THE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA IN 2015

THE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA IN 2015

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

By:

Resty Triska Layina Ningrum

20130520307

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM OF GOVERNMENTAL STUDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA

THE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA IN 2015

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Submitted to Satisfy the Requirement of Attaining the Degree in Political Science of International Program of Governmental Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

By:

Resty Triska Layina Ningrum 20130520307

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM OF GOVERNMENTAL STUDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA

ENDORSEMENT PAGE This undergraduate thesis entitled:

THE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA IN 2015

By:

RESTY TRISKA LAYINA NINGRUM 20130520307

This Undergraduate Thesis has been Examined and Endorsed by The Board of Examiners from Department of Governmental Studies, Faculty of Social and

Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta on: Day/date : Friday, December 09th 2016

Place : Examination Room of Governmental Studies Time : 09.00-10.00 am

BOARD OF EXAMINER Advisor/Chef of examiner

Dr. Achmad Nurmandi, M.Sc.

Acknowledge by:

Chairman of Governmental Studies Department

Dr. Titin Purwaningsih, S.IP, M.Si. Examiner I

Eko Priyo Purnomo,S.IP., M.Si., M.Res., Ph.D.

Examiner II

STATEMENT PAGE I the undersigned here by:

Name: Resty Triska Layina Ningrum NIM: 20130520307

Department: International Program of Governmental Studies (IGOV) Faculty: Social and Political Science

Research Title: The Transparency and Accountability of E-procurement in Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2015

I stated that this Undergraduate Thesis is originally my work result. There are no other works that ever been proposed to gain Bachelor Degree in any Universities. As far as my knowledge, there is also no working result that ever published in the reference list. Moreover, if someday there are certain parties were feeling pain and report, I will responsible and overcome all the consequences.

Yogyakarta, December 2016

MOTTO

“Satisfaction lies in the effort rather than on achieving results. Trying hard is a big win”

~Mahatma Gandhi~

"God always takes the simplest way"

~Albert Einstein~

“Berdoa dan Teruslah Berusaha Sampai Akhir Karena Keberuntungan akan menghampiri di waktu yang tepat”

~Resty~

“Berjuanglah, Apapun Hasilnya asalkan berjuang semua akan indah pada waktunya”

DEDICATION PAGE

Alhamdulillahi Rabbil’alamin after the hard struggle last few months. Eventually, the author’s able to finish of this undergraduate thesis. This Undergraduate Thesis would not finish without the support from my parents, sister, my big family, my best friends, and all of my friends during the author’s stay in Yogyakarta. The author’s also would like to give big appreciation goes to:

1. Special Thanks to My beloved Parents. Terima Kasih untuk Mama yang super sabar (Trisnawati Laoh) dan Papa (Kasdan Suwiryo) yang super Tegas dan Disiplin. Terima Kasih atas segala Kasih Sayang, dukungan di kala mulai merasa lelah menghadapi perkuliahan dan menyusun skripsi, terima kasih buat dukungan terbesar kalian sehingga saya mendapatkan kembali semangat karena dukungan dari kalian. Terima Kasih untuk mama dan papa yang jauh di sana, telah mengeluarkan dana yang sangat besar demi anak mu yang merantau untuk mencari ilmu di Yogyakarta, semata-mata agar mendapatkan kesuksesan di masa yang akan datang seperti yang kalian harapkan. Semoga saya menjadi anak yang dapat menjadi panutan bagi adik-adik dan menjadi anak yang membanggakan seperti yang kalian inginkan. I LOVE YOU MAMA & PAPA, dukungan dan semangat kalian sangat berarti bagi saya.

2. Special Thanks to my beloved sisters. Tiwi Yulivia Wijayanti, Tiyas Ayu Framesti dan Alicia Wulandari Dewanti. Terima kasih atas dukungan kalian, entah dukungan melalui telephone dan dukungan yang kalian tulis melalui surat. Dukungan kalian merupakan satu motivasi terbesar buat kakak untuk dapat menjadi seorang panutan dan menjadi seorang kakak yang bisa kalian banggakan. Jadilah adik-adik yang rajin dan pintar agar kelak kita dapat bersama-sama membahagiakan Mama dan Papa.

3. Special Thanks untuk Alm. Nenek (Nuriani Makalunsenge) dan Kakek (Mohamad Laoh) my Auntie and Uncle, Mama Budi dan Papa Budi, Om Andi Laoh, Om Didi Laoh. Sepupu saya Reva Kirania Dwi Hapsari, Budiarsa Tansen Wibisono dan Nayla Azzahra Laoh serta seluruh keluarga besar di Kotamobagu, Sragen, Tangerang dan Ngawi. Terima Kasih atas segala bantuan, doa dan dukungan selama saya mengenyam pendidikan di Yogyakarta.

4. Terima Kasih kepada Sahabat-Sahabat saya Geng Kost Putri Kelapa Gading. Oni Kartika (Akuntansi/Bekasi), Mami Bela (Hukum/Tuban), Mbak Ning dokter gigi nya kost kelapa gading (Jepara), Oni Izzatin (Akuntansi/Boyolali), Moza (HI/Batang), Amel (HI/Kendari), Evi Epong (HI/Pati), Mbak Mietek (IPIREL/Magelang), Nuna Azkia Akuntansi/Semarang , Windi Winday Teknik Sipil/Boyolali , Rizki Kinyong )K/Bekasi , )sti Kyusaeng )P)REL/Cilacap . Thank You so much guys, you guys such my best friends ever selama di Yogyakarta, selama 3 tahun bersama kekeluargaan kita, suara berisik kita, suka gossip, main gitar, masak bareng, menjadi EO luar biasa untuk yang ultah, selalu tahun baruan bareng merupakan alasan kenapa gak pernah mau pindah kost karena kalian adalah keluarga dan sahabat hebat saya selama di Jogja. Walaupun banyak salah paham yang terjadi antara anak kost kelapa gading tetapi kenangan bersama kalian adalah moment terindah. Terima kasih telah menjadi keluarga, kakak, sahabat saya selama di Jogja. Terima Kasih atas support yang tak terhingga dari kalian. I WILL MISS YOU GUYS. 5. Terima Kasih Kepada Sahabat Saya. Nawang Kurniawati (anak alay tapi

perhatian dari purbalingga), Adibah Dhivani (Anak alay suara cempreng dari Yogyakarta) kalian yang selalu alay, selalu menyemangati atas segala hal dari kuliah, tugas, organisasi. Kalian yang selalu menjadi sahabat yang perhatian dan selalu ada. Terima kasih untuk kalian walaupun kita sering beda pendapat tapi aku tetap sayang kalian.

6. Terima Kasih Kepada Sahabat-Sahabat IGOV 2013. Alim Bubu (Makassar), Sandra Novike (Tasikmalaya), Vina (Banjarnegara), Anggi Ningrum (Palembang), Mami Osi (Pontianak), Diky (Tasikmalaya), Uni elpa (Padang), Elvan (Cirebon), Galih (Lombok), Gita (Palu), Hanafi (padang), Liya Tiyang Lombok , Nefrista Tatayong (Purworejo), Nindi (putusibau), Rifqi (Riau), Rizki (Duri), Laode Idul, Nawang (Purbalingga), Adibah (Yogyakarta). Kalian adalah sahabat terbaik yang selalu menghibur dengan canda tawa yang luar biasa. Kalian Hebat Guys, See you on the top!! 7. Terima Kasih Kepada IGOVers Angkatan 2010-2016 tetaplah menjadi

8. Terima Kasih kepada Kawan-kawan Ilmu Pemerintahan UMY angkatan 2013, tetap menjadi keluarga yang saling mendukung dan kompak satu sama lain.

9. Terima Kasih Kepada keluarga KOMAP UMY, Terima Kasih Kepada keluarga DPPSDM. Kak agus, Andi, Anggi Anggraeny, kak Budi, Cecep, Claritza, Tiwi papua, Farnanda, Hazqon, Mia Rosmia, Mia Miasih, Irdi, Murni, Nabela, Nanang, Nawang, Panji, Rama, Rifky, Rini, Sinta, Rudi, Tantia Butet’, Vemi, Tiyas, kak riska, kak riri, fasya. Terima kasih atas segala support, terima kasih atas kerjasama untuk saling belajar di organisasi KOMAP UMY. Tetaplah menjadi kelaurga yang SELARAS MENGUDARA!

