Methods for organochlorine insecticides analyses in soil, water, plants and their monitoring
4. Methods for organochlorine insecticides analyses in soil, water, plants and their monitoring
4.1. Quantitative determination of organochlorine insecticide residues by GC- ECD and GC-MS techniques
For qualitative and quantitative organochlorine insecticides determination in soil two methods for multi-residues analyses have been applied: gas-chromatography with electron
112 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay
capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas-chromatography with mass spectrometer detector (GC- MS). Standard stock solution of 1000 mg/L (19 organochlorine insecticides) has been prepared from which dilutions up to 1 mg/L were made.
Standards solutions for calibration curve were prepared in the range of 0.025 mg/L –
0.5 mg/L with intermediate points of 0.05; 0.1 and 0.25 mg/L, and were injected into GC- ECD.
No. crt. Organochloride insecticide Retention time (minute)
1. HCB
2. Lindane ( لا -HCH) 11.57
9. α - endosulfane
10. β - endosulfane
11. Endosulfan sulfate
12. pp’- DDD
13. pp’- DDT
14. pp’- DDE
Table 5. Retention time of organochlorine insecticides from mixture Since at these retention times some interferences from also soil can occur, a second GC-MSD
method has been tested, being reccomended and frequently used in pesticides residue analyses. In this context, standard solutions were prepared for 11 organochlorine insecticides in the range of 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L and were injected into GC-MS.
For the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues from stock solution of 1000 mg/L containing 19 organochlorine pesticides a set of intermediate solutions has been prepared having the following concentrations: 0.05; 0.1 and 0.25 mg/L. After injection into GC-MS autosampler the calibration curves for organochlorine insecticides were obtained.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of insecticides in water and plant samples is performed by GC-MS technique in the similar conditions as for soil sample analyses.
New Trends in Pesticide Residues Control and Their Impact on Soil Quality and Food Safety 113
Nr. crt. Organochloride insecticide
Retention time (minute)
Specific ions
1. HCB
2. Lindan ( لا -HCH) 10.41 181, 219
9. α - endosulfan
10. β - endosulfan
11. Endosulfansulfat
12. pp’- DDD
13. pp’- DDT
14. pp’- DDE
Table 6. Retention times and specific mass for ions detected
Methods of organochlorine insecticides analyses in SOIL
from PLANTS Extraction Purification
from WATER
Extraction
Cleaning
Extraction Cleaning
For both extraction Static extraction methods the same - in a mixture of purification method acetone-hexane was used with
water being a
for plant 1:1.
with
silicagel 60, having
simple
samples Dynamic
petroleum
particle size of 63 – 200
matrix, there with
the liquid- extraction
ether or
µm.
is no need the acetone/
liquid - a mixture of
hexane 5:1
The recovery rate of
cleaning of
water 1:2.
cleaning acetone,
in water as
first extraction
organic
is enough. petroleum ether, procedure is between
solvent.
extract.
methylene 40-60%, and in the chloride 1:1:1.
dynamic extraction is between 70-90%.
Table 7. Multiresidual analysis methods for organochlorine analyses in soil water and plants
114 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay
4.2. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and water
4.2.1. Transfer and translocation
A study was performed in Arges River area, Romania, regarding the presence, persistency and accumulation of these organochlorine insecticides in surface water samples, underground water samples (drills), soil samples (0 – 10 cm; 10 – 20 cm; 40 – 60 cm) and vegetable plants (cabbage-fruit and tomatoes – for endosulfane).
Water samples extraction is done by direct contact with dichloromethane, after drying the sample with sodium sulfate hydricum. Cleaning was done on celite column with hexane.
In underground water samples very small concentration levels have been detected, below those which might affect the human health, as one can see in the following tables:
Sample Lindan
P1 0.050 0.041 0.053 0.039 P2 0.054 0.033
Table 8. Organochlorine concentration levels in surface water (µg/L)
P1 0.005 0.006 0.002 0.010 P2 0.007 0.008
Table 9. Organochlorine concentration levels in undergroundwater (µg/L)
Layer depth Sample
alfa-endosulfan DDT (cm)
Lindan
Aldrin
0.120 P1
40 - 60
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.127 P2
40 - 60
nd
nd
nd
nd
New Trends in Pesticide Residues Control and Their Impact on Soil Quality and Food Safety 115
Layer depth Sample
DDT (cm)
nd - nedetectabil Table 10. Organochlorine concentration levels in soil (mg/kg)
4.3. The accumulation of studied insecticides in vegetables as effect of treatments with endosulfane on soil and plants
In order to follow the persistency and accumulation of endosulfane residues in cabbage and tomatoes controlled treatments with Thionex 3I CE have been applied in concentration of 0.2 mg/kg for cabbage and tomatoes, 20 days before harvesting.
At each sampling period a number of 5 units of cabbage-fruit and 1 kg of tomatoes were taken. For each sampling period 3 samples were analysed, and average values are presented in the tables below.
Residue în mg/kg Days after treatment (no.)
Residue în mg/kg
(average values)
(average values)
Table 11. Degradation dynamics of endosulfane insecticide in cabbage and tomatoes Treatments were applied to soil with Chinese cabbage and radish crops, in small plants
phase, protected crops, in dose of 1.8 mg/kg (ppm) (lower dose) and 18 mg/kg (ppm) (upper dose). A chromatogram of a mixture of organo-chlorinated insecticides including endosulfan and its isomers has been registered.
Determination of endosulfane and its congeners content was done at harvest in leaves and root for radish, in fruit for cabbage and in soil.
116 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay
Residue mg/kg
Year Doze (ppb)
α- endosulfan
β- endosulfan Endosulfan-sulfat
Residue mg/kg
Year (ppb)
β- endosulfan Endosulfan-sulfat 1800
α- endosulfan
Residue mg/kg
Doze Endosulfan- (ppb)
α- endosulfan
β- endosulfan
* =1800 ppb- lower doze; ** = 18000 ppb- upper doze Table 12. Concentration of endosulfane in cabbage and radish
Reffering to endosulfane accumulation at smaller dose there are no differences between the
3 congeners, both in leaves and in root. In case of upper dose it might be remarked the difference between the accumulation level in root comparing to the level from leaves.
The biggest amounts were detected in case of endosulfane-sulfate congener.
Dose
Residue mg/kg
Year (ppb)
Endosulfan-sulfat 2003 1800 (low)
α- endosulfan
β- endosulfan
Residue mg/kg
Year (ppb)
Endosulfan-sulfat 2003 18000 (high)
α- endosulfan
β- endosulfan
Table 13. Persistency of endosulfane residue in soil cultivated with cabbage and radish Accumulation level of endosulfane insecticide in the cabbage soil crop was surveyed only at
lower dose, while for radish crop only at higher dose. The results show for cabbage crop the presence in quantifiable levels of all 3 congeners.
New Trends in Pesticide Residues Control and Their Impact on Soil Quality and Food Safety 117
These results indicate the necessity of a very good control on long persistency pesticide use. The most frequent cases of