Slang In Lyrics Of Eminem’s Selected Songs: A Semantic Analysis

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SLANG IN LYRICS OF EMINEM’S SELECTED

SONGS: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY

DIAN RAFIKA

REG. NO. 070721025

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi berjudul ”Slang in Lyrics of Eminem’s Selected Songs: A Semantic Analysis” bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ditemukan kata-kata slang dalam lirik lagu Eminem, mencari kata kata slang yang paling dominant, serta mengklasifikasikan kata slang berdasarkan klasifikasi Partridge.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan, yaitu menggunakan buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan judul yang menjadi pembahasan di atas sebagai refernsi, juga dilakukan pencarian sumber pembahasan melalui internet untuk mendukung penulisan skripsi ini. Metode dokumentasi digunakan sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan menggunakan system random sampling, dengan jumlah sample 10 lagu yang diambil 65% dari jumlah populasi sebanyak 15 lagu. Lagu yang dianalisis adalah lagu dengan judul: The Way I Am, My Name Is, Shake That, The Real Slim Shady, Guilty Conscience, Cleanin’ Out My Closet, Fack, Lose

Yourself, Sing for the Moment, dan When I’m Gone. Instrumen yang digunakan

berupa lirik lagu yang didapat dari penelusuran internet. Setelah data diperoleh, dilakukan pengklasifikasian data dengan tabulasi dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan rumus. Tahap terakhir yaitu pengklasifikasian data berdasarkan klasifikasi slang oleh Partridge. Dari analisis tersebut dihasilkan bahwa kata slang yang paling dominant adalah ass sebesar 6, 13%, dan klasifikasi slang yang paling banyak ditemukan berdasarkan klasifikasi Partridge adalah Cockney Slang.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and praise ALLAH S.W.T, the most gracious and most merciful, who has blessed me with health and capability to finish this thesis as my last assignment to finish my study at English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.

In this opportunity, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters,

Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D., and the Head of English Literature Department

Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Literature Department Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL, for their advice and support during the period of my study in this faculty. I also would like to thank to my supervisor, Drs. M. Syafi’I, M.A., and Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A., as my co-supervisor who has spent much of his time in correcting this thesis and giving a valuable guidance to complete it. I am also grateful to all the lectures who lectured me wisely during the academic years.

Furthermore, I would like to thank my parents, Awiel Ichram and

Rodiah, for their loves, advice, prayer, attention, and support, I love you both. To my sisters Wira Riana, S.T. and Lisa Triana, S.Pd. and my brothers Aidil Akbar, S.T. and Imran, S.T., and my nephew, Fakhri Syechar Al-Mubarraq

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In addition, I would like to thank to all my friends in English Literatures Department (2007 Extension Program).

Thank you to everyone who helps me during my academic period and my time in finishing this thesis.

Medan, January 2009

Dian Rafika

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis ……… 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis ……….. 4

1.3 Objective of the Analysis ……….. 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ……….. 5

1.5 Significance of the Analysis ……… 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework ……….. 6

2.1.1 Semantics Analysis ……… 6

2.1.1.1Semantics ………... 6

2.1.1.2Analysis ……….. 8

2.1.2 Slang ……… 9

2.1.3 The Characteristic of Slang ………... 11

2.1.4 The Creation of Slang ………. 14

2.1.5 Partridge’s Classifications of Slang ………... 16

2.1.6 Slang as Language ……….. 20

2.1.7 Slang in Media ………. 22

2.1.8 Music ……… 23

2.2 Relevant Studies ……….. 24

CHAPTER III METHODOLODY 3.1 Research Method ……….. 27

3.2 Population and Sample ……….. 27

3.2.1 Population ……….. 27

3.2.2 Sample ……….. 27

3.3 Method of Collecting Data ……….. 28

3.4 Method of Analyzing Data ……….. 28

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data Analysis ………. 30

4.2 Findings ………... 44

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ………... 58

5.2 Suggestions ………58

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

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ABSTRACT

Yourself, Sing for the Moment, dan When I’m Gone. Instrumen yang digunakan

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Chapman and Kipfer (1995: xix) state that Semantics is one of the major theoretical fields of linguistic study. According to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), Semantics is the study of meaning in communication. The word derives from Greek η α ός (semantikos), "significant", from η α ω (semaino), "to signify, to indicate" and that from

α (sema), "sign, and mark, token". In Linguistics, it is concerned as the study of interpretation of signs as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts. It has related meanings in several other fields.

Semanticists differ on what constitutes meaning in an expression. The total of a word’s meaning can be divided into two aspects, though the boundaries between them are indistinct.

Furthermore, Chapman and Kipfer (1995: xix) states that the first aspect is

denotation. This refers to any of the simple, more or less consciously recognized and objectively deducible senses of the word, the sort of meaning that would appear as a dictionary definition. A word’s connotations, however, are harder to determine. Connotations embrace all emotive and cognitive associations that a word brings to mind beyond its simple dictionary meaning. Because the connotations of most words are in principle infinite, it is a testament to the cultural integrity of a society that so many are held in common. Even within a single language community, slang tends to vary widely across the social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata. Slang may fall into disuse over time; sometimes,

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however, it grows more and more common until it becomes the dominant way of saying something, at which time it usually comes to be regarded as mainstream, acceptable language, although in the case of taboo words there may be no expression that is considered mainstream or acceptable. Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and sometimes into formal speech, though this may involve a change in meaning or usage.

Moreover, slang words are also formed exactly as standard words are formed. Affixations, back formations, compounding, words blends, functional conversions, clips, and acronyms, which are believed as the way to form. Standard words can also be used to form the slang words. And it makes slang treated as a standard language, even though it is not considered as standard language, yet. Slang today is almost as large as the English language. Slang is no more than improper English. It is the English language; just distorted a little to mean something else, I personally do not feel that slang is such a bad thing. It can be seen that people are being lazy and using the improper words that they were taught but sometime it is just a self-expression.

Some people use certain slang are just raised in surrounding, on radio, television, newspapers, magazines, lyrics of music, books, etc. There are some examples of slang in lyrics of songs:

a. Down hea, we for real, not just words and a rap.—Disturbing The Peace (Can’t Be Stopped)

Hea = here

b. This hottie got a bad. –Sir Mixalot (Sprung on the Cat, 1992) Hottie = an attractive girl

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c. I’m stacking chips every time the phone ring.—King T feat Dr. Dre (Money)

Chips = money

d. Took the fame cause they ain’t give it us, now we excite.—Eve (Philly, Philly)

Ain’t = is not/am not/are not/have not/was not/did not/does not/ do not.

According to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes, wordplay, and poetry, one of the elements of hip hop music and culture. The use of the word to describe quick speech or repartee long predates the musical form,meaning originally "to hit". The word had been used in British English since the 16th century, and specifically meaning "to say" since the 18th. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning "to converse", and very soon after that in its present usage as a term denoting the musical style.

Marshall Bruce Mathers III known as Slim Shady and his primary stage name Eminem, it is one of the highest-selling rappers of all time. Eminem is having sold eighty million albums worldwide. Eminem is an Academy Award and Grammy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor. Curtain Call: the Hits is a 2005 compilation album by the rapper Eminem. It was released on December 6, 2005 under Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment.

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In this case, I wish to find out the meaning of each slang words used especially in lyrics of songs found in Eminem’s album Curtain Call, an analysis of frequency or use may be carried out more about the use of slang.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis

According to the background explained above, the problems of the analysis are formulated as follows:

1. What is the meaning of slang words used in the lyrics of songs? 2. Which slang words is used in the lyrics of songs most dominantly? 3. What are the classifications of the slang found in lyrics according to

Partridge’s classification?