10. Terima Kasih Kepada Dosen Muda Miss Sekar, Mas Anwar Kholid dan Calon Dosen Muda Kak Agustiyara atas segala bimbingan dan dukungan selama masa perkuliahan dan sangat banyak membantu dalam proses penyusunan skripsi.

11. Terima Kasih Kepada Teman-Teman KKN 075 (Sembuhan Kidul) DIY 12. Terima Kasih Untuk Almamater Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta 13. Terima kasih kepada seluruh pihak yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu per

satu, terima kasih atas doa dan dukungan selama ini. semoga kita senantiasa di lancarkan dalam segala hal dan diridhoi ALLAH SWT dalam setiap langkah positif yang akan kita lakukan. AMIN YAA ROBBAL ALAMIN.

Yogyakarta, December 2016 The Author

PREFACE

Bismillahirrohmanirrohim

All the praise belongs to Allah SWT for all his guidance and mercy which always listen to my pray and complaint. Sholawat and greetings are going to the Prophet Muhammad SAW as the lighter, the greatest person as the messenger all of

knowledge to Muslim and His believer. Alhamdulillah, eventually, the author’s

been able to finish the Undergraduate Thesis with the title “The Transparency and Accountability of E-procurement in Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2015”. At last but not least, special thank you very much for all of people which helped and

always pray for the author’s to finish this Undergraduate Thesis.

This Undergraduate Thesis would not finish without the support and help from the

lecturer and all the staff in Faculty of Social and Politic Sciences. The author’s

also would like to give big appreciation goes to:

1. Prof. Dr. Bambang Cipto, M.A., as the head of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

2. Ali Muhammad, M.A., Ph.D., as the head of Faculty of Social and Politic Sciences of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

3. Dr. Titin Purwaningsih S.IP, M.Si.,as the head of Department of Governmental Science of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

4. Awang Darumurti, S.IP, M.Si., as the secretary of Department of Governmental Science of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

5. Eko Priyo Purnomo, S.IP., M.Si., M.Res., Ph.D as the as the head of International Program of Governmental Studies and my second examiner

of my Undergraduate Thesis of Governmental Studies Department Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

6. Dr. Achmad Nurmandi, M.Sc,. as my supervisor and first examiner which gave the best treats as the guiding supervisor, valuable input and always support throughout the entire period.

7. Drs. Muchamad Zaenuri, M.Si,. as my third examiner of my Undergraduate Thesis of Governmental Studies Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

8. The head and staffs of Lembaga Pengadaan Secara Elektronik (LPSE) and Badan Layanan Pengadaan (BLP) Special Region of Yogyakarta which help and gave all information about e-procurement for my undergraduate thesis

9. All the lecturer of Department of Governmental Science of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta, December 2016

LIST OF CONTENTS

COVER ………... i

ENDORSEMENT PAGE ……… ii

STATEMENT PAGE ……….. iii

MOTTO ………... iv

DEDICATION PAGE ……… v

PREFACE ……… viii

LIST OF CONTENTS ………. x

LIST OF TABLE ………. xiii

LIST OF FIGURE ……… xiv

LIST OF STRUCTURE ………... xv

ABSTRACT ………. xvi

CHAPTER I ………. 1

INTRODUCTION ……… ... 1

A. BACKGROUND………. 1

B. RESEARCH QUESTION ……… 9

C. OBJECTIVE AND BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCH ……… 10

1. Objective of the Research ………... 10

2. Benefits of the Research ……… 10

D. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ……….. .. 11

1. Literature Review ……….. 11

2. E-procurement ………... 19

3. Transparency ………. 24

4. Accountability ……… 28

E. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION ……….. 34

F. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ………. 35

G. RESEARCH METHODS …...………..……….… .. 36

H. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE ………... 37

I. DATA CLASSIFICATION ……….….. 38

K. THE SISTEMATIC OF WRITING ………..……….. 40

CHAPTER II ………... 42

RESEARCH OBJECT DESCRIPTION ……….. 42

A. Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) ………... 42

1. General Condition of DIY ……… 42

2. Government of DIY ………..… 43

B. General Information about Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE)…. 45

C. General Information about Independent Procurement Unit (ULP)……. 57

CHAPTER III ……….. 62

ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION ………. 62

A. E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA ….. 62

1. Regulations from DIY's Governor about E-Procurement ……... 67 2. Infrastructures and Speed System of E-procurement System …….... 68

3. Analysis about Number of Human Resources ……….. 74

4. Analysis of Independent Supervisor and SOP ………. 77

B. ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPARENCY ABOUT E PROCUREMENT 1. Information about budget details. Registration, requirements, and tender implementation ……….. 83

2. Analysis About Time To Prepare The Offer Document (Dokumen Penawaran) ……… 88

3. Complete Information About Procedures In Steps of Bid Appraisal .. 91

4. Information About Tender Activity (Winner, Offer Price And Corrected Price) ………... 94

5. Cooperation With Mass Media About Tender Activities …………... 96

6. The Result of Transparency and Accountability of E-procurement Based on Providers View ……….. 98

3. ANALYSIS ABOUT E-PROCUREMENT ACCOUNTABILITY IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA 1. The Report About E-Procurement Activities To The Public ……….. 104

2. The Report on E-Procurement Activities to The Head of Institution.. 106 3. The Report about E-Procurement Activities to LKPP (Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah) ……… 107 4. Analysis About Mechanism to Evaluate, Review, Investigate and Take an

Action Against The Complaints By The Public or Vendors ………... 108 CHAPTER IV ……….... 115 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………... 115 REFERENCES ………... 120 APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.1 Some steps of E-procurement in Indonesia ………... 4

Table 1.2 Total auction of E-procurement in DIY ……… 5

Table 1.3 Name of Providers ……….. 37

Table 1.4 Data Classification ……….. 39

Table 3.1 List address of 10 providers ……… 63

Table 3.2 List and numbers of Infrastructure in LPSE ……… 68

Table 3.3 Number of civil servants in LPSE office ………. 75

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1. E-procurement in Indonesia ……….. 22

Figure 2.1 Total area and capital of each region in DIY ………. 42

Figure 2.2 Map of Special Region of Yogyakarta ………....43

Figure 2.3 Number of Regional organization in DIY ……….. 44

Figure 2.4 Construction work in 2011-2015 ……… 46

Figure 2.5 Procurement in 2011-2015 ……… 47

Figure 2.6 Consulting Service in 2011-2015 ………... 48

Figure 2.7 Other Service in 2011-2015 ………... 49

Figure 2.8 E-procurement in DIY in 2015 ………... 51

Figure 3.1 Total auction in 2008-nov 2016 ……….. 65

Figure 3.2 Auction experiences by 10 providers in 2015 ……… 80

Figure 3.3 The example about budget details ……….. 83

Figure 3.4 Some steps to apply being a vendor ………... 86

Figure 3.5 Example of Construction work requirement ……….. 87

Figure 3.6 Transparency and Accountability of E-procurement ……….101

Figure 3.7 the example of auction schedule ………105

LIST OF STRUCTURE

Structure 2.1 The organizational structure in LPSE DIY ……… 53

Structure 2.2 Coordinator team of LPSE ………. 55

Structure 2.3 Cluster Team (Tim Gugus) of LPSE ……….. 55

Structure 2.4 The structure of BLP DIY ……….. 59

ABSTRACT

This research aims to describe the transparency and accountability of e-procurement in the province in 2015. The aim of this research is to analyze what has been done by the BLP and LPSE DIY particular to achieve transparency and accountability. In addition, this research aims to analyze the problems faced in implementing e-procurement. Every year the number of auctions in Special Region of Yogyakarta is increasing along with the implementation of e-procurement system. This research wanted to see and analyze how the opinions of the providers who attended the auction in DIY in 2015 regarding the disclosure of all information of BLP and from LPSE DIY. Therefore, the hypothesis that procurement can realize the level of transparency and accountability. Second, e-procurement makes it easier for providers to participate in the auction.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

The development policy of bureaucratic reforms implemented in order to improve better governance. It is an important part in improving the implementation of national development. Bureaucratic reform policy is ultimately expected to achieve improved quality of better public services, increasing the capacity and accountability of the performance of the bureaucracy, and increasing the professionalism of government human resources, as well as the implementation of good governance and free from Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism (Triyono, 2013/Bappenas). Based on the problems, government started to arrange and implement Presidential

Regulation (Peraturan Presiden) number 81 in 2010 about Grand Design

Reforms in 2010-2025, that presidential regulation aims to create professional bureaucracy, good integrity, neutral, and public-oriented.

