In data 7, the type of assertive means suggesting. Jason Robert performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to ask whether we could learn more after we studied other more expensive animals that are closer to humans. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.

8. “If our ultimate goal is to take human cells and transplant them into human subjects, we want to know ahead of time that they will behave and integrate well.”

In data 8, the type of assertive means predicting. Jason Robert predicts, when our ultimate goal is to take human cells and transplant them into human subjects, we would want to know ahead of the time that they would behave and integrate well. The intention of this illocutionary act is predicting.

9. “Stem cells therapies hold great promise,” he says

In data 9, the type of assertive means stating. Mitalipov performs an action of stating. He states that the stem cells therapies hold great promise. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.

10. “No drug could restore functional tissue the way that stem cells could,”

In data 10, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an action of asserting. He asserts that no drug could restore functional tissue such the way stem cells could. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

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11. “We will see if these three monkeys can have normal offspring. We will want to see if these chimeras persist through the generations,” Mitalipov says.

In data 11, the type of assertive means asserting. Mitalipov performs an action of asserting. He asserts they will see whether the monkey can have a normal offspring and they also want to see whether chimeras persist through the generations. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

12. “More is not always better,” says Domhnall MacAuley, a physician and editor at the British Medical journal who wrote an editorial accompanying the study.

In data 12, the type of assertive means stating. Domhnall MacAuley performs an action of stating. He states that sometimes, more is not always better. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.

13. While the findings are counterintuitive, “the study adds to growing evidence that periodic exams in otherwise healthy adults are a waste of money and may even lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments,” says medical researcher Lasse Krogsboll of the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen.

In data 13, the type of assertive means asserting. Lasse Krogsboll performs an action of asserting. He asserts that even though the findings are counterintuitive, the periodic exams of healthy adults are such a waste of money and may even lead to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatments. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

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In data 14, the type of assertive means affirming. Steve performs an action of affirming. He affirms that he always been a hard-ass. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming.

15. “That’s just my style. And no one ever complained before.”

In data 15, the type of assertive means affirming. Steve performs an action of affirming. He affirms that is his style and no one ever complained before. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming.

16. “It’s years of lab work and green house work destroyed,” says Uwe Schrader, one of the farm’s two managers.

In data 16, the type of assertive means asserting. Uwe Schrader performs an action of asserting. He asserts that it was years of lab work and green house work destroyed. The intention of this illocutionary act isasserting.

17. “There won’t be any results”

In data 17, the type of assertive means predicting. Uwe Schrader performs an action of predicting. He predicts there will not be any results. The intention of this illocutionary act is predicting.

18. “They targeted these particular trials to weaken research in Germany,” says Kerstin Schmidt, CEO of biovativ.

In data 18, the type of assertive means reporting. Kerstin Schmidt performs an action of reporting. He reports that they targeted those particular trials to weaken research in Germany. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.

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19. “We had to go out into the fields and do it in a very public way, so the population wouldn’t see us as criminals,”Grolm says.

In data 19, the type of assertive means suggesting. Grolm performs an action of suggesting. He suggests us to go out into the field and do it in a very public way, so that the people would not see us as criminals. The intention of this illocutionary act is suggesting.

20. “If they send me to jail again, I’ll go in smiling, and come out smiling,” he says.

In data 20, the type of assertive means boasting. Grolm performs an action of boasting. He boasts that he will go into jail in smiling and come out smiling when they send him to the jail again.

21. “I don’t think it’s a sincere effort to do science,” he says.

In data 20, the type of assertive means stating. Grolm performs an action of stating. He states that it is not a sincere effort to do science. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.

22. “There’s no good gene technology. It’s like atomic energy-once you open the door, you can’t close it,” he says.

In data 22, the type of assertive means asserting. Beekeeper performs an action of asserting. He asserts that there is no such a good gene technology. It is like atomic energy and when we open the door, we cannot close it. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

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In data 23, the type of assertive means asserting. Beekeeper performs an action of asserting. He asserts we could not get rid of the gene technology once it out in the world. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

24. “That’s not our thing, but you can’t really control it,” he shrugs.

In data 24, the type of assertive means asserting. Grolm performs an action of asserting. He asserts that is not their thing and they can’t really control that. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

25. “We may be at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if we become complacent and relax our efforts,” he said.

In data 25, the type of assertive means alleging. He alleges that they may be at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if they become complacent and relax their efforts. The intention of this illocutionary act is alleging.

26. “These companies keep calling for coexistence, but I call it KO-existence,” beekeeper says.