1.3 Objective of the Analysis

Concerning to the problem of the analysis as mentioned above, the objectives of the analysis are:

1. To find out the meaning of slang in the lyrics of songs.

2. To calculate which slang word is the most dominant found in the lyrics.

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1.4 Scope of the Analysis

The scope of this analysis is limited to the meanings of slang words in the lyrics of songs. The lyrics of songs are from the selected songs of Eminem’s album Curtain Call, released in 2005 which are browsed the internet website (www.azlyrics.com). There are 15 songs in Curtain Call, but only 10 songs will be the data, entitled: The Way I Am, My Name Is, Shake That, The Real Slim Shady, Guilty Conscience, Cleanin’ Out My Closet, Fack, Lose Yourself, Sing for the Moment,

and When I’m Gone.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

Theoretically this thesis can expand or add the knowledge for student of language in terms of semantics, especially the meaning and types of slang. Practically this thesis can be useful in learning semantics. In the next time I do hope that this thesis will be useful for people in daily conversation when they use English.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 Semantics Analysis

Definitions of semantic analysis is vary. Jackendoff (2002, 91), defining it as the theory of human thinking. Semantic analysis falls into two strands. Some linguists regard sentences as the logical propositions, while others regard them as the repositories of shared concepts, unspoken ideas and sense-perceptions, for a fascinating account of, for instance, colors and emotions as expressed in different world languages, and for summaries of a number.

According to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), Semantic analysis is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings, removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, must also be converted into relatively invariant meanings.

2.1.1.1 Semantics

In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and even larger units of discourse. The basic areas of study are the meaning of signs, and the study of relation between different linguistic units: homonymy, antonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, endrocentricity, linguistics compounds, etc. Traditionally,

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semantics has included the study of connotative sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of these to syntax.

There are some definitions of semantics proposed by the linguists as follows:

1. Lyons (1977: 1), Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning.

2. Palmer (1976: 1) states that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning.

3. Kreidler (1998: 3), Semantics is the systematic study of meaning and linguistic semantic is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning. Furthermore, Kreidler (1998: 44-45) states that meaning is more than denotation. People do not only talk and write to describe things and events and characteristics, they also express their opinions, favorable and unfavorable. Language furnishes the means for expressing a wide range of attitudes; their aspect of meaning is called connotation A denotation identifies the central aspects of word meaning, which everybody generally agrees about. The denotation is the relation to phenomena outside language, including imaginary phenomena; the connotation is the cluster of attitudes that the lexeme may evoke.

4. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 1129), Semantics is the study of meaning; the historical and psychological study and

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5. Katz (1972: 1), Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.

6. Hornby (1974: 775), Semantics is branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meanings of words and sentences.

From the definition of some linguists above, I conclude that semantics is the study of linguistic meaning which have two aspects of meaning (connotation and denotation) and have some basic areas of study (the meaning of signs, and the study of relation between different linguistic units).

2.1.1.2 Analysis

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 44), Analysis is a method in philosophy of resolving complex expressions into simpler or more basic ones.

According to Richards, Platt, and Weber (1985: 76), Analysis is the process of breaking down a sentence into it clause and its relating to the other part. Marchand (1969: 98) states that analysis objectives are divided into three types:

1. Identification or classification of the element of communication. 2. Making explicit relationship or connection that exists among these

elements.

3. Recognizing the organizational principles that structures and holds the communication together as a whole.

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2.1.2 Slang

Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang. Hornby (1974: 807), Slang is words, phrases, meanings of words, etc. commonly used in talk among friends or colleagues, but not suitable for good writing or formal occasions, esp. the kind used by and typical of only one class of persons.

Kis (1997: 241) states that slang is a linguistic universal because presumably it is found in every language and in every area of the languages. One of the basic conditions of its birth—perhaps the most important one—is a community the members which are in a daily relationship of intensive verbal communication. If this relationship of intensive verbal communication exists, slang phenomena occurs in the language.

According to Britannica Dictionary online (2008), Slang is unconventional words or phrases that express either something new or something old in a new way. It is flippant, irreverent, and indecorous; it may be indecent or obscene. Its colorful metaphors are generally directed at respectability, and it is this succinct, sometimes witty, frequently impertinent social criticism that gives slang its characteristic flavor. Slang, then, includes not just words but words used in a special way in a certain social context.

Dumas and Lighter (1978: 14-15) argued that an expression should be considered “true slang” if it meets at least two of the following criteria:

a. It lowers, if temporarily, “the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing”; in other words, it is likely to be seen in such contexts as a “glaring misuse of register.”

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b. Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people that are familiar with it and use the term.

c. It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility.

d. It replaces “a well know conventional synonym.” This is done primarily to avoid “the discomfort caused by the conventional item (or by) further elaboration.

According to Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 1170), Slang is language peculiar to a particular group; an informal nonstandard vocabulary composed typically of coinages, arbitrarily changed words, extravagant, forced, or facetious figures of speech.

Although the term "slang" is sometimes used with more or less intentional inexactness, and has often been carelessly defined, the notion to which it corresponds in general use seems to be tolerably precise. There are two principal characteristics which, taken in conjunction, may serve to distinguish what is properly called slang from certain other varieties of diction that in some respects resemble it. The first of these is that slang is a conscious offence against some conventional standard of propriety. A mere vulgarism is not slang, except when it is purposely adopted, and acquires an artificial currency, among some class of persons to whom it is not native. The other distinctive feature of slang is that it is neither a part of the ordinary language, nor an attempt to supply its deficiencies. The slang word is a deliberate substitute for a word of the vernacular, just as the characters of a cipher are substitutes for the letters of the alphabet, or as a nickname is a substitute for a personal name.

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There are still many definitions of slang, and none of them define in the same as another. Because what makes different source has different, definition depends on from which angle is viewed. However, one important point, which are always mentioned is that slang is informal language, informal for it has not been widely and fully accepted by a society from all level because it is mostly spoken by young people.

2.1.3 The Characteristic of Slang

Maurer (from Encyclopedia Britannica online, 2008), psychologically, most good slang harks back to the stage in human culture when animism was a worldwide religion. At that time, it was believed that all objects had two aspects, one external and objective that could be perceived by the senses, the other imperceptible (except to gifted individuals) but identical with what we today would call the “real” object. Human survival depended upon the manipulation of all “real” aspects of life—hunting, reproduction, warfare, weapons, design of habitations, nature of clothing or decoration, etc.—through control or influence upon the animus, or imperceptible phase of reality. This influence was exerted through many aspects of sympathetic magic, one of the most potent being the use of language. Words, therefore, had great power, because they evoked the things to which they referred.

Civilized cultures and their languages retain many remnants of animism, largely on the unconscious level. Slang, then, owes much of its power to shock to the superimposition of images that are incongruous with images (or values) of others, usually the members of dominant culture. Slang is the most popular when

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its imagery develops incongruity bordering on social satire. Every slang word, however, has its own history and reasons for popularity. When conditions change, the term may change in meaning, be adopted into the standard language, or continue to be used as slang within certain enclaves of the population.