According to Dwiyanto (2012), Bureaucracy is an important element to run and provide good service for the society through bureaucratic reform. Reformation of bureaucracy is expected to give effect to the solution of various issues in Indonesia such as corruption, collusion and nepotism. Bureaucracy reform in the implementation of government activities and public services aimed to create a professional bureaucracy and accountable. Moreover, the bureaucratic reform in Indonesia is expected to improve service delivery to the society as service users. Bureaucracy in Indonesia is still not able to do their work as the service

provider for the society. Osborne and Plastrik (1997) in Dwiyanto, et al (2012) says that the reality of the social, political, and economic faced by developing countries is often different from the social reality in the developed countries.

Nowadays, one of the focuses for realizing bureaucracy oriented to the satisfaction of the society is how to increase the transparency and accountability. Transparency and accountability will build a positive image of the society on the performance of the bureaucracy. Bureaucratic

reform covers several aspects. First, institutional, bureaucratic reform

creates structures that lean but rich functionality. Second, creating

professional of human resources. Third, effective and efficient. Fourth,

realize accountability and transparency. Fifth, creating of appropriate

services, rapid, non-discriminatory and satisfying (Udoyono, 2012).

The procurement practices play an important role in the state budget (APBN). Procurement involves amount of very large money, so the government called as the largest buyer in a country. According to the Anti-corruption Clearing House in 2016, the budget of Procurement every year by National Procurement Agency (LKPP) about 40 percent (40%) of the state budget (APBN) and local budgets (APBD). In 2015 it was estimated that the budget for Procurement was amounted IDR 815.8 trillion of the total state budget expenditure amounted IDR 2.039 trillion. While, the budget Procurement of the state budget (APBN) in 2015 was estimated about IDR. 405.1 trillion of total budget expenditure in 2015 amounted to IDR 1.012 trillion. Regarding service delivery bureaucracy in Yogyakarta

still tends to prioritize the legislation (Peraturan Perundangan) and local

regulations (Peraturan Daerah) as the main guideline (Dwiyanto, 2012).

Based on the Supreme Court's (Mahkamah Agung) decision, the number of

accused corruption in 2001-2015 in Yogyakarta were 64 accused. To improve efficiency, reduce corruption, collusion and nepotism, government launched the e-procurement.

E-Procurement is the process of procurement which done electronically especially web-based or internet. These instruments utilize information and communication technology facilities include public auction electronically organized by Electronic Procurement Service (LPSE) (Udoyono, 2012). The Matters Concerning the Procurement of Government Goods and Services has arranged in Indonesian Presidential

Regulation (Peraturan Presiden) Number 4 in 2015 about Fourth

Amendment to the Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2010

Concerning of the Procurement. Presidential Regulation (Peraturan

Presiden) as a basic guideline for the government as well as the actors who perform of procurement goods and services to make the process of e-procurement become accountable, transparent, equal, and structured.

Procurement without e-procurement has been lead to misuse of the state budget (APBN) reached 10-50 percent (10-15%). This grade could be reduced through the use of information technology, especially e-procurement. The uses of e-procurement to be a challenge because of corrupt practices are deeply rooted in the practice of procurement (Udoyono, 2012). Through the use of e-procurement, the government can

save the budget up to 10 percent (10 %). Since in 2008-2015, e-procurement transactions have reached IDR 776 trillion and saving of around IDR 62 trillion. These savings number can be maximized if all Ministries/Agencies/units of Work Device region/other Institutions (K/L/D/I) implement fully e-procurement. Because, the average annual percentage of K / L / D / I doing electronic procurement only about 35 percent (35%) of APBN / APBD (Kurniawan, 2015). The saving can be used by the government for the construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, etc in terms to improve the development in Indonesia.

LKPP in Candra (2016) said that e-procurement in Indonesia started from 2002 and fully implemented in every region/provinces in Indonesia is in 2010. The complete information as below:

Table 1.1.Some steps of e-procurement implementation in Indonesia:

Year E-procurement implementation

2002 Trial 1 Packet

2003 Trial 60 packets

2004 Central + DKI Jakarta

2005 all of Java islands

2006 Java island + 7 provinces (Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat,

Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Selatan, Gorontalo and bali)

2007 Java island + another 15 provinces

2008 Java Island + another 25 provinces

2009 Central and out of Java island: semi e-procurement plus.

Provinces out of Java island: Semi e-procurement

2010 Central and out of Java island + another 4 provinces

2011 Full E-procurement implemented in 24 provinces and semi

e-procurement implemented in 9 provinces such as: Bengkulu, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Barat, NTT,

Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua and Papua Barat

E-procurement in DIY was established in 2008 The first provides of good and service in DIY government is in 2008. Every year the tenders in DIY is increasing as the table below:

Table 1.2.Total Auction of E-procurement in DIY

NO Year Total Auction

1 2008 2 Auction

2 2009 26 Auction

3 2010 87 Auction

4 2011 289 Auction

5 2012 571 Auction

6 2013 618 Auction

7 2014 699 Auction

8 2015 684 Auction

9 2016-November 581 Auction

TOTAL 3,551 Auction

Source: Data processing by researcher from LPSE's Website of DIY

Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the provinces in Indonesia which implement e-procurement. E-procurement in Yogyakarta aims to assist the provincial government in facilitating the process of procurement

of goods and services. Special Region of Yogyakarta’s (DIY)

governments are no longer doing it manually auction but DIY government has been made easy with the sophistication of information technology.

In the event of the Warta ekonomi e-Government Award since

2003, DIY’s government has won and become 1st

rank, then in 2004 also

become 1st rank, then in 2005 become 2nd rank, in 2006 become 1st rank, in

2007 in 3rd rank and in 2009 won two best awards best those are 1st rank of

Warta Ekonomi e-Government Award in 2009 to the provincial level and the best website category in provincial level (Republika Online, 2009).

The evaluation result of e-procurement in Yogyakarta Itself, reached the highest rank based on the results of the evaluation of Accountability Performance Central and Local Government (AKIP).

The assessment was conducted by the Ministry of Administrative

Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (Kementrian Pendayagunaan Aparatur

Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi) with indicators judgment are announced and providing information, public serve and managing public information (Hermawan, 2014 / Republika online). According to Minister of

Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (Kemnenteran

Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi), Mr. Yuddy Chrisnandi assess that governance in Yogyakarta worthy of being an

example for other regions. Yogyakarta is 1st ranked from 33 provinces in

Indonesia, with a level good of accountability (Rachman, 2015/ Republika online). This proves that, the Special Region of Yogyakarta became one of the provinces that have a good level of accountability. In addition, in 2015 the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the top 10 rank in the category of

Public Disclosure Information (Keterbukaan Informasi Publik) in 2015

with a total score of 61.206 percent (61.206%) (Armenia, 2015/CNN Indonesia).

Besides of the awards that have been achieved by DIY government, there are some problems based on Electronic Procurement Service (LPSE) DIY. These are: some e-procurement does not include the

names of the winning tender, the correction price (Harga Terkoreksi) and

providers which has won more than once. Obviously, this is inversely proportional and to the awards received by DIY government regarding the disclosure of information. Besides that, in 2015 the results of the monitoring survey Procurement (PBJ) in DIY conducted Forum Collaborative Action PBJ (Procurement) DIY shows that the implementation of the Public in the province still tend deviate from the applicable regulations. The vendors said that the implementation phase for selection of vendors is still a lot of deviation from the provisions of the procurement. From providers note, the announcement of the winning candidates, vendors cannot know the outcome result from the committee/government and the reason, so that the vendor cannot fix the deficiencies that exist in their company.

Then, in the refutation stage (vendor who lost and not received) should be placed right personnel and competent so as to produce a complete answer and clear, so that it can be understood and accepted by the participant who filed a refutation. Bid opening stages need to be developed more transparent by involving the parties or witnesses. ULP also assessed to be less careful in verifying agencies or entities who are the partners of bidders (Hasanudin, 2015/Harian Jogja).

Otherwise, E-procurement system has weaknesses and strengths. The weakness of e-procurement is the government will really depends on the good network communication system (Jeppesen, 2010). According to LKPP (2016) the weakness of the use of e-procurement are: Entry and retrieval of documents is done by face to face, the announcement just do in

print media, the coverage area notice is limited, opening the opportunity for collusion between procurement committee and the service provider and not transparent. In addition, the lack of e-procurement, namely because of the e-procurement depends on technology of information and more capable human resources, Indonesia as island nation still has obstacles in the provision technology of information and more capable human resources (Lubis, 2014).

The strength of e-procurement is to prevent Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism (Jeppesen, 2010). In addition, according to LKPP (2016) the strengthens of the use of e-procurement namely are entry and retrieval of documents can be done via the internet, announcement made on the Internet through the website, existing regional coverage notifications are very spacious, opportunities for collusion between the committee and the service provider can be minimized as well more transparent. Service provider does not need to meet with the government directly.

The reason of procurement of goods / services to government institutions are tasks of the main the existence of government institutions not only to provide goods / services which is aimed to profit-oriented but rather provide services to public. So that, the government requires the goods / services in order to improve public services on the basis of logical thinking and systematic, following the principles and ethics as well as based on the methods and processes procurement applicable (Lubis,

2014). E-Procurement besides will increase transparency and

improving the efficiency of procurement process, indeed it will also indirectly support the process of monitoring and auditing, and fulfill the needs of information real-time access order realizing clean and good government in the procurement (Candra, 2016).

There are several reasons that make this research is important to

investigate. First, accountability and transparency are very important in

e-procurement. Second, transparency and accountability of disclosure of

information regarding the winning tender and the prices are very important for the sake of transparency of information for the public to prevent the

winning tender who dominate and analyze the budget fraud. Third, with

the awards received by the DIY government regarding public disclosure in 2015, then by this research can be seen whether the government DIY has truly become one of the government information disclosure properly or not.

B. RESEARCH QUESTION

Based on the problems above, this research will explain about:

1. How does the government of Special region of Yogyakarta ensure the

transparency and accountability of its e-procurement system in 2015?

2. What are the challenges faced by Government of Special Region

C. OBJECTIVE AND BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCH

1. Objective of the Research

The objectives of this research are:

a. To analyze the transparency and accountability of e-procurement

in DIY

b. To analyze the strategy to improve the transparency and

accountability of e-procurement in DIY

c. To analyze the challenges of DIY government to facing the

implementation of e-procurement

2. Benefits of the Research

This research is expected to provide benefits as a basis for understanding accountability and transparency implemented by Independent Procurement Unit (ULP) and Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) DIY. Results and findings from this research are expected to be material to the evaluation process of the government of DIY and by Independent Procurement Unit (ULP) to analyze the problems that exist. Based on the objectives, the benefits of this research are:

a. Theoretical Benefits

In relation to development concept, this research is expected to be the basis for Independent Procurement Unit (ULP) and Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) DIY to develop strategies and become an evaluation to improve the

quality of Independent Procurement Unit (ULP) and Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE).

b. Practical Benefit

This research is expected to bring some benefits for DIY provincial government to improve e-procurement performance. As well, society also can feel the benefits from the results and they can monitor the performance of government so they able to provide maximum benefits and services.

D. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Literature Review

According to Thai (2009) e-procurement is the generic term applied to the use of integrated database systems and wide area (commonly Web-based) network communication systems in part or all of the purchasing process. He illustrates five contrasting exchange

types employed within E-procurement transactions. Such as, Public

web buyers have the opportunity to identify potential suppliers via

standard search engines or specialist trading search engines.

Exchange, the term “exchange” here refers to trading sites such as the

eBay B2C (business to consumer) E-commerce auction site and the B2B (business to business) auction service providers, Free Markets and Sidereal, a marketplace is in essence a multi supplier/multi products catalog often hosted and maintained by a third party providing access to users via Internet or LAN connection. Company

hub is often also called a “buy-side” solution. It is similar to a marketplace because the buyer (rather than a third party) hosts and maintains a multi supplier/multi product catalog. And an extranet is a secure, often security protected, Internet link between buyer and seller. Such extranets are used primarily for shared and collaborative data, such as delivery scheduling and pro duct design data.

Udoyono (2012) assessed that e-procurement in the city of Yogyakarta can provide business opportunities and encourage healthy competition. Regulation of e-procurement should be able to improve and guarantee the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability in expenditure budget.

Udoyono also said that the weakness of regulation in Yogyakarta city is the society cannot do monitoring the implementation process of the tender. Because, in that regulation there is no regulation about tender implementation, the lack of monitoring in the implementation and independent monitors are rarely involved. Based on the support for the implementation of e-procurement in Yogyakarta city, the implementation of e-e-procurement carried out by the committee in Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) in each regional work unit (SKPD). In the implementation of e-procurement frequent manipulation in the absence transparency and monitoring. The problem that often occurs is still a lot of collusion between public officials (government) and partners/providers, with the E-procurement audits be closed and conduct reports internal

financial merely bureaucrats level only. Meanwhile, supporting factors of the implementation of e-procurement is political will of heads of regional/provincial, community, NGOs participation, and more capable human resources.

Aprizal (2013) said that public service accountability implementation of e-Procurement in Pangkalpinang based on six dimensions. They are efficiency, effectiveness, fairness, transparency, open competition and accountability. In this study, efficient principle can be seen from the assessment of needs, availability of resources, HPS (Harga Perkiraan Sendiri) fairness and best value for money. Infrastructure and amount of human resources in the Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) of Pangkalpinang is good enough but not optimally utilized. In terms of infrastructures, placement of infrastructures is less accessible makes underutilized facilities. Users prefer to make access from the office of the coming into Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE).

Submission of information about the rules of e- procurement in Pangkalpinang has been submitted in complete and clear as contained in Inspectorate document standard of procurement in Pangkalpinang routinely always hold examination of financial reports of SKPD, including the results of the procurement. However, due to lack of human resources that expert in accounting term, lack of human resource that have capability to operate technology, the examination is not effective yet, impressed only run the routine task.

Concluded that, the principle of accountability has not been fully realized even archive and data security of e-Procurement has been available in hard copy and stored properly in the system of Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) and National Procurement Agency (LKPP).

Nurmandi (2013) found that E-procurement is essential to prevent corruption budget for the procurement. Indonesia has implemented e-procurement since 2008. Indonesia was implementing e-procurement by holding Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) to aid the performance of Independent Procurement Unit (ULP). Furthermore Noor (2013) suggest that, Transparency is one of the fundamental aspects for the realization of the implementation of good governance, which requires openness, engagement and ease of access for the society to policy making process, especially in the use of resources that are directly related to the public interest. There is transparency can guarantee society in the distribution of information policy. It can facilitate the society and stakeholders to control government performance. Transparency and accountability in the implementation of the project tender well financed by state budget (APBN) and local budget (APBD) are important issues in the region. Remember that, a target achievement of the implementation of good governance is establishment of climate cooperative conducive between government and the private sector to increase investment in the region.

Novitaningrum (2014) the results of this study argued that e-procurement through Government in Surabaya city managed to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures in the field of goods government and services. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the budget with e-procurement system, government of Surabaya city was creating a climate of accountability and transparency in government procurement. This was shown by the many awards received by government of Surabaya city related to public accountability and transparency. By implementing e-procurement system, government of Surabaya city was able to realize a system that is accountable at each stage of the procurement. However, this does not preclude the existence fraud of by the provider. In this case, the government's commitment to achieve accountability should be realized. Accountability and transparency in the procurement of government of Surabaya city through e-procurement is that with the implementation of e-procurement, government can ensure the availability of information about the auction process which has been shared in the portal of Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) Surabaya.

Kumaralalita et al (2014) this research explains that in implementing e-procurement must have been laws which govern the process and also as the basis of the conduct e-procurement. Information which provided should be accountable, be accessible, timely and reliable. Although in the practice, there are few technical errors that can make slow down the process of reporting.

