Identify General Categories and Classify Each Piece of Data Integrate and Summarize the Data

1 Guys, ikutan yukz donor darah...hari ini jam 10.00 sd 13.00 di HKBP Rogate Jl. Cemara Raya No. 16. Ditunggu yah...god bless you all.. Participant 85, December 5 th , 2009, 09.03 WIB 2 bersiap untuk pelatihan contract drafting hari ke-2 dr jam 7-17.30. again, semangat.. Participant 17, November 24 th , 2009, 06.13 WIB From the finding of the types of code switching occurred within a social networking website Facebook, it could be concluded that the code switching cases made by Facebook users were varied in length of the juxtaposition of language elements. They were varied from single word up to a complete sentence, which mostly happened within a sentence.

3. Identify General Categories and Classify Each Piece of Data

The types of code switching cases listed in the observation form were analyzed through this step. The researcher then also updated the observation form by adding columns filled with category of code switching cases such as, tag- switching, intersentential switch, and intrasentential switch columns. Subsequently, the researcher also made another observation form of intrasentential switch that occurred within Facebook users’ pages. Therefore, the process of identifying and classifying each piece of data would be easy to maintain by the researcher. The detailed observation form for analyzing code switching cases, intrasentential switch cases was presented in Appendix 2. The researcher also made other observation form to analyze the component within intrasentential switch and an observation form to analyze the lexical category in intrasentential switch. Those observation forms were presented in Appendix 4 and Appendix 6.