Some slang becomes respectable when it loses its edge; “spunk,” “fizzle,” “spent,” “hit the spot,” “jazz,” “funky,” and “p.o.’d,” once thought to be too indecent for feminine ears, are now family words. Other slang survives for centuries, like “bones” for dice (Chaucer), “beat it” for run away (Shakespeare), “duds” for clothes, and “booze” for liquor (Dekker). These words must have been uttered as slang long before appearing in print, and they have remained slang ever since. Normally, slang has both a high birth and death rate in the dominant culture, and excessive use tends to dull the luster of even the most colorful and descriptive words and phrases. The rate of turnover in slang words is undoubtedly encouraged by the mass media, and a term must be increasingly effective to survive.

While many slang words introduce new concepts, some of the most effective slang provides new expressions—fresh, satirical, shocking—for established concepts, often very respectable ones. Sound is sometimes used as a basis for this type of slang, as, for example, in various phonetic distortions (e.g.,

pig Latin terms). It is also used in rhyming slang, which employs a fortunate combination of both sound and imagery. Thus, gloves are “turtledoves” (the gloved hands suggesting a pair of billing doves), a girl is a “twist and twirl” (the movement suggesting a girl walking), and an insulting imitation of flatus, produced by blowing air between the tip of the protruded tongue and the upper lip,

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is the “raspberry,” cut back from “raspberry tart.” Most slang, however, depends upon incongruity of imagery, conveyed by the lively connotations of a novel term applied to an established concept. Slang is not all of equal quality, a considerable body of it reflecting a simple need to find new terms for common ones, such as the hands, feet, head, and other parts of the body. Food, drink, and sex also involve extensive slang vocabulary.

The most effective slang operates on a more sophisticated level and often tells something about the thing named, the person using the term, and the social matrix against which it is used. Pungency may increase when full understanding of the term depends on a little inside information or knowledge of a term already in use, often on the slang side itself.

Partridge (1933: 67) explains some characteristics as follows:

a. An element of humor is almost always present in slang, for example to call ‘a hat’, people say ‘a lid’, because puts a hat and a pot-lid are in the same class.

b. Nearly all slang consist of old words changed in form of far more often, old words with new meaning or new shaded of meaning. c. Metaphors are very vital and vivid slang, for example, angle-face

means boyish looking officer.

d. Slang delights to curtain (clip, abbreviate, shorten) words as in

monk for monkey, looney for lunatic, biz for business, var sity for

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e. Violent terms, so common in slang. This requires less imagination and less imagination and less delicacy of perception, for example,

terrible, terribly, awful, awfully, horrible, horribly.

In short, Shaw (1984: 23) describes the characteristic of slang into flippant or eccentric humor, forced, fantastic, or grotesque meanings; novelty; attempts to be vivid, fresh, pungent, and colorful.

2.1.4 The Creation of Slang

The formation slang word is no far different from how standard words come into being. To see the similarities below Culpeper (1997: 29) list some ways in which are formed:

a. By-affixation—adding affixer to form another word. Affixes are short element, which usually do not exist as words in their own right, but are tacked on to a root in order to form another word, e.g. undress, recall, harmonies, foolish. In slang, the word is reconstituted (to misinterpret a period of history).

b. Back formation—subtracting elements (often affixes) to form another word. For example, the word editor appeared before the word edit. In addition, the subtracting of the affix or gained the word edit, the verb describing what the editor did. In slang, the word is kicker (a person of a difficult temper, analogous to the act of kicking).

c. Compounding—combining words to form another word, for example, newborn in slang, the word is junk head (a drug-addict).

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- motor + hotel = motel; - breakfast + lunch = branch; - smoke + fog = smog.

In slang, the word is rugby + soccer = rugger (soccer played to rugby rules).

e. Functional conversion—using one part of speech as another. For example, consider to conversion of nouns into verbs: to hand in an assignment. In slang the word is to leg it.

f. Clips—shortening a longer word (usually by removing syllables, for example: pantaloons = pants, knickerbockers – knickers, and brassiere =

bra. In slang, the word is grad = graduate.

g. Acronyms—combining the initial letter of words or syllables. For example, TB = tuberculosis, TV = television, andDIY = do it yourself. In slang, the word is A.D. = a drink.

Although many slang words are created in those ways, but largely slang is produce by social forced rather than by an individual speaker or writer. Civilized society tends to divide into a dominant culture and various subcultures that flourish within the dominant framework. The subcultures show specialization linguistic phenomena, varying widely in form and content that depend on the nature of the groups and their relation to each other and to the dominant culture. The shock value of slang stems largely from the verbal transfer of the values of a subculture to diametrically opposed values in the dominant culture. Names such as fuzz, pig, fink, bull, and dick for policemen were not created by officers of the

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law. (The humorous “dickless tracy,” however, meaning a policewoman, was

coined by male policemen.)

Occupational groups are legion, and while in most respects they identify with the dominant culture, there is just enough social and linguistic hostility to maintain group solidarity. Terms such as scab, strike-breaker, company-man, and

goon were highly charged words in the era in which labor began to organize in the United States; they are not used lightly even today, though they have been taken into the standard language.

In addition to occupational and professional groups, there are many other types of subcultures that supply slang. These include sexual deviants, narcotic addicts, ghetto groups, institutional populations, agricultural sub societies, political organizations, and the armed forces, Gypsies, and sports groups of many varieties.

In criminal subcultures, pressure applied by the dominant culture intensifies the internal forces already at work, and the argot forming there emphasizes the values, attitudes, and techniques of the subculture. Criminal groups seem to evolve about this specialized argot, and both the subculture and its slang expressions proliferate in response to internal and external pressures.

2.1.5 Partridge’s Classifications of Slang

Partridge (1933: 27-30) divides slang according to the field where the slang is used. It can be seen as follows:

1. Cockney Slang, well known as the slang of Londoners. The term 'Cockney' rhyming slang is generally applied to the expansions to indicate the rhyming

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style; though arguably the term only applies to phrases used in the East End of London. This slang is characterized by a very pronounced accent. For example: the change of th to f or v, as in fing for thing, farver for farther; the vowel-sound change from ou to ah as in abhat for about; and the most marked change of vowel sound is that for ei for ai or ay as in dyly for daily. In this type, words are written in they way they are pronounced, like

wassap? for what’s up?.

2. Public-House Slang, the characteristics of slang terms on this type are cheery, materialistic, but not gross nor cynical, for example, boozer (a public-house), second liker (another drink, the same as the first), balloon-juice (soda-water), and pot o’bliss (a fine tall woman).

3. Workmen’s Slang, for example: brass, chips, dust, feathers, brads

(money); sheep’s foot (an iron hammer); Saint Monday (the favorite day of the week); out of collar, want an apron (out of work); screw (salary); get a sack (to be discharge), noisily talkative woman (church bell).

4. Tradesmen’s Slang; many of this type are now jargon, for example: bread basket (belly), coal up (to feed), take a trip (giving up a job), chuck a dummy (to faint), kick (to seek), real Kate (a kind matron).

5. The Slang of Commerce

;

the characteristic of this kind is to abbreviate the words, for example: deb. (debentures), ex div. (without the dividend), pref.

(preference stock), circs. (circumstances), com. (commercial traveler), sec.

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6. Publicity

,

characterized by catchy phrases and rhymes, for example: Don’t worry, use Sunlight (soap), That’s Kruschen feeling (Kruschen Salts),

Grateful and comporting (Epp’s cocoa).

7. Journalism, a little humor is desired here, for example: The thunderer (The Times), Mrs. Gamp (The Standard), fiery cross (warning of danger), jolly utter (intolerable), penny gush (exaggerated writing).