E-procurement is not just about online system that can have an impact on increased accountability. There are several factors that have a significant contribution to improving accountability. E-procurement is not just laneways increase accountability but to increase accountability must be supported by wider system and more capable human resources.

Sumangkut (2014) found that SPSE v.3.5 not guarantee the implementation of procurement in accordance with the purpose of

e-Procurement by Presidential Decree (Keputusan Presiden) 54 of 2010

Section 107 letter (b) to improve market access and healthy competition with the declaration of the Service Provider who often face obstacles in v.3.5 SPSE. Electronic Procurement System (SPSE) access applications have not yet fully from system error, which at prequalification process consulting services Independent Procurement Unit (ULP) Working Group sent a message to the service providers that qualifying companies that entered is still lacking, so the service provider add the qualification through facilities the provided in the Electronic Procurement System (SPSE). But, at the time of the evaluation of the qualification, qualification additional has been sent by the provider no longer exists in the application Electronic Procurement System (SPSE).

Pratiwi (2014) argued that independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) Kediri district government in carrying out activities operational of e-procurement guided by standard operating procedures

(SOP) that has been arrange by the central government. In the SOPs, conducting monitoring and evaluation is independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) officials with ITO (IT operation) LKPP team composed of personnel on e-procurement directorate that runs the specified assignments, function and task (TUPOKSI).

Internal accountability of independent e-procurement unit (LPSE) Kediri district is divided into two parts. The first part is accountability results of the tender were addressed to the regent as the head of region and the second is accountability of the operations of a tender addressed to national procurement Agency (LKPP) center where LKPP authorized to conduct guidance and supervision in thee- procurement. Accountability internal of Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) is started from staff of LPSE, secretary, and then reported to the head of LPSE. Accountability externally that is addressed to the society by utilizing Electronic Procurement System (SPSE) application is to publicize the results of the procurement activities through the LPSE official website.

Pramasari (2014), suggests that the system for the e-procurement conducted by government of Denpasar city has reflected to the principles of good governance those are transparency and accountability. The whole process is done openly and given the same opportunities for providers of goods and services and society can watch, monitor and follow the process of procurement in Denpasar city. Application of Electronic Procurement in government of

Denpasar city has been applying the principles of Good Government one of them is transparency. From the data, found in research process is transparent in the procurement online or electronically Procurement

in Denpasar’s government that jobs package will be announced by Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) online on the official web Electronic Procurement, and the entire society can participate in the bidding online.

Hidayat (2014) found that e-procurement is very important to minimize corruption, Miss- Budget allocation in the decentralization era in Indonesia as today. In this research, there are several challenges faced. Such as: the lack of clear indicators regarding accountability and transparency in the procurement, lack of commitment from local leaders in implementing e-procurement, weak of monitoring internally where it may determine the implementation of transparency and accountability.

Afriyanti et al (2015) the results of this research are in the running of accountability execution and accountability of state finances the attention of stakeholders on the performance of the government will be increase. Therefore, the existence of a system that can assess the level of accountability of a government is important. The system is like indexes that can be used to measure the level of government's ability to achieve its performance for the welfare of the society.

Edison (2015) found that management Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE) Riau Island is open to input from outside LPSE to planning and propose the policies to National Procurement Agency (LKPP). The suitability of the services provided by officers with the type of service desired is in conformity with the concept of transparency regarding requirements the technical and administrative through direct observation are still met the requirements that are duplicates. The speed and timeliness of service implementation are still experiencing problems due to facilities. Poor internet system security is not good; this is because the condition of the office always moves. LPSE not pay attention yet to the importance of the existence and publication services as a commitment LPSE to realize transparency in the public service. Accountability in LPSE not yet fully realized well, the indicators of performance accountability level of employee discipline is lacking. It is caused by a lack of LPSE supervision not collect fees in public services.

2. E-procurement

According to Davila et al (2003) in Harjito (2015) explains that e-procurement technologies are defined as technologies designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods by organizations commercial or government via the Internet. Internet technology including e-procurement software, B2B (business to business) auction, B2B market exchanges, and purchasing consortia focused on the of automation work flow, consolidation and spending power of the

organization and identify opportunities via the Internet. E-procurement is the process of e-E-procurement covers every stage of purchasing, from the initial identification of a requirement, through the tendering process, to the payment and potentially the contract management by the internet (Corsi, 2006). In addition, Satyanarayana (2007) said that e-procurement is a collaborative procurement of goods, works and services using electronic methods in every stage for bringing in efficiency & transparency.

According to Sutedi (2012, p.254) in Nurchana et al (2014, p.02), e-procurement is an auction system in the government procurement with using technology, information and communication with internet-based in order to take place in an effective, efficient, open and accountable. Furthermore, Nurmandi (2013) said that Indonesia has implemented e-procurement since 2008. This is to minimize the possibility of corruption budget on the provision of goods and services in the government. Meanwhile, based on Presidential Decree No. 54 of 2010, E-Procurement is the procurement conducted using information technology and electronic transactions in accordance with laws and regulations.

Nurmandi (2013) noted that, there are several factors can affect to the e-procurement, namely are:

1. Leadership is one of the important factors that could affect

team are responsible for creating goals; instill a commitment in implementing e-procurement.

2. Human resources, quality human resources are one factor

that can determine the success of e-procurement acceleration.

3. Planning and management, implementation of

e-procurement requires planning and good management. It is intended that the implementation of e-procurement can be run in accordance with the principles. So that, e-procurement can runs effectively and efficiently as well as transparency and accountability.

4. Policy and regulations, is one of the most important factors

in e-procurement. Policies and regulations distinguish the difference between the procurement in government and private sectors. Where, the government sector makes policies and regulations for how the government gains public goods with effective price and good quality.

5. Infrastructures and standardizations, the two factors that

support e-procurement. Where, infrastructure is a crucial factor in the implementation of e-procurement, if the infrastructure is not adequate it can ensure that the implementation of e-procurement will be hampered.

6. Private integration systems of e-government procurement on the efficiency and the effectiveness of e-procurement.

Figure 1.1 E-procurement in Indonesia

Source: LKPP in Nurmandi 2013

Besides to minimizing corruption in the process of e-procurement, one of the goals of e-procurement is to facilitate transactions between the government and the provider as the provider services. Procurement Service Unit (ULP) performs the function to conduct procurement activities as a facilitator in the procurement, become a policy maker, as well as monitoring the process of procurement implementation. E-procurement becomes an arena where information on the provision of the tender will be informed via Independent E-procurement Unit (LPSE). So that, providers can immediately finds out tenders without having to meet directly with the government through the LPSE official website which has been available in every region in Indonesia.

Lubis (2014) noted the principles of Procurement are:

1. Efficient, procurement of goods / services must be arranged

with using funds and limited resources to achieve the goals which have determine in shortest time and be accountable.

2. Effective, Effective means with the available resources it can

get goods / services that have the highest value of benefits

3. Open and competitive, Open and competitive means the

procurement of goods / services should be open to providers of goods / services that meet the requirements and conducted through healthy competition among providers of goods / services that are similar and qualified / certain criteria based on the provisions and procedures are clear and transparent.

4. Transparent, is give comprehensive information to the all

participants which delivered through the media information that can reach the widest business world who are expected to participate in the procurement process of goods / services.

5. Fair and non-discriminatory, is giving equal treatment to all

candidates who are interested to realize their healthy competition and does not lead to benefit of certain parties with any reason.

6. Accountable, the accountability about implementation of

Goods / Services to the parties and society based on ethics, norms and legal regulations

These principles are the foundation for government procurement. It aims to create a clean government and to prevent the use of state budget which is not effective and efficient.

3. Transparency

a. Definition of Transparency

Nurmandi (2013) said that transparency is where all the

information on public procurement openly on the internet. In addition, all procurement procedures can be informed anytime and anywhere. As well, good governance will be transparent to the society, both at central and local levels (Sedarmayanti, 2012). Moreover, Lubis (2014) said that Transparency is give comprehensive information to the all participants which delivered through the media information that can reach the widest business world who are expected to participate in the procurement process of goods / services.

