Benefits of the Study Definition of the Terms

structural criticism to grasp the sign meanings which correlate with the structure system. The science to analyze the signs is called semiotics Preminger et al, 1974:980. Therefore, semiotic analysis cannot be separated from structural analysis. The semiotic notion of intertextuality proposed by Julia Kristeva refers to the terms text and context. According to Julia Kristeva in her book entitled Desire in Language, text is defined as a trans-linguistic apparatus that redistributes the order of language by relating communicative speech, which aims to inform directly, to different kinds of anterior or synchronic utterances 1980: 36. The text, in brief, gives meaning directly through the structural level which is in the poems. This opinion is supported by Culler in his book entitled Structuralist Poetics, where analyzing and criticizing literary works are the efforts to catch and to give meaning to the texts of literary works 1977: VIII. The term context is defined as the procedure of a semiotics that, by studying the text as intertextuality, considers it as such within the text of society and history. The construction of the context is the focus where knowing reality grasps the transformation of utterances into a totality the text as well as the insertions of this totality into the historical and social context 1980:37. In brief, the context is therefore an effective tool to investigate the pre-textual experiences, which serve as a base from which it influences the author of the literary works to generate such works. The nature of every element in any given situation has no significance by itself, and in fact is determined by its relationship to all the other elements involved in that situation. The full significance of any entity or experience cannot be perceived unless it is integrated into the structure of which it forms a part Hawkes, 1977:18. Between those elements, there is coherence; the elements are not situated as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI autonomous, but it is more on a part of difficult situation and from its relationship with other parts, the elements form meanings Culler, 1977:170-1. Therefore, to understand poems, we have to notice the correlation of the elements as a part of the whole meaning. Semiotics is science of signs. Signs have two aspects, signifier and signified: both elements function as aspects of the ‘indissoluble unity’ of the sign Hawkes, 1977:126. Signs have various meanings which are based on the relationship between signifier and signified, namely icon, index and symbol. In the icon, the relationship between sign and object, or signifier and signified, manifests as ‘a community in some quality’: a similarity or ‘fitness’ of resemblance proposed by signs. A painting has an iconic relationship to its subject in so far as it is resembles it. In the index, the relationship is concrete, actual and usually of a sequential, causal kind. Smoke is an index of fire. In the symbol, the relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary; it requires the active presence of the interpretant to make the signifying connection. Saussure gives a following example, the major systematic manifestation of signs in this mode occurs in language. The observation of a leaf could be said to be the index of a tree; where painting of a tree constitutes an icon of the tree, my utterance of the word ‘tree’ is a symbol of the tree because there is no inherent, necessary ‘tree-like’ quality in that signifier: its relationship to an actual tree remains fundamentally arbitrary sustained only by the structure of the language in which it occurs, and which is understood by its interpretant, and not by reference to any area of experience beyond that 1977:129. In conclusion, this thesis applies Structural-Semiotics theory. This theory is divided into two priorities, namely Structural and Semiotics. Structural explores the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI