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Strength, strong will, tolerance are the characteristics of father generally. It is more closely describes rigid definitions of “father’
2.1.3.3 Stylistic Meaning Leech 1974:16saysStylistic meaning is the meaning which an
expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use. It is the formality of the expression. We ‘decode’ the stylistic meaning of a
text through our recognition of different dimensions and levels of usage within the same language.
There is much convenience in restricting the term ‘synonymy’ to equivalence of conceptual meaning, so that we may then contrast
conceptual synonyms with respect to their varying stylistic overtones, such as poetic, general, slang, baby language, literary, biblical, very formal or
official, etc. The style dimension of ‘status’ is particularly important in distinguishing synonymous expressions.
Crystal 2008:460 says “Stylistics n. A branch of linguistics
which studies the features of situational distinctive uses varieties of language, and tries to establish principles capableof accounting for the
particular choices made by individual and socialgroups in their use of language”.
Example: Mother formal, mom colloquial, mama child’s language
2.1.3.4 Affective Meaning
Leech 1974:18 gives level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of
language is called affective meaning or emotive meaning. For example, someone who is addressed: ‘You’re a vicious tyrant and a villainous
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reprobate, and I hate you for it’ is left in little doubt as to the feelings of the speaker towards him. But there are less direct ways of disclosing our
attitude than this: for example, by scaling our remarks according to politeness. With the object of getting people to be quiet, we might say
either:
• I’m terribly sorry interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
Or • Will you belt up.
Affective meaning is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions. When we use these, we communicate feelings and
attitudes without the mediation of any other kind of semantic function. Factors such as intonation and voice-timbre – what we often refer to as ‘tone
of voice’ – are important.
2.1.3.5 Reflected Meaning Leech 1974:19 says “Reflected meaning is the meaning which
arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.” It is the product of people’s
recognition and imagination. We are easy to find reflected meaning in poetry because heightened sensitivity to language in all respects.
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2.1.3.6 Collocative Meaning Leech 1974:20 saysCollocative meaning is the associations a
word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.
Example: girl
boy boy
man flower
car Pretty
garden handsome
vessel color
overcoat village
airliner etc.
Typewriter etc
In Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 2005:293 says collocation is noun, linguistics term, a combination of words in a language, that
happens very often and more frequently that would happen by chance. For example, ‘bitter’ collocates with ‘tears’ but ‘sour’ does not. Handsome
woman and pretty woman are both acceptable, although they suggest a different kind of attractiveness because of the collocative associations of
the two adjectives. Further examples are quasi-synonymous verb such as wander and stroll cows may wander, but may not stroll or tremble
and quiver one trembles
with fear, but quivers with the excitement. Not all differences in potential co-occurence need to be explaines as associative
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meaning: some may be due to stylistic differences, others to conceptual differences.
2.1.3.7 Thematic Meaning