According to Windha (2013), Transparency is a process of openness of the managers of public management to build the access management process so that the flow of information in and out is balanced. Besides that, According to PNPM Mandiri

(Departemen Pekerjaan Umum), transparency means opening up access for all people to all information associated with all activities covering the whole process through a public information system management. With this open information, it will facilitate and make easier for society to do monitoring.

However, Ashima (2014) said that transparency can be defined as the openness of government in providing information relating to the management of public resources to those in need of information.

Transparency is openness and honesty to the public based on the consideration that the public has a right to know openly and comprehensively on accountability in the administration of resources entrusted to him and his obedience to the laws and regulations (Andrianto, 2007). Therefore, according to Latief (2016) Transparency is the openness of the government to the public to access information based on the consideration, that the public has a right to find out openly and comprehensively on the accountability of the government and a principle that must be implemented in all activities of local

government. Based on Kemenpan 46 in 2004 About Petunjuk

Pelaksanaan Pengawasan Melekat Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan, Transparency of public service is an implementation of the tasks and activities that are open to the public from policy process, planning, implementation and monitoring / control, and easily accessible to all those who need information.

According to Siagian (2013) Transparency is the openness of the government to the public to access information based on the consideration that the public has a right to find out

openly and comprehensively on the government's accountability. Meanwhile, According to KONEPS (Korean ON-Line E-procurement systems) in Mahendra (2013), transparency is a principle that must be implemented in every activity of local government. This is not separated of the desire of the society to implement and develop good governance practices, the Society wants governments are open and can ensure a variety of access information needed by the public.

b. The principles of Transparency

Lubis (2014) noted that in a transparent there should be activities:

1. Wide and open announcement

2. Provide enough time to prepare a proposal / offer

3. Giving open Information about all the requirements that must

be met

4. Provide complete information on the procedures about steps

of bid appraisal

According to Munir (2004) in Latief (2016), there are six principles of transparency expressed by Humanitarian Forum Indonesia (HFI) namely:

1. There is an Information that is easily understandable and

2. There is publication and media about the activities and finance details

3. The existence of periodic reports on the utilization of

resources in development projects that can be accessed by the society

4. Annual report

5. website or publication media organizations

6. guidelines and dissemination of information

Therefore, the principles of transparency are everyone feels free to access any information about government activities from planning, implementing and evaluating. Mardiasmo (2004) in Latief (2013) noted that, these principles are emphasizing some aspects. These are:

1. Public communication by the government

2. Public’s right about information access

3. providing clear information about responsibilities

4. easy to access the information

5. Formulate a complaints mechanism if there are rules that have

been violated or request to pay a bribe

6. Improving the flow of information through cooperation with

4. Accountability

a. Definition of Accountability

Lubis (2014) said that Accountable, the accountability about implementation of Goods / Services to the parties and society based on ethics, norms and legal regulations. Whereas, accountability is the main elements of a rights-based approach of human rights, with emphasis on the relationship between the duty of the State and the rights of individuals, it is able to help identify that the rights have been fulfilled and accountability can be about engaging with civil society and other actors through independent review mechanisms, disclosure of information and instating participatory monitoring systems (Jeppesen, 2010). According to Jeppesen also said that in accountability should has report of tenders, bids, minutes from technical committees, and bid evaluation records.

According to Nurbarokah (2016), accountability is an obligation to give responsibility or answer and explain the performance and actions of a person /legal entity / leadership of an organization to those who have a right to request the authorities have information or accountability. According to Pratiwi et al (2014), accountability is one of the principles of good governance. The term of "accountability" comes from

accountable. While Dwiyanto (2012) suggests that accountability in public service is a measure that indicates how much the level of suitability of the provision services with the size of the values or external norm in the society or owned by the stakeholders.

According to Wicaksono (2015), Accountability is one of the elements of the three elements present. Accountability is a concept that describes how an organization is able to provide an explanation for their actions to the parties that have the politically authority to carry out the monitoring and evaluation of the organization. Meanwhile, according to

Peraturan Kepala Lembaga Kebujakan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah No. 12 in 2012 about Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Evaluasi Akuntabilitas Kinerja Satuan Organisasi Eselon I in National Procurement Agency (Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah),

accountability is the obligation to deliver accountability or to address the performance and actions of a person / legal entity / collective leadership of an organization to the party or in authority have the right to request information or accountability.

According to Windha et al (2013), Accountability is obligations of individuals or authorities that entrusted to manage public resources to be able to answer the things that

concerning its accountability. Besides that, According to the

PNPM Mandiri (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum),

accountability is defined as the accountability of an institution to the society on the success or failure of a mission/tasks that have been assigned. Furthermore, According to BPKP (2011), accountability is the obligation to deliver accountability or to address the performance and actions of a person / legal entity / collective leadership of an organization to the party who has the right or in authority to request information or accountability. Meanwhile, according to the Corruption

Eradication Corruption (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi),

accountability is a principle that determines that each of the activities and results of the activities should be accountable to the society or the society as a sovereign state supreme in accordance with the obtain legislation.

Lubis (2014) Noted that, there are few things have to be aware that the Procurement of Goods / Services is accountable:

1. There is complete archives and records;

2. There is a supervision system to enforce the rules;

3. There is a mechanism to evaluate, review, investigate and

According to Andrianto (2007: 21) in Novitaningrum (2014: 06) there are several important benefits of budget transparency. As follows:

1. Preventing corruption

2. easier to identify weaknesses and strengths of a policy

3. Improving government accountability so society will be

able to measure government performance

4. Increase confidence in the commitment of the government

to formulate specific policy

5. Strengthening social cohesion , because public confidence

in the government will be formed

6. Creating a favorable investment climate and increase

business certainty

b. Forms of Accountability

Rosmiji (2001:145) in Nurbarokah (2016:15) noted that Accountability is defined into 2 types. Namely:

1. Internal Accountability

Applies for every level of internal organization including the state government where every government officials even individually and groups, hierarchically obliged to do accountability directly to his head/superior about the development of the activity performance periodically. The internal accountability of the government

Presiden) number 7 in 1999 about the Accountability of Government Institutions (AKIP).

2. External Accountability

It is attached to every citizen as an organization to take responsibility for all of the mandate that has been accepted and implemented or development to be communicated to the external parties.

All of the external in here is the society. Besides, the government has to give the accountability of his mandate to the head/superiors, the government has to give and share the accountability to the society as the openness information.

Mardiasmo (2005) in Nurbarokah (2016) noted that public accountability is defining into 2 types:

1. Vertical Accountability, is giving accountability to the

head/higher authority position

2. Horizontal Accountability, is giving accountability to the society. In government institutions context, is giving information about the activity and budget management to every parties which having interest about the report.

Elwood (2003) in Nurbarokah (2016) noted that, there are 4 dimensions that have to fulfill by the government:

Honesty accountability is related to the abuse of power. Then, law accountability is related with the guarantee their compliance with laws and regulations required in the use of public resources.

2. Accountability of Process

Accountability process is related to whether the procedure has been used in implementing the task has been quite good in terms of the adequacy of the system accounting information, management information systems and administrative procedures. Accountability process is manifested through the provision fast, responsive, and cheap cost of public services.

3. Accountability of Program

Accountability is related to the consideration of whether program objectives can be achieved or not and whether it has considered alternative programs that provide optimal results with minimum cost.

4. Accountability of Policy

Accountability is policy relating to the

responsibilities of the head, managers and supervisors on the policies that were already taken. In public sector, there are some forms of accountability:

a. Upward Accountability, showed their obligation to report from the highest levels in certain sections to the Chief Executive, as a director-general to the minister.

b. Outward Accountability, that the task of leadership to

report, consult and respond to client groups and stakeholders in the society

c. Downward Accountability shows that every leader at

various levels should always communicate and disseminate the policies to a subordinate because no matter how good a policy will only succeed when understood and practiced by all employees/staffs.

E. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

1. E-procurement

E-Procurement is the procurement process based on the technology / internet in order to improve efficiency; monitoring and audit are made to their needs and also to facilitate government in the provision of goods and services faster and more efficient.

2. Transparency

Transparency is the openness and completeness of information for the society about the planning until the results of the procurement in the province through LPSE DIY so there is no closure of any information.