In data 26, the type of assertive means insisting. Beekeeper performs an action of insisting. He insists even though those companies keep calling for coexistence, but he calls it KO-existence. The intention of this illocutionary act is insisting.

27. “They just want to knock us out-it’s biological equivalent of locking a wolf and a sheep in a pen together to see which one survives.”

In data 27, the type of assertive means complaining. Beekeeper performs an action of complaining. He complains with the companies that just want to knock

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them out and to prove which one would survive. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.

28. “Decision making in this area of Germany is ideology, not science,” says Hans-jorg Jacobsen, a voluble researcherat Leibniz Universitat Hannover whose specialty is transgenic legumes.

In data 28, the type of assertive means asserting. Hansjorg performs an action of asserting. He asserts the decision making in that area of Germany is ideology, not science. The intention of this illocutionary act is asserting.

29. “The agricultural environment in which we produce our food doesn’t exist in nature,” says Swiss plant ecologist Bernhard Schmid.

In data 29, the type of assertive means complaining. Bernhard Schmid performs an action of complaining. He complains the agricultural environment in which we produce food does not exist in nature. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.

30. “In most cases we’re working with varieties where the genes and their product have been consumed for millennia,” he says

In data 30, the type of assertive means reporting. Doug Gurian performs an action of reporting. He reports, in most cases they are working with varieties where the genes and their product have been consumed for millennia. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.

31. “Genetic engineering is fundamentally different. It’s disingenuous to say this is a new and more precise way to do breeding,” Gurian-Sherman says

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In data 31, the type of assertive means complaining. Gurian performs an action of complaining. He complains that genetic engineering is fundamentally different. It is disingenuous to say that genetic engineering is a new and precise way to do breeding. The intention of this illocutionary act is complaining.

32. “I don’t think it’s as inherently risky as some people say, but I do think the risks are higher.”

In data 32, the type of assertive means stating. Gurian performs an action of stating. He states that he does not think genetic engineering as inherently risky as some people say, but he thinks the risks are higher. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.

33. “For a scientist, science looks obvious,” he says

In data 33, the type of assertive means stating. Van Montagu performs an action of stating. He states that science looks obvious for a scientist. The intention of this illocutionary act is stating.

34. “Europe was traumatized. Government regulators told consumers they had nothing to fear, and they did,” Paarlberg says.

In data 34, the type of assertive means affirming. Paarlberg affirms that Europe was traumatized. Government regulators told consumers that they had nothing to fear, and they did. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming.

35. “We have no problem with genomics,” says Kirtana Chandrasekaran, a campaigner for the London-based Friends of the Earth. “Our problem is with their application in GMOs.”

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In data 35, the type of assertive means affirming. Kirtana performs an action of affirming. She affirms that they have no problem with genomics but they have problem with their application in GMOs. The intention of this illocutionary act is affirming.

36. “Every week they’re photographed from every corner and every side, like models on the catwalk,” Puzio says with pride.

In data 36, the type of assertive means reporting. Puzio reports that the plants are photographed every week from every corner and every side, such models on the catwalk. The intention of this illocutionary act is reporting.

37. “Calling for systematic assembly-line health checks consumes precious medical resources- in doctors’ time and unnecessary treatments and test- that could be better used elsewhere.”

In data 37, the type of directive means recommending. Domhnall performs an action of recommending. He recommends stopping the routine health check because of the unnecessary treatments and test and it would be better used elsewhere. The intention of this illocutionary act is recommending.

38. “Many adults don’t need an annual checkup, but they do need to see their doctors frequently enough to get the preventive services- mammograms, screenings for sexually transmitted diseases- that we know work,” LeFevre says.

In data 38, the type of directive means recommending. LeFevre performs an action of recommending. He recommends the adults not to do the annual checkup, but they need to see their doctors frequently enough to get the preventive services-

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mammograms, screenings, for sexually transmitted diseases. The intention of this illocutionary act is recommending.

39. If you let loose a kid who appears to be lost on a street, will an anonymous stranger ask, “Can I help you? Are you lost?”

In data 39, the type of directive means asking. Robert Sampson performs an action of asking. He asks whether a stranger would ask the lost kid and offer the help for the kid.The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

40. If a stamped, addressed envelope is found on the street- something we actually tested- will someone pick it up and put it in a mailbox?

In data 40, the type of directive means asking. Robert Sampson performs an action of asking. He asks the reader whether the dropped envelope on the street would be picked up by someone and put in a mailbox. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

41. “I just have two questions for you. First, what the hell is wrong with him?