4. Integrate and Summarize the Data

The researcher accounted that code switching cases found within Facebook users’ pages were the juxtaposition language elements, in this context English language elements, which were combined with language elements of Bahasa Indonesia. The data found by the researcher showed that there were code switching cases that employ more than one, example of code switching case from one type within one sentence or between sentences. The evidences of employment more than two code switching cases from one code switching type could be seen below. a. Intersentential switch 1 this is show time Wish me luck...pemanasan dulu... Participant 4, November 22 nd , 2009, 09.30 WIB 2 siap2 mu ke gereja... Happy Sunday. God bless _ Participant 14, November 22 nd , 2009, 18.49 WIB 3 Awal dr hari yang indah… Sunday with full member of my little family…Feel so happy… Participant 38, November 29 th , 2009, 08.30 WIB From the examples above, we could see that Facebook users employed more than one English phrases or clauses between the sentences they made. The occurrences of employment more than one intersentential switch were collected from twelve 12 Facebook users which consisted of twenty seven 27 data of intersentential switches. Those examples also proved that those Facebook users used more than one intersentential switch case within the sentences they made. b. Intrasentential switch 1 makan, eat, corner, yummy… Participant 24, November 24 th , 2009, 11.15 WIB 2 lagi-lagi weekend sendirian dan lagi-lagi liatin abang-abang pada loading ...khkhkhkhkhk....Participant 80, December 4 th , 2009, 17.25 WIB 3 tiap hari udah bosen naek lowride buat exercise...ntr mau olahraga bowling aja...jam 6 bersama trainer dr australia...Participant 58, December 4 th , 2009, 09.12 WIB The examples above proved that some Facebook users uttered more than one example of intrasentential switch within or between the sentences they made. Those examples of employing more than one intrasentential switch within the sentence were made by eighteen 18 Facebook users. The existences of employing more than intrasentential switch within a sentence or between sentences resulted with forty eight 48 data of intrasentential switch. There were also code switching cases that involving two types of code switching in utterances made by Facebook users. The compositions of those mixed code switching types were tag-switching and intersentential switch, tag- switching and intrasentential switch, and intersentential switch and intrasentential switch. The evidences of employing more than one code switching type could be seen below. a. Tag-switching and intersentential switch 1 Guys, ikutan yukz donor darah...hari ini jam 10.00 sd 13.00 di HKBP Rogate Jl. Cemara Raya No. 16. Ditunggu yah...god bless you all.. Participant 85, December 5 th , 2009, 09.03 WIB The example above was the evidence of tag-switching was mixed with the other code switching type. An interjection ‘guys’ was the evidence of tag- switching. Subsequently, an English sentence ‘god bless you all’ was employed by this Facebook user, to be specific that it was the evidence of single-word code switching. Moreover, the researcher only found one data of this composition of code switching type. b. Tag-switching and intrasentential switch 1 bersiap untuk pelatihan contract drafting hari ke-2 dr jam 7-17.30. again, semangat Participant 17, November 24 th , 2009, 06.13 WIB The existence of mixed types of code switching existed by the example above. The combination was tag-switching and intrasentential switch. From the first example a noun phrase ‘contract drafting’ was convinced as an intrasentential switch type, while the tag-switching type could be seen from an English word ‘again’ which contributed as an interjection. The researcher only found single evidence of the combination between tag-switching and intrasentential switch. c. Intersentential switch and intrasentential switch 1 Dear all my friends…makasi ya buat support dan doa2nya...he2…love you all… Participant 53, November 30 th , 2009, 20.07 WIB 2 dah weekend lagi nih...ehm met menikmati hari libur ya...have a nice day... Partisipant 82, December 4 th , 2009, 17.44 WIB The combination between intersentential switch and intrasentential switch could be seen from the examples above. In the first example, there were two English phrases, ‘dear all my friend’ and ‘love you all’ that could be identified as intersentential switches, subsequently, it was inserted by a sentence that contained intrasentential switch type, it could be proved by the existence of an English noun ‘support‘. The second example showed that an English noun ‘weekend’ was added within sentence intrasentential switch, later the sentence was combined with Indonesian sentence and English clause. The English clause ‘have a nice day’ could be identified as an intersentential switch. Summarizing the data was the last step in order to know the proportion of three types of code switching existed in a social networking website Facebook. The reseracher accounted the number of code switching cases and the percentage of the occurrence of this language phenomenon. The summary of the number of code switching cases in Facebook and its percentage of every type of code switching could be seen in the table below: No. The Types of Code Switching Frequency Percentage 1. Tag-switching 2 1 2. Intersentential switch 63 34 3. Intrasentential switch 120 65 The total number and percentage 185 100 Table 4.1: The Summary of the Types of Code Switching in a Social Networking Website Facebook From the table