8. Literary Critics, for example: Balaam-box (to fill up spaces in newspaper),

blue roses (something unobtainable), forest of fools (the world),

lamartinism (goody-goody writing), not enough written (insufficiently polished in style), scripturience (the itch or rage for writing), sun-clear

(obvious).

9. Publishers and Printers

,

for example: mag (a magazine), O.P. (out of print), permanent pug (the door-porter), yellowbacks (cheap two shilling editions of novels), to ghost (to write), to vet (to revise), bitched (ruined),

bridges and no grasses (secret), codocity (stupidity), cod. (a fool), grasses

(shouted, said), T.O. (turn over).

10. The Law

,

for example: six and eight pence (a solicitor-whose fee used often to amount to that sum), ambidexter (one that take fees from both plaintiff and defendant), pettifogger (a little dirty attorney), crump (false witnesses), trounce (to punish by course of law).

11. Medicine

,

initials, abbreviations, and euphemism are the characteristics of this type, as the tendency of medical persons to clothe their actions, words, and prescriptions in mystery, for example: D.D.A. (the Dangerous Drug Act), C.S.M. (Cerebrospinal Meningitis), TB (tuberculosis), med.lab.

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12. The Church, for example: candle shop (a broad church), dolly worship

(Roman Catholic religion), holy joe (the shallow, circular-crowed hat worn by clergymen), taits (moderate clergymen).

13. Parliament and Politics, for example: cabbage garden patriots (cowards),

dish (to overcome), disguised public house (a workmen’s political club),

make all right (by promising to pay for a vote), old gang

(uncompromising), free breakfast table (free of duties), go on the dole (to receive unemployment benefit), to axe (to cut down expenses).

14. Public Schools and Universities

,

schools and universities are the important source of slang. Mostly because students seem to feel an imperative necessity to avoid everyday vocabularies like throw, put, run, etc. Rather, they will use we bashed, give a biff, we swatted, etc. This kind of slang is characterized by the addition of a hocus pocus syllable either to the beginning or the end of every word like cutie from cute and sweetie from

sweet. Another characteristic is the addition of suffix –er to every sot of word, as in fresher (freshman), Deaner (the Dean), brekker (breakfast),

leccer (lecture), eccer (exercise), canoer (cano), etc.

15. Society

,

novelty as leisure of society is the characteristics of this type. There arises a kind of special vocabulary, which is constantly changing with the changing of fashions. But this fashionable kind of slang can be understood easily. For example: jolly (cheer), dressed to kill (wearing

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16. Art

,

the artistic slang is fun. For example: artistic merit (a satirical way of saying that a portrait is flattering), signed all over (said of a good picture which instantly reveal its creator in every inch).

17. The Theater

,

characterized by apt and striking passage, for example: acting lady (an incapable actress), Early Turner (an inferior music-hall artist), tabs

(an ageing woman).

18. Sports and Games, many slang words from this type have already incorporated in standard speech, for example: bally (very large), do in (to risk), rot-funk (panic), sitter (an extremely easy catch), tapped (hit), heavily grassed (felled).

19. The Turf

,

this type is mostly about horse racing, for example: get right

(trod cure horse), lifter (a horse much given to kicking), tinman (a millionaire), up (riding), two-buckle horses (tubercular horses).

2.1.6 Slang as Language

Slang is used by all kinds of groups of people who share situations or interests. The group which uses these words is always in the minority, and often uses slang to set themselves apart or make it difficult for ordinary people to understand them. When a particular new expression is known and used by a large majority of the population, it is no longer slang, but part of the regular language or usage.

(27)

Slang fulfills at least two different functions, depending on whose point of view you take. For the groups that use slang, it is a way to set them apart, to express them in a distinct and individual way, and sometimes to keep secrets from being known by others. But for the society in general and the development of the language, slang performs another role. For the language, slang is like a linguistic laboratory, where new words and forms can be tested out, applied to a variety of situations, and then either abandoned or incorporated into the regular language. It is like a trial period for new words. If they allow people to say something that cannot be said using traditional language, and a majority of people accept them, then these words and expressions join their regular language.

Alfredo Niceforo (in Partridge, 1950: 6) even comprises all reason there could be on why people speak slang into 15, they are:

a. In sheer high spirit, in playfulness or waggishness. b. As an exercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humor. c. To be different, to be novel.

d. To be picturesque (either positively or negatively) e. To be unmistakably arresting, even startling. f. To escape from clichés, or to be brief and concise. g. To enrich the language.

h. To lend an air of solidity, concreteness, o the abstract.

i. (1) To lessen the sting of a refusal, a rejection, and a recantation; (2) To reduce the solemnity, the excessive seriousness of a conversation (or of piece of writing); (3) To soften the tragedy.

(28)

k. For ease of social intercourse (not to be confused or merged with the preceding).

l. To induce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or a durable kind (same remarks).

m. To show that one belongs to a certain school, trade or profession, artistic or intellectual set or social class.

n. To be secret.

o. Not to be understood by those around one.

2.1.7 Slang in Media

It is noteworthy that a huge proportion of current slang originates from just a few areas, such as sex, the gay scene, the drug scene and the music scene; all areas dominated by and important to adolescents and younger generations. Slang lives in the specialized media of the young, such as CD booklets, songs and video clips, magazines and Web sites. Through the media, young people enter fan communities where they learn to incorporate certain forms of English into both their speech and writing to show that they’re a part of youth culture. As a result, slang and related resources have become a global code for youth worldwide embedded in a local code — the national language. Words and phrases for groups or music styles (rapper, east coast, gangsta), music production (sampler, loops), or key cultural concepts (battle, freestyle, dissing, realness) are part and parcel of youth culture everywhere.

In magazines, as well as in other written media, this technique is also applied to attract the readers, in lyrics of songs also applied to attract the listeners.

(29)

Style in writing refers to strategy writers use to achieve certain effect. Woodman and Adler (1985: 217), Style is closely related the response the writer hopes to evoke in the reader.

2.1.8 Music

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2003: 818), Music is the science or art of succession, in combination, and in temporal relationship to produce a composition having unity and continuity; vocal, instrumental, or mechanical sounds having rhythm, melody, or harmony.

Hornby (1974: 557), Music is art of making pleasing combination of sounds in rhythm, harmony, and counterpoint; the sounds and composition so made; written and printed signs representing these sounds.

According to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), Music is a human expression in the medium of time using the structures of sounds or tones and silence. It is expressed in terms of pitch, rhythm, harmony, and timbre. Genres of music are blues, classical, country, dub, electronic, electronic dance, electronica, funk, gospel, hip hop, jazz, Latin American, melodic, pop, progressive rock, rapcore, reggae, rap, rhythm and blues rock, ska.

Furthermore, according to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), Rapping is the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes, wordplay, and poetry, one of the elements of hip hop music and culture. Rappers use double entendres, alliteration, and other forms of wordplay that are also found in classical poetry. Similes and metaphors are used extensively in rap lyrics.

(30)

According to Wikipedia (the free Encyclopedia, internet research), A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together') is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of notation, for interpretation and performance (which may be repeated an unlimited number of times) by other musicians. The composer is the author of the music. Sometimes hey create music according to their personal life and the choose words for lyrics according to their own language of their society. Slang usually appears in the lyrics of songs because of the influence of using daily or informal language and society where the composers themselves live. The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet.