In data 41, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of asking. He asks whether he has a problem. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

42. “And second, can it be fixed? If not, he’ll have to leave the firm. We had enough.”

In data 42, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of asking. He asks whether it can be fixed and if it cannot, he will have to leave the firm. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

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43. “Don’t you know who I am?” he demanded to know.

In data 43, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of asking. He asks the officers whether they know who he is. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

44. “what the f--- are you stopping me for? I’m due in court”

In data 44, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of asking. He asks the officers what for they stop him. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

45. “So, what’s changed? I asked

In data 45, the type of directive means asking. Steve performs an action of asking. He wants to know the thing that has changed. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

46. “Do you snore?” I asked

In data 46, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of asking. He wants to know whether Steve snores or not. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

47. “Let’s put it in this way. “Steve said.“I’ve had people pound on the walls of the hotel rooms at night complaining that I was keeping them awake.”

In data 47, the type of directive means pleading. Steve performs an action of pleading. He pleads that people of the hotel room complain at him for keeping them awake. The intention of this illocutionary act is pleading.

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48. “Does your wife ever notice that you stop breathing while you are sleeping?”

In data 48, the type of directive means asking. Bill performs an action of asking. He asks Steve whether his wife ever notices him stop breathing while he is sleeping. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

49. “If I were a scientist that really wanted to study this, what would I do?”

In data 49, the type of directive means asking. Grolm performs an action of asking. Grolm wants to know something that he could do when he was a scientist that really wanted to study GMO agriculture. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

50. “What kind of agriculture do we want?”

In data 50, the type of directive means asking. Martin Hausling performs an action of asking. He wants to know the type of agriculture that we want. The intention of this illocutionary act is asking.

51. “When I can, I dry seeds without electricity. I use the sun, the wind,” he says

In data 51, the type of commissive means promising. Volker performs an action of promising. He promises that he will use the sun and the wind to dry seeds without electricity.The intention of this illocutionary act is promising.

52. “I’m the guy the mayor turns to for legal advice when your clowns get yourselves into trouble.”

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In data 52, the type of declarations means declaring. Steve performs an action of declaring. He declares that he is the lawyer that will help the officers when they get problems. The intention of this illocutionary act is declaring.

4.3 Findings

There are fifty two data found in some selected articles of Discover Magazine on April edition 2013. The frequency of illocutionary acts performed in the magazine would be drawn on the table below. It is important to know which type of illocutionary acts is the most dominant from some selected articles of the magazine and also to know which type that does not exist. So, it would be easier to draw conclusion from the analysis.

Table 4.1: Table of Illocutionary acts frequencies

No Types of Illocutionary Acts

Frequency of Illocutionary Acts in the Articles

Percentage

1 Assretives 36 70%

2 Directives 14 27%

3 Commisives 1 2%

4 Expressives - 0%

5 Declarations 1 2%

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The calculation from the table adduces that there are 52 (fifty two) findings with the classification, 36 (thirty six) assertive (70%), 14 (fourteen) directives (27%), 1 (one) commisives (2%), 0 (zero) expressive (0%), and 1 (one) declarations (2%). From the calculation above, the assertive type is the most dominant type of illocutionary acts performed in the magazine with the number of 70%. From the findings above, there is no expressive type performed in some selected articles of Discover Magazine.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the illocutionary acts performed in some selected articles of Discover Magazine on April 2013 edition, finally comes the conclusion of the analysis. Speech acts are the part of our daily life whether in spoken language or writing. By speaking a language, we will perform the speech acts such as giving commands, making statements, asking questions or making promises. In other words, we can do actions or things by using the speech.

From some selected articles of Discover magazine, the problems from the previous chapter have been answered. The first question about the types of illocutionary acts performed in the magazine has been answered with the calculation of the data 52 (fifty two) findings with the classification, 36 (thirty six) assertive (70%), 14 (fourteen) directives (27%), 1 (one) commisives (2%), 0 (zero) expressive (0%), and 1 (one) declarations (2%). The second question about the intention of each illocutionary acts performed on the magazine also has been answered with the explanation that the intention found from the magazine namely: 4 (four) stating, 10 (ten) asserting, 3 (three) predicting, 3 (three) complaining, 4 (four) affirming, 2 (two) alleging, 1 (one) announcing, 4 (four) reporting, 1 (one) boasting, 3 (three) suggesting, 11 (eleven) asking, 2 (two) recommending, 1 (one) insisting, 1 (one) pleading, 1 (one) promising, and 1 (one) declaring.

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An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts In Discover Magazine

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

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