above, the data resulted that intrasentential switch was the most frequent type that Facebook users used in their Facebook pages, in which they wrote within their status update feature. The data of intrasentential switch resulted with 120 numbers of code switching cases and the percentage of its occurrence within Facebook users’ pages was 65 of the occurrence. Intrasentential switch was the most frequent code switching type used based on the data and this type juxtaposed word, phrase, clause of English language with Bahasa Indonesia within utterances. The evidences of phrases, clauses, and full sentences used by Facebook users could be seen below: a. Word 1 Suatu pagi di workshop. Participant 16, November 24 th , 2009, 06.10 WIB 2 ga konsen Pikiran gw penuh dengan wedges : Participant 27, November 25 th , 2009, 08.00 WIB 3 thanks buat lagu2nya. Participant 18, December 3 rd , 2009, 12.16 WIB b. Phrase 1 mata saya jadi segaris gara-gara PENCUCIAN UANG a.k.a MONEY LAUNDRY Participant 1, November 21 st , 2009, 13.12 WIB 2 game over sudah praktikum fisika...uhuuy... Participant 25, November 24 th , 2009, 12.00 WIB 3 cooling down....sabar dan memang harus bersabar... Participant 69, December 3 rd , 2009, 12.06 WIB c. Clause 1 sedang mendengarkan a long winter - she is gone – Participant 10, November 22 nd , 2009, 18.38 WIB 2 4 stel vod+kratngdeng+greensand cukup memeriahkn suasana walopum ketiduran sblum open the last bottle...im happy friends... Participant 12, 22 November 2009, 19.07 WIB 3 it says : NEGATIF....hihihihihi... Participant 38, December 4 th , 2009, 08.12 WIB From the examples of intrasentential switch above, it could be seen that words, phrases, and clauses were juxtaposed along with Bahasa Indonesia within a single sentence and between sentences. Obviously, there were some distractions made by those Facebook users which shortened some Indonesian words such as, pd, dtg, hr, sblum, istrht, and etc in their writings. To be clarified that the abbreviated form pd was shortened from Indonesian word ‘pada’, dtg was shortened from ‘datang’, hr was shortened from ‘hari’, sblum was shortened from ‘sebelum’, and istrht was shortened from Indonesian word ‘istirahat’. However, those distractions did not divert the researcher’s attention from what being observed. Moreover, those distractions did not change the meaning of the sentences as well. The summary of the number of word, phrase, and clause that used in intrasentential switch cases and its percentage could be seen in the table below: No. Intrasentential Switch Frequency Percentage 1. Word 70 58 2. Phrase 42 35 3. Clause 8 7 The total number and percentage 120 100 Table 4.2: The Summary of the Frequency of Word, Phrase, and Clause in Intrasentential Switch From the table above, the data resulted that word was the most frequent form that Facebook users used in the intrasentential switch. The data of word used within the intrasentential switch resulted with 69 numbers of intrasentential switch cases and the percentage of its occurrence was 58 of the total occurrance. Word was the most frequent unit of language that is employed within intrasentential switch. Later on, the researcher separated those words into their own lexical category such as nouns, verbs, adjectives. The evidences of nouns, verbs, and adjectives used by Facebook users within intrasentential switch could be seen below: a. Nouns 1 pancen dasar cassava..marmos.., = Participant 2, November 22 nd , 2009, 09.10 WIB 2 suatu pagi di workshop. Participant 16, November 24 th , 2009, 06.10 WIB 3 ga konsen Pikiran gw penuh dengan wedges : Participant 27, November 25 th , 2009, 08.00 WIB b. Verbs 1 prabu wardhana di JOGJA PAGI ampe jam 8 pagi, mau request lagu persada di sini aja yukkks….. Participant 37, November 29 th , 2009, 08.25 WIB 2 noh...liat status gw....khusus buat lo Nanti gw update lageee.... Participant 80, December 4 th , 2009, 16.53 WIB 3 ...searching di internet...liat2 harga kucing persia murh dibawah 500rb gtuu...pengen bgd...hunting terus aaaah...sapa tau ada yang bisa ku adopsi. Participant 66, December 4 th , 2009, 18.02 WIB c. Adjectives 1 ma sista annoying sekali hari ini… Participant 5, November 22 nd , 2009, 10.01 WIB 2 perjalanan ditemani adelle chasing pavement bikin suasana mellow…anjriiit Sang rocker jadi lebay… Participant 18, November 25 th , 09.12 WIB 3 busy bikin dizzy...gak busy jadi silly...wakwakwakwak Participant 80, December 5 th , 2009, 20.39 WIB d. Others The lexical categories used were adverb and determiner. The examples of adverd and determiner were shown below. 1 pagi all. Participant 56, December 4 th , 2009, 08.37 WIB 2 off ke ambarawa. Participant 24, December 5 th , 2009, 09.15 WIB From the examples above, it could be seen that Facebook users used nouns, verbs, adjectives, an adverb, and a determiner within intrasentential switch. The summary of the number of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other lexical categories that used within intrasentential switch cases and its percentage could be seen in the table below: No. Lexical Category Frequency Percentage 1. Nouns 37 53 2. Verbs 18 26 3. Adjectives 13 18 4. Others 2 3 The total number and percentage 70 100 Table 4.3: The Summary of the Frequency of Lexical Category in Intrasentential Switch From the table above, the data resulted that noun was the most frequent lexical category that Facebook users used within the intrasentential switch, which resulted with 38 numbers of evidences and the percentage of its occurrence was 53 of the total occurrence.

B. Identification of the Possible Reasons for Code Switching