Marshall Bruce Mathers III known as Slim Shady and his primary stage name Eminem, is an Academy Award and Grammy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor. Having sold eighty million albums worldwide, Eminem is one of the highest-selling rappers of all time.

2.2 Relevant Studies

I have consulted and read some information from some literatures and from previous researchers which are relevant to the topic to support the analysis. Some of them are quoted as follows:

Kreidler (1998) in “Introducing English Semantics” found that there are dimensions of meaning; anything meaningful in a language is a linguistic expression. Linguistics expressions may be of various lengths.

(31)

Partridge (1933) in “Slang Today and Yesterday” found that there are 19 divisions of slang. In this book the analysis of slang is according to the field where the slang is used. The 19 divisions of slang are: Cockney Slang, Public-House Slang, Workmen’s Slang, Tradesmen’s Slang, The Slang of Commerce, Publicity, Journalism, Literary Critics, Publishers and Printers, The Law, Medicine, The Church, Parliament and Politics, Public Schools and Universities, Society, Art, The Theater, Sports and Game, and The Turf.

Arikunto (2002) in “Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek” describes the methodology of research in social fields that can be follow in analyzing linguistics. There are methods of analysis data, methods of collecting data, population\and sample, etc.

Musdalifah (2004) in her thesis “A Semantic Analysis on the English Slang in Lyrics of Song”, after analyzing the data of her research found that there are no difficulties to find out the meaning of slang in the lyrics of songs, and the dominant slang words used in the lyrics was “fuck” which 19,67% and the words of slang most classify in Cockney Slang. This thesis is about classification of slang based on Dalzell and Partridge theory. This thesis gives benefit for me because I can follow the way she analyzed the songs.

Nasution (2007) in her thesis “A Semantic Analysis of the Use of Slang and Idioms as found in Backstreet Boy’s Album”, the results of the research are some idioms and slang are found in every lyric of songs; there were not too difficult to find out the idioms and slang words in the lyric; and the dominant idiom in the title song Weird World the total idioms as 13 (22,80%) and the

(32)

dominant slang in the title song My Beautiful Woman as 10 (26,31%). This thesis helps me in the method she analyzed the songs.

I conclude that I can follow some procedures that describes by the entire researcher in doing my thesis. In theoretical framework I used books from Charles W. Kreidler for semantics theory, Eric Partridge for slang theory, and Suharsimi Arikunto for methodology theory. In analyzing the data, I follow the procedures of analyzing which is used by Sri Handayani Nasution and Musdalifah in their thesis and method analysis of Arikunto Suharsimi.

(33)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

In this thesis, I apply library research to get supporting information related to the topic of analysis. Nawawi (1933: 30) states that: “Penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain.”

3.2 Population and Sample

3.2.1 Population

Arikunto (2002: 108) states that: “Populasi adalah keseluruhan subjek penelitian” Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation (in Arikunto, 2002: 108), A population is a set (or collection) of all elements possessing one or more attributes of interest.

In this thesis, the population is the lyrics of songs which are from Eminem’s album Curtain Call, released in 2005.

3.2.2 Sample

Arikunto (2002: 109), states that: “Sampel adalah sebagian atau wakil populasi yang diteliti.” I choose random sampling in this thesis. According to Arikunto (2002: 111),

“….di dalam pengambilan sampel, peneliti “mencampur” subjek-subjek di dalam populasi sehingga semua subjek dianggap sama. Dengan demikian maka peneliti memberi hak yang sama kepada setiap subjek untuk memperoleh kesempatan (chance) dipilih menjadi sampel.”

(34)

Furthermore, Arikunto (2002: 112), describes that

“….jika jumlah subjeknya besar dapat diambil antara 10-15% atau 20-25% atau lebih, tergantung setidak-tidaknya dari: (a) kemampuan peneliti dilihat dari waktu, tenaga, dan dana; (b) sempit luasnya wilayah pengamatan dari setiap subjek, karena hal ini menyangkut banyak sedikitnya data; dan (c) besar kecilnya risiko yang ditanggung oleh peneliti. Untuk penelitian yang risikonya besar, tentu saja jika sampel besar, hasilnya akan lebih baik.”

According to the theory above, there are 15 songs in Curtain Call, but only 10 songs will be the data sample (15 - 35% = 9,75), entitle: The Way I Am, My Name Is, Shake That, The Real Slim Shady, Guilty Conscience, Cleanin’ Out My Closet, Fack, Lose Yourself, Sing for the Moment, and When I’m Gone.

3.3 Method of Collecting Data

I apply documentation method in collecting the data. Arikunto (2002: 206), “Metode dokumentasi yaitu mencari data mengenai hal-hal atau variabel yang berupa catatan, transkrip, buku, surat kabar, majalah, prasasti, notulen rapat, lengger, agenda, dan sebagainya.”

In this thesis I consulted some literatures of semantics and slang such as books, dictionaries, and thesis.

3.4 Method of Analyzing Data

One of the essential scientific studies in analyzing problems is to have the method of analysis. The data will be analyzed by descriptive qualitative method.

Nazir (1985: 63), “Metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode dalam meneliti status sekelompok manusia, suatu ovjek, suatu set kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran ataupun suatu kelas peristiwa pada masa sekarang.” Furthermore, according to

(35)

Whitney, (in Nazir, 1960:160), “Metode deskriptif adalah pencarian fakta dengan interprestasi yang tepat.”

Arikunto (2002: 213) states that

“Dalam analisis data penelitian deskriptif, apabila datanya telah terkumpul, maka lalu diklasifikasikan menjadi dua kelompok data, yaitu data kuantitatif yang berbentuk angka-angka dan data kualitatif yang dinyatakan dalam kata-kata atau symbol. Data kualitatif yang berbentuk kata-kata tersebut disisihkan untuk sementara, karena akan sangat berguna untuk menyertai dan melengkapi gambaran yang diperoleh dari analisis data kuantitatif.”

The steps are as follow:

1. The lyrics of songs which browsed from the internet website will be read comprehensibly.

2. Every slang words which found in the lyric will be underlined.

3. The meaning of slang words will be described based on in the slang dictionary.

4. The slang words will be tabulated in tabulation data. 5. Dominant slang words will be identified in the lyrics.

6. The dominant slang will be calculated based on the following formula (Bungin, 2005: 171-172):

n =

N x



_{x 100}

Note: n = The percentage of the dominant slang = The dominant slang



N = The total number of slang

(36)

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis

After reading comprehensibly all the lyrics of Eminem’s songs in Curtain Call Album (10 songs) entitled: My Name Is, The Way I Am, Shake That, Cleanin’ Out My Closet, Guilty Conscience, The Real Slim Shady, When I’m Gone, Sing for the Moment, Lose Yourself, and Fack; which browsed and printed from the internet website (www.azlyrics.com) and found out the slang in the lyric of Eminem’s song, I tabulated the slang in tabulation data as follow:

Table 1: Slang found in “My Name Is”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

1 My Name Is wanna

wanna

fucked up

Basehead

Cause

piss off

Tits

Smacked

Grass

Ass

Bitch

C'mere

Fuck

piss off

Flunk

Smacked

Nuts

Dick

(37)

Rapper

Dude

Fuck

ain't

Fuck

C'mere

Gonna

ain't

Tits

Table 2: Slang found in “The Way I am”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

2 The Way I am beat up

Fuck

shut up

Weed

Shit

Bizarre

Shit

gettin'

eatin'

freaks out

eatin'

feedin'

motherfuckin'

Prick

liftin'

arguin'