3. Accountability

Accountability is the responsibility of government to the internal (head of government) or external parties (society) regarding all information relating to the procurement in Yogyakarta through LPSE DIY.

F. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

1. E-procurement

a. Regulations from the governor

b. Infrastructures and Speed system of Electronic Procurement

System (LPSE)

c. The number of Human Resources in Electronic

Procurement System (LPSE) DIY

d. Independent Supervisor

e. Operating Standard Service (SOP)

2. Transparency

a. Information about the detail budget, requirement,

registration and tender implementation clearly

b. Provide through enough time to prepare or offer

c. Provide complete information on the procedures about the

steps of bid appraisal

d. Information about tender activity (the winner, offer price

(Harga Penawaran), corrected price (Harga Terkoreksi) in 2015)

3. Accountability

a. There is a report about results of program/activities about

e-procurement to the public in 2015

b. There is a results report of the tender to the regents/head of

institution in 2015

c. The existence of the operations report of the tender to the head of National Procurement Agency (LKPP) in 2015

d. There is mechanism to evaluate, review, investigate and

take action against the protest and complaints made by participants and public.

G. RESEARCH METHODS

1. Type of Research

This research uses qualitative research methods to collect data and information. Qualitative research aims to describe and interpret the result. Qualitative research is a phenomenon in carefully through from the viewpoint of participant (Williams, 2007). Where, this study used a qualitative descriptive method. Descriptive methods explained in systematic and detailed information on the facts and phenomenon happens on the field.

2. Research Location

This research is located in Yogyakarta with the case on Transparency and Accountability of Independent E-procurement Unit (LPSE) DIY. The reason why researcher choose a location in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), because in 2015 DIY

awarded the top 10 rank in the category of Public Disclosure Board

(Keterbukaan Informasi Publik). Therefore, researcher wants to prove whether the award is in suitable with the reality especially in LPSE DIY through data and interviews.

3. Unit Analysis

In this research, researcher will obtain the information or data sources from:

1. The head of Independent E-procurement Unit (LPSE) DIY

2. The head of Procurement Service Unit (ULP) DIY

3. 10 providers, they are 5 providers which has won less than 5

times and 5 providers which has won more than 9 times in a year

Table.1.3 Name of Providers

No Providers did not win Providers won more than 9 times

1 CV. Pradipta Kreatif Media CV. Sakalike

2 CV. Dua Tiga Empat Konsultan CV. Madani Callysta Saibuyun

3 CV. Bintang Abadi PT. Surya Praga

4 PT. Karya Agung PT. Tri patra Konsultan

5 CV. Anugrah CV. Reka Kusuma Buana

Source: Data Processing by LPSE’s website

H. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE

1. Interview

Interview is a tool to collect data directly through a direct question and answer. This research will use in-depth interview to get details information. An interview for this research is an open question, with the kind of interview that is triangulated. Where,

data sources, researcher will conducted interviews and comparing the results of interviews with data that has been owned by the researcher. So that, researcher is able to analyze the phenomena that occur more widely. The result of the interview is expected to be more accurate and detail about the problems of this research.

2. Documentation

Documentation is a data collection technique through books, archives, journals, articles, newspapers and all information relating to the problems and theories to solve the problem. A qualitative research method is the main technique of data collection for the hypothesis will be answered rationally through perspective, the theory, and regulation. In addition, the researcher wills collect data through the official website of Independent E-Procurement Unit (LPSE DIY) then later can become a point of comparison with the reality.

I. DATA CLASSIFICATION

In this research, researcher will use primary data and secondary data to collect the data. Primary data is where the data is taken through the process of in-depth interviews. And secondary data is data cited by major sources and not directly taken from the main data. Secondary data is collected through various sources such as books, records, journals, articles, documents etc.

Table 1.4. Data Classification

NO Data Primary Secondary Source

1 The report of

program/activities result in 2015

√ Archive

2 The report of Tender result

to the regent in 2015

√ Archive

3 The monitoring and

evaluating report from supervisor

√ Archive

4 The report of tender winner

in 2015

√ Archive

5 The report of operational

tender activity to National Procurement Agency

(LKPP) in 2015

√ Archive

4 E-procurement in

Indonesia

√ Journal,

Books, Article, Newspaper

5 Best Practice of

E-procurement in some cities in Indonesia

√ Journal,

Books, article, Newspaper

6 Independent Supervisor √ √ Interview

7 Human Resource in

Independent e-procurement Unit (LPSE) DIY

√ √ Archive and

interview

8 Infrastructures √ Archives

9 Public complaints √ √ Archive and

interview

J. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

The process of data analysis in this research is include collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting data, and ends with a conclusion refers to

analyzing the data. First, Classifying the data to determine the critical data

e-procurement in Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2015. Second, researcher

reduces and classified the data that is still in need or is not required. Third,

researcher interprets the data that has been selected to be used as material

in this research. Fourth, researcher used triangulation techniques to check

the validity of the data. Where, triangulation which utilizes other data to be

used as a comparison the interview result with the object of research. Fifth,

researcher determines the conclusion of the research.

K. THE SISTEMATIC OF WRITING

The systematic of writing and an understanding, the researcher make a systematic writing as follows:

CHAPTER I, Introduction, consists of: background, research question,

objectives and benefit of the research.

CHAPTER II, Theoretical Framework, consists of: theoretical

framework, literature review, definition concept, operational concept, type of the research, research location, data collection technique, data classification, data analysis technique.

CHAPTER III, Description of Special Region of Yogyakarta and

Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE), consist of: boundary, location

and population, physical conditions of DIY and description about organization structure, number of staff and the function of Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE), and Independent Procurement Unit (ULP)

CHAPTER IV, Results, and Discussion, this chapter will discuss the

LPSE history in DIY, how does the implementation, role, and performance of Independent e-procurement unit (LPSE), and Independent Procurement

Unit (ULP), the transparency and accountability of LPSE, the obstacles faced by LPSE DIY to implement the transparency and accountability, strategy of LPSE DIY to improve their performance.

CHAPTER V, Conclusion, consists of, the conclusions of the research

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION

A. E-PROCUREMENT IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA

E-procurement in Special Region of Yogyakarta implemented since 2008. In 2008, e-procurement is still under control by the board of Development and Regional Planning (BAPPEDA) as Team Addhoc in the field of control, after four years under control of BAPPEDA, in 2013 moved to under the Department of Transportation, Communication and

Information (DISHUBKOMINFO) DIY. After two years in

DISHUBKOMINFO, finally in 2016 under the auspices of the Department of Information and Communication (DISKOMINFO) DIY because Department of Transportation, Communications and Information have been separated become Department of Information and Communication (DISKOMINFO).

In this research, examined at the Office of LPSE DIY and Independent Procurement section (BLP) DIY as well as 10 correspondents of vendors (CV/PT) to be interviewed. There are five vendors (CV/PT) who did not win the auction, namely CV. Pradipa Kreatif Media, CV. Dua Tiga Empat Konsultan, CV.Bintang Abadi, PT. Karya Agung and CV. Anugrah. And then, there are five vendors (CV/PT) wins more than nine times. They are CV. Sakalike, CV. Madani Callysta Saibuyun, PT. Surya Praga, PT. Tripatra Konsultan and CV. Reka Kusuma Buana.

However, three vendors (CV) that does not win the auction, namely CV. Dua Tiga Empat Konsultan, CV.Bintang Abadi and CV.

Anugrah could not be reached. First, CV. Dua Tiga Empat Konsultan

cannot be contacted and the address is not clear. Second, CV.Bintang

Abadi cannot be contacted and they are having a project in Kulon Progo

and not willing to be interviewed and Third, CV. Anugrah could not be

reached and did not have a clear address. Therefore, researcher replaces the three vendors CV with three different CV with the same indicators that have never won the auction. There are PT.Kala Prana Konsultan, CV. Najah Hibatullah and CV Totalindo Media.