‘Cause

Rotten

‘em

Fuck

Bullshit

(38)

Dude

gettin'

Rap

burnin'

gonna

pigeon-holed

pop-py

cocky

wigger

fuckin'

hood

‘til

grabbin'

tearin'

drivin'

racin'

pacin'

shit

standin'

‘cause

Table 3: Slang found in “Shake That”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

3 Shake That ass

bumpin'

grindin'

buzzed

fucked up

dick

fucked

shit

puke

(39)

bitch

shit

pussy

weed

ass

bitch

motherfucking

motherfuckers

‘em

ain't

ass

gonna

ass

‘cause

‘bout

butt

wanna

‘bout

fuck

ass

bitches

finna

butt

fuck

butt

bitch

freaky

freak

(40)

ass

c'mon

ass

c'mon

ass

‘bout

butt

wanna

poppin

bout

ass

bumpin'

grindin'

ain't

leavin'

bitch

Table 4: Slang found in “Cleanin’ Out My Closet”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

4 Cleanin' Out My Closet motherfuckin'

explodin'

‘em

goin'

takin'

nothin'

‘em

breathin'

kickin'

ass

mornin'

(41)

takin'

‘em

ya'

ain't

cleanin'

sellin'

faggot

fuckin'

leavin'

dumb

‘em

shit

y'all

cleanin'

diss

dissin'

witnessin'

poppin'

bitchin'

goin'

shits

missin'

‘til

ya'

gettin'

gonna

phoney

bitchin'

tellin'

bitch

fuckin'

shit

cleanin'

(42)

Table 5: Slang found in “Guilty Conscience”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

5 Guilty Conscience shit

gotta

motherfuckin'

gaffle

cribs

damn

fuck

shit

bitch

shit

fuck

bitch

fuck

shit

c'mon

gonna

shit

kissin'

smearin'

gotta

bitch

fuck

bitch

ain't

shit

wanna

hauled off

fuck

shit

bail

fuck

braethin'

fuck

(43)

cheatin'

dude

tryin'

fuck

slittin'

bitch

shit

dick

wanna

gonna

what'chu

I'ma

motherfucker

comin'

outta

y'all

fuck

gonna

‘cause

fuck

sayin'

‘em

Table 6: Slang found in “The Real Slim Shady”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

6 The Real Slim Shady gonna

y'all

whoopin'

ass

throwin'

walkin'

grabbin'

flippin'

goin'

wanna

bum

(44)

ain't

hump

‘cause

gotta

raps

fuck

damn

bitch

blast

cuss

fuck

‘cause

givin'

y'all

gotta

shit

rappers

‘cause

goin'

nursin'

pinchin'

ass

jackin'

lurkin'

parkin'

fuck

outta

‘cause

(45)

Table 7: Slang found in “When I’m Gone”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

7 When I'm Gone gotta

ain't

gonna

gotta

pushin'

ain't

withcha

fuckin'

cuz

‘em

leavin'

‘em

screamin'

rap

cock

pop

ringin'

singin'

Table 8: Slang found in “Sing for the Moment”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

8 Sing for the Moment fuckin'

walkin'

whacked

talkin'

do-rags

c'mon

changin'

intertwinin'

(46)

homie

‘cause

mothafucka

fuck

standin'

rappin'

havin'

kissin'

ass

dime

wanna

listenin'

signin'

fuckin'

shit

fuck

c'mon

cock

dude

totin'

‘cause

shit

cool

knowin'

protectin'

shit

affectin'

fucked up

ain't

fuckin'

rap

shit

till

wishin'

(47)

nothin'

fuckin'

shit

‘cause

c'mon

Table 9: Slang found in “Lose Yourself”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

9 Lose Yourself slip

forgettin'

choking

snap

Rabbit

choked

dope

schmoe

dove

nada

I'ma

motherfucking

stepwritin'

‘cause

goddam

wanna

motherfucking

Table 10: Slang found in “Fack”

No. SONG TITLE SLANG

10 Fack damn

gonna

facckin'

cum

(48)

fack

fuck

cum

cumming

shit

bitch

damn

dick

bitch

cum

fucks

fuck

gonna

cum

rubbers

fuckin'

fuck

gonna

fucking

fack

gonna

fucking

cum

damn

gonna

facckin'

cum

shit

fack

Fack fack

fack

cum

cumming

fucking

hot

(49)

hot

wanna

facking

fack

fuck

fack

facking

freak

freaky

horny

fuckin'

babe

wanna

fack damn

gonna

cum

damn

gonna

facckin'

cum

shit

fack

cum

cumming

ain't

gonna

cum

ass

gay

boobs

(50)

boobs

tube

butt

asshole

cumming

fack

fuck

stuck

fucking

damn

gonna

facckin'

cum

shit

fack

cum

cumming

ass

tube

ass

tube

ass

tube

ass

tube

4.2 Findings

After found out the slang in each lyric of 10 songs, I will tabulated the total of slang each song as follows:

(51)

Table 11: Total Slang in Each Song

No.

Song Title

Slang

1 My Name Is 28

2 The Way I am 48

3 Shake That 71

4 Cleanin' Out My Closet 48

5 Guilty Conscience 58

6 The Real slim Shady 47

7 When I'm Gone 21

8 Sing for the Moment 57

9 Lose Yourself 17

10 Fack 111

Total

506

I describe the meaning of slang based on slang dictionary and calculated the total slang in the tabulation data below:

Table 12: Total Slang and Meaning

NO. SLANG TOTAL MEANING

1 wanna 11 want to

2 fucked up 3

(Taboo; usually objectionable) Ruined, broken; distressed, mentally disturbed.

3 basehead 1

Someone who is using free base, a form of cocaine; someone who is on drug.

4 cause 15 because

5 piss off 2 Indignation; angry, upset or depressed

6 tits 2

A woman's breast

An imbecile, an objectionable person. A push-button

7 smacked 2

A blow; a slap; to kiss; on the drug heroin, or occasionally, just generally on drugs.

8 grass 1

Drugs; An informer; Marijuana; To inform (on), betray.

9 ass 31

The buttocks; An objectionable person; A mistake, a poor job; Expressing anger or frustration.

A contemptible woman; A woman.

Derog/Offens; A girlfriend. Derog/Offens;

(52)

complains.

11 c'mere 2 come here

12 fuck 28

To copulate.

To tire out, to break, to ruin, to destroy. Sexual intercourse.

An exclamation of annoyance, frustration or surprise.

13 flunk 1

to fail an examination, to give a student failing grade

14 nuts 1

(Taboo, usually objectionable) the testicles; To head butt.

An insane or eccentric person; Derog

15 dope 2

A stupid person. Derived from dopey; General term for a narcotic drug; Excellent, great. 16 rapper 2 a person who converses and chats

17 dude 4 a man; fellow; a dapper man; a male friend; a guy

18 ain't 12

am not; is not; are not; has not; have not; was not; were not; does not; do not

19 gonna 19 going to

20 beat up 1 visibly worn; shabby 21 shut up 1 to be quite

22 weed 2

tobacco; a ciggarette; a marijuana ciggarette (drugs)

23 shit 29

Faeces; An act of defecation; A contemptible person; Rubbish, nonsense, a bad thing; Cannabis or marijuana; Miscellaneous items.

An exclamation of frustration or anger.

24 mc 1 a master of ceremony

25 bizarre 1 an entertainer; veteran of show business

26 gettin' 3 getting

27 eatin' 2 eating

28 feedin' 1 feeding

29 motherfuckin' 6 nasty; accursed; disgusting

30 prick 1

a disable person; especially a man; obnoxious wretch (bastard;; asshole)

31 liftin' 2 lifting

32 arguin' 2 arguing

33 rotten 1 nasty; deplorable; inept and bungled

34 em 12 them

35 bullshit 1

nonsense; pretentious talk; bold and deceitful absurdities; rubbish, egocentric boasting; To lie, fib.

(53)

36 rap 6 repartee; to chat a rap song

37 tearin' 1 tearing

38 drivin' 2 driving

39 burnin' 1 burning

40 pigeon-holed 1 to classify; identify

41 pop-py 1

Money; resembling "pop music" rather than rock 'n roll

42 cocky 1

a friend; crazy; all wrong; weird; the penis (Taboo, usually objectionable)

43 wigger 1

A white person who so admires Black culture, lifestyle and fashions, that they adopt aspects of it for themselves.

44 fuckin' 12

An act of sexual intercourse; A general intensifier.

45 hood 1 neighborhood

46 till 4 until

47 grabbin' 2 grabbing

48 racin' 1 racing

49 pacin' 1 pacing

50 standin' 2 standing

51 explodin' 1 exploding

52 goin' 4 going

53 takin' 2 taking

54 nothin' 2 nothing

55 breathin' 2 breathing

56 kickin' 1 kicking

57 mornin' 1 morning

58 an' 1 and

59 ya' 2 you

60 cleanin' 6 cleaning

61 sellin' 1 selling

62 faggot 1

A repellent male; A homosexual male. Derog. On the gay scene meaning a 'camp' effeminate male homosexual.

63 leavin' 3 leaving

64 dumb 1

stupid; mentally sluggish; A stupid, slow-witted person.

65 y'all 4 you all

66 diss 1 to show disrespect; insult by slighting

(54)

68 witnessin' 1 witnessing

69 poppin' 2 popping; to kill someone's

70 bitchin' 2 prostitutes

71 missin' 1 missing

72 phoney 1 not real or genuine; false; fake

73 tellin' 1 telling

74 bumpin' 2 bumping

75 grindin' 4 grinding

76 buzzed 1 a thrill

77 dick 3

(Taboo, usually objectionable) the penis; A contemptible person.

78 fucked 1 fuck; to curse; to copulate with someone

79 puke 1 To vomit.

80 chunks 1 Attractive; Mainly teen speak.

81 pussy 1

The female genitals, alluding to the inclusion of the pubic hairs; Women/woman, viewed as sexual objects.

A cat. {Informal}; A feeble or weak willed person.

82 motherfucker 2

(Taboo, usually objectionable) a detestable person; bastard; as admirable or prodigious person

83 bout 6 about

84 butt 5 the buttocks; rump; ass

85 bitches 1 prostitutes

86 finna 2 find

87 freaky 2 strange; eccentric

88 freak 2 strange; eccentric

89 c'mon 11 come on

90 gotta 7 going to

91 gaffle 1 to steal something

92 cribs 1

a location where thieves gather to plot; a dwelling for thieves, prostitutes, etc.; house.

93 damn 8

to curse; nothing, very little, an exclamation of disappointment; irritation; frustration, etc.

94 kissin' 2 Kissing

95 smearin' 1 Smearing

96 hauled off 1 to launch an attack; to arrest someone

97 bail 1

To get free of someone or something; to resign or leave.

(55)

98 cheatin' 1 Cheating

99 tryin' 1 Trying

100 slittin' 1 Slitting

101 what'chu 1 what you

102 I'ma 2 I am

103 comin' 1 Coming

104 outta 3 out of

105 sayin' 1 Saying

106 whoopin' 1 Whooping

107 throwin' 1 Throwing

108 walkin' 2 Walking

109 flippin' 1 Flipping

110 bum 2 the buttocks

111 hump 1

To move or go; slog; To copulate. The word implies a certain insensitive awkwardness To shift something awkwardly; Sexual intercourse; A bad mood.

112 blast 1 an exciting party; a thrill; a verbal attack

113 cuss 1 because; cousin

114 givin' 1 Giving

115 nursin' 1 Nursing

116 pinchin' 1 Pinching

117 jackin' 1 jacking; exciting; upset; to meddle with 118 lurkin' 1 lurking; to ride about looking for sex partners

119 parkin' 1 Parking

120 pushin' 1 Pushing

121 withcha 1 with you

122 cuz 1 Because

123 screamin' 1 Screaming

124 cock 2

(Taboo, usually objectionable) the penis; vagina; A term of address, usually affectionate

Rubbish, nonsense.

125 pop 1 shoot someone with gun

126 ringin' 1 Ringing

127 singin' 1 Singing

128 whacked 1

tired out; exhausted; ugly; messed up; freak; crazy; strange; worn out. {Informal}

129 talkin' 2 Talking

(56)

131 cool 1

ok; relax; good; excellent; unabashed, unruffled; smooth

132 do-rags 1 a cloth or scarf worn over; a processed hair do

133 knowin' 1 Knowing

134 protectin' 1 Protecting

135 changin' 1 Changing

136 intertwinin' 1 Intertwining

137 havin' 1 Having

138 listenin' 1 Listening

139 signin' 1 Signing

140 affectin' 1 Affecting

141 gangsta 1

showing the rapacious, violent, and misogynistic values of street gangs; a criminal; a rap style

142 homie 1

a close friend or a fellow town person; buddy; home boy.

143 mothafucka 1 Motherfucker

144 dime 1 a thousand dollar; five dollars marijuana packet 145 totin' 1 toting; the drinking party

146 wishin' 1 Wishing

147 slip 1 to give; to lose one's competence or touch decline

148 forgettin' 1 Forgetting

149 choking 1

having to do with overly diluted drugs; to panic before or during a test

150 snap 1 a snapshot; to go crazy, an everything to do 151 Rabbit 1 to run away fast; escape in a hurry

152 chocked 1

having to do with overly diluted drugs; to panic before or during a test

153 schmoe 1 a foolish and naïve person usually a male

154 dove 1

someone who supports a peace-seeking U.S defense policy; 20 dollars marijuana

155 nada 1 nothing; none

156 stepwritin' 1 step writing

157 goddam 1 Accursed; nasty; wretched.

158 facckin' 4

A general intensifier. An act of sexual

intercourse. An exclamation similar to 'fuck!' (Exclamation).

159 cum 13 orgasm; come

160 fack 24

(Taboo, usually objectionable) fuck; to curse; To copulate; To tire out, to break, to ruin, to destroy. An exclamation of annoyance, frustration or

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surprise. Sexual intercourse. A contemptible person. A sexual partner.

161 cumming 5 Coming

162 horny 1

sexual excited and desirous; keenly amorous; lustful; hot

163 rubbers 1 Drunk, intoxicated

164 babe 1

Baby; honey; dear; Usually applied to a young attractive female but also said with reference to males. An affectionate form of address.

165 gay 1

A male; A homosexual male and occasionally used for such females. The word, once

derogatory, has been reclaimed by the 'gay' community and is an accepted term for homosexuals. However the term is still heard used in a pejorative sense. 'Gay' is now considered standard English. Homosexual in nature. General disparaging term.

166 boobs 3

a woman breast; a stupid person; Breasts. Can be used singularly, as boob; A mistake.

167 tube 5

Television; a television set; A contemptible or idiotic person.