Table 3.1. List and Addresses of Ten Providers (PT/CV)

NO Providers Established Address

1 PT. Surya Praga 2007 Prawirotaman

MG. III/625 Yogyakarta

2 PT. Tripatra Konsultan 2011 Demblaksari RT

005 Baturetno, banguntapan bantul

3 CV. Madani Calyysta Saibuyun 2004 Jl. Pelemsari No

70, Pelemsari KG II RT 003 RW 001 Prenggan,

Kotagede, Kota Yogyakarta

4 CV. Reka Kusuma Buana 1990 Jogahan, RT 25

RW 12, Bumirejo, lendah Kulon Progo

5 CV sakalike 2010 Gading Lumbung,

Rt 17 Donotirto Kretek Bantul

6 CV. Najah Hibatullah 2009 Jl. Letkol subadri

no 15 triharjo sleman

Toronggo RT 21/rw 07 Rejowinangun Kotagede

8 CV. Pradipa Kreatif Media 2008 Jl Gedongkuning

selatan no 8b banguntapan

9 PT. Kala Prana Konsultan 1990 Jl. Wonocatur jd

iv Rt 01 Rw 23 No. 250 bantul

10 CV. Totalindo Media 2008 Kl.Pramuka

uh/7/2 Giwangan Yogyakarta Source: Primary data and secondary data from each provider

Then in 2008, the Government of Special Region of Yogyakarta especially LPSE office has conducted socialization regarding the implementation of e-procurement. LPSE DIY provides socialization once in a year about the website latest application to the Providers. Such like,

Gabungan Pengusaha Seluruh Indonesia (GAPENSI), Ikatan Nasional

Konsultan Indonesia (INKINDO), and Asosisasi Pengusaha Indonesia

(APINDO). In addition, LPSE DIY open the opportunities for each service provider (vendor) if they want be given training about how to operate the technology especially LPSE’s website directly in the LPSE’s office or

vendors can inviting LPSE’s staffs to give training to the vendors.

"Socialization did once in a year if there are updates about the

application, whether we as LPSE’s staffs also provide

opportunities for each provider (vendors) if they want to be given training in how to operate the LPSE website directly in the office. However, so far we have not been invited directly by the provider to giving and provide education and training on it "(Interview with

In addition, socialization conducted by LPSE felt by the providers or vendors. With the socializations, providers (vendors) can feel the benefits on it.

"Socialization and training have often implemented by the government, but if we only read the ordinance it would be a bit difficult to be understood and therefore we need training and practice directly. Besides training from governments, we as fellow of consultants also exchange information on e-procurement So from many source we learned about it".(Interview with CV. Mr.

Nugroho, Nov 5th, at 14:35)

The implementation of e-procurement in Special Region of Yogyakarta from 2008 until November 2016 had produced Tenders with a total about 3,551 tenders that have been successful implemented in the auction.

Figure 3.1. Total Auction of E-procurement in DIY in 2008 until Nov 2016

Source: Data processing by researcher from LPSE's Website of DIY Based on the table above, it appears that e-procurement auction in Special Region of Yogyakarta increased greatly significant annually.

2 26

87

289

571 618

699 ₆₈₄

581

E-procurement Auction in DIY

Based on data from LPSE’s website, it was processed by the researcher in 2008 until 2014 it is significantly increase. But, in 2015 it is decrease but not really significant. However, there are still some auctions may not be done in procurement process. Moreover, the total auction done by e-procurement system is increase every year. It showed that much

procurement done by e-procurement system and it doesn’t need

procurement manually.

“BLP itself was established in 2014, so the auction and all data

from 2008-2013 that are still in each SKPD related. In addition, it is at the beginning of the implementation of its e-procurement system is not directly to be auctioned electronically. However, there are still not to be done manually” (Interview with BLP DIY

Mr. Baroto on Nov 28th 2016, at 10.00 a.m)

Since 2008, the increases about number of tenders were successfully auctioned by the government so significantly. It can be caused

by the following factors: First, in the early years of implementation of

e-procurement information on e-e-procurement distributed to the vendors is

not complete yet. Second, LPSE has conducted socialization to vendors

regarding the procedures to operate technology especially how to use LPSE’s website, but the human resources in the vendors themselves have

not been able to directly operate it quickly. Third, at the beginning of

e-procurement implementation the government does not directly impose a fully e-procurement.

1. Regulations From DIY's Governor About E-Procurement

Implementation of E-procurement in Special Region Yogyakarta supported with the regulations of the governor as a base of the government to implement e-procurement in Special Region Yogyakarta. It can be seen, based on the Governor Regulation

(Peraturan Presiden) of Special Region of Yogyakarta number 27 in

2008 on Guidelines for electronic procurement in government of Special Region of Yogyakarta.

Governor Regulation was supported by the formation of LPSE DIY as a facilitator for the Independent Procurement Section (BLP) to spreading the announcements regarding the procurement. Further

arrangements for LPSE have been set in Governor Decree (Keputusan

Gubernur) of Special Region of Yogyakarta number 49 in 2012 about

Formation of Electronic Procurement Services. In addition, for the establishment of the Independent Procurement Section (BLP) DIY

was set Governor Regulation (Peraturan Gubernur) of Special

Region of Yogyakarta Number 46 in 2016.

"Certainly in the procurement services we see the DIY governor serious and prioritize the implementation of e-procurement and become one of his main programs"

(Interview with BLP Mrs. Dewi, on November 1st, 2016 at

11:15 a.m)

View the regulations issued by the government of Special Region of Yogyakarta to support the way of e-procurement in the province is already good. With the regulations can be seen DIY

government seriously to run the e-procurement. Regulations and decisions of the Governor of Yogyakarta became the main basis for implementing e-procurement in the province to realize e-procurement which is efficient, effective, transparent, open, competitive, fair, and accountable.

2. Infrastructures and Speed System of Electronic Procurement System (LPSE)

Infrastructure is one of the most important supporting elements in the implementation of e-procurement. Infrastructure is become important in the context of procurement. Generally, to implement e-procurement LPSE office require good infrastructure such as the Internet, a good server computer and so on.

Table 3.2. List and Number of Infrastructures in LPSE DIY:

No Infrastructures Total

1 Computers :

a. 15 Computers for every civil servants

b. 2 (Two) Computers at Bidding Room

c. 2 (Two) Computers at Administration

room

d. 1 (One) Computer for guess (guess

book)

There are 20 Computers to support LPSE’s civil servants.

2 Internet Speed:

Internet Speed in LPSE DIY use sharing system. LPSE DIY using internet speed in Provincial level is 400 mega.

For LPSE office itself, LPSE use 10/15 Mbps

LEMBAGA KEBIJAKAN PENGADAAN BARANG JASA PEMERINTAH

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

PENGGUNAAN FASILITAS LPSE

JAKARTA 2014

Hal 2

Daftar Isi

1. Prosedur Akses Ruangan Server LPSE ... 3 2. Formulir Pencatatan Akses Ruang Server ... 5

Hal 3

1.

Prosedur Penggunaan Fasilitas LPSE

No Aktivitas Kepala LPSE Koordinator

Keamanan Informasi 1 Mulai

2 Koordinator Keamanan Informasi memastikan pengunjung melakukan pengisian formulir secara lengkap serta menyerahkan tanda pengenal diri yang sah, misal: KTP.

3 Koordinator Keamanan Informasi memberikan formulir yang telah diisi kepada Kepala LPSE untuk diberikan ijin menggunakan fasilitas LPSE.

4 Kepala LPSE memverifikasi formulir dan menentukan apakah ijin akan diberikan atau tidak.

a. Jika ijin diberikan, maka

Koordinator Keamanan Informasi akan memberikan tanda pengenal khusus untuk dikenakan oleh pengunjung.

b. Jika tidak, maka pengunjung tidak dapat menggunakan fasilitas LPSE. 5 Koordinator Keamanan Informasi

memastikan selama berada di dalam ruangan server pengunjung harus

senantiasa diawasi agar pengunjung dapat dipastikan tidak melakukan hal-hal diluar ijin kunjungannya atau hal-hal yang dapat berisiko terhadap fasilitas LPSE, serta tanda pengenal senantiasa dikenakan.

Hal 4

6 Seusai kunjungan Koordinator Keamanan Informasi memastikan formulir

dilengkapi, serta pengembalian tanda pengenal ditukar dengan tanda pengenal diri yang diserahkan pada awal

kunjungan.

7 Koordinator Keamanan Informasi menyerahkan formulir kepada Kepala LPSE untuk diarsip.

Hal 5