168 fucking 5

A general intensifier; An act of sexual

intercourse; An exclamation similar to 'fuck!' (Exclamation).

169 hot 2 A sexual desire

170 asshole 1

A despised person; bastard; shit head; a worthless and annoying person; An idiot, contemptible person. The anus.

171 stuck 1 Conceited, snobbish.

172 facking 2

(Taboo, usually objectionable) fucking; A general intensifier.

An act of sexual intercourse.

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Table 12 above shown the dominant word of slang was ass. So the total number as

followed: n = N



_{x 100} n =

506 31

x100 = 6,13 %

Note: n = the percentage of the dominant slang = the dominant slang



N = the total number of slang

After I calculated the dominant slang in the lyrics, I will classify the slang based on Partridge’s classification on the tabulation as follow:

Table 13: Dominant Slang Based on Partridge’s Classification

NO. SLANG SLANG CLASSIFICATION

1 wanna Cockney

2 fucked up Society

3 basehead Society

4 cause Cockney

5 piss off Society

6 tits Society

7 smacked Society

8 grass Society

9 ass Society

10 bitch Society

11 c'mere Cockney

12 fuck Society

13 flunk Society

14 nuts Society

15 dope Society

16 rapper Art

17 dude workmen's slang

18 ain't Cockney

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20 beat up Society

21 shut up Society

22 weed Society

23 shit Society

24 mc the slang of commerce

25 bizarre public house slang

26 gettin' Cockney

27 eatin' Cockney

28 feedin' Cockney

29 motherfuckin' Cockney

30 prick Society

31 liftin' Cockney

32 arguin' Cockney

33 rotten Society

34 ‘em Cockney

35 bullshit Society

36 rap Art

37 tearin' Cockney

38 drivin' Cockney

39 burnin' Cockney

40 pigeon-holed Society

41 pop-py public school and universities

42 cocky public school and universities

43 wigger public school and universities

44 fuckin' Cockney

45 hood Society

46 ‘till Cockney

47 grabbin' Cockney

48 racin' Cockney

49 pacin' Cockney

50 standin' Cockney

51 explodin' Cockney

52 goin' Cockney

53 takin' Cockney

54 nothin' Cockney

55 breathin' Cockney

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57 mornin' Cockney

58 an' Cockney

59 ya' Cockney

60 cleanin' Cockney

61 sellin' Cockney

62 faggot Society

63 leavin' Cockney

64 dumb Society

65 y'all Cockney

66 diss Society

67 dissin' Cockney

68 witnessin' Cockney

69 poppin' Cockney

70 bitchin' Cockney

71 missin' Cockney

72 phoney public schools and universities

73 tellin' Cockney

74 bumpin' Cockney

75 grindin' Cockney

76 buzzed Tradesmen's slang

77 dick Society

78 fucked Society

79 puke Society

80 chunks Society

81 pussy Society

82 motherfucker Society

83 ‘bout Cockney

84 butt Society

85 bitches Society

86 finna Cockney

87 freaky public schools and universities

88 freak Society

89 c'mon Cockney

90 gotta Cockney

91 gaffle Society

92 cribs Society

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94 kissin' Cockney

95 smearin' Cockney

96 hauled off Tradesmen's slang

97 bail Society

98 cheatin' Cockney

99 tryin' Cockney

100 slittin' Cockney

101 what'chu Cockney

102 I'ma Cockney

103 comin' Cockney

104 outta Cockney

105 sayin' Cockney

106 whoopin' Cockney

107 throwin' Cockney

108 walkin' Cockney

109 flippin' Cockney

110 bum Society

111 hump Society

112 blast Society

113 cuss Cockney

114 givin' Cockney

115 nursin' Cockney

116 pinchin' Cockney

117 jackin' Cockney

118 lurkin' Cockney

119 parkin' Cockney

120 pushin' Cockney

121 withcha Cockney

122 cuz Cockney

123 screamin' Cockney

124 cock Society

125 pop Art

126 ringin' Cockney

127 singin' Cockney

128 whacked Society

129 talkin' Cockney

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131 cool Society

132 do-rags Society

133 knowin' Society

134 protectin' Cockney

135 changin' Cockney

136 intertwinin' Cockney

137 havin' Cockney

138 listenin' Cockney

139 signin' Cockney

140 affectin' Cockney

141 gangsta Society

142 homie public schools and universities

143 mothafucka Society

144 dime public house slang

145 totin' Cockney

146 wishin' Cockney

147 slip Society

148 forgettin' Cockney

149 choking Society

150 snap Society

151 Rabbit public house slang

152 chocked Society

153 schmoe Society

154 dove workmen's slang

155 nada Cockney

156 stepwritin' Cockney

157 goddam Society

158 facckin' Cockney

159 cum Cockney

160 fack Cockney

161 cumming Cockney

162 horny public schools and universities 163 rubbers public schools and universities

164 babe public schools and universities

165 gay Society

166 boobs public house slang

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168 fucking Society

169 hot Society

170 asshole Society

171 stuck Society

172 facking Cockney

From the table above shown that based on Partridge’s classification, “Cockney Slang” is the majority existed or found in those lyric of songs which is 91.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

After analyzing the data, the conclusion of this research are drawn as follow:

1. Slang is found in every lyric of songs.

2. It is not too difficult to find out the slang in the lyric of songs. 3. The dominant slang used in the lyrics was “ass” which 6,13 %.

4. Based on Partridge’s classification “Cockney Slang” is the majority existed or found in those lyric of songs.

Based on the result above, I assume it is important to study and to understand meaning of slang. I found that slang has a relation in studying meaning in Linguistics fields especially Semantics.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

Slang is interesting to be studied and to be analyzed especially in the lyrics of songs. Slang has been part of daily conversation to help convey message especially by young people and students. So, I would like to suggest to the reader especially students of English Literature Department to analyze the meaning of slang in other literary works such as novel, poem, drama, film, etc.

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131 cool Society

132 do-rags Society

133 knowin' Society

134 protectin' Cockney

135 changin' Cockney

136 intertwinin' Cockney

137 havin' Cockney

138 listenin' Cockney

139 signin' Cockney

140 affectin' Cockney

141 gangsta Society

142 homie public schools and universities

143 mothafucka Society

144 dime public house slang

145 totin' Cockney

146 wishin' Cockney

147 slip Society

148 forgettin' Cockney

149 choking Society

150 snap Society

151 Rabbit public house slang

152 chocked Society

153 schmoe Society

154 dove workmen's slang

155 nada Cockney

156 stepwritin' Cockney

157 goddam Society

158 facckin' Cockney

159 cum Cockney

160 fack Cockney

161 cumming Cockney

162 horny public schools and universities 163 rubbers public schools and universities 164 babe public schools and universities

165 gay Society

166 boobs public house slang

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168 fucking Society

169 hot Society

170 asshole Society

171 stuck Society

172 facking Cockney

From the table above shown that based on Partridge’s classification, “Cockney Slang” is the majority existed or found in those lyric of songs which is 91.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

After analyzing the data, the conclusion of this research are drawn as follow:

1. Slang is found in every lyric of songs.

2. It is not too difficult to find out the slang in the lyric of songs. 3. The dominant slang used in the lyrics was “ass” which 6,13 %.

4. Based on Partridge’s classification “Cockney Slang” is the majority existed or found in those lyric of songs.

Based on the result above, I assume it is important to study and to understand meaning of slang. I found that slang has a relation in studying meaning in Linguistics fields especially Semantics.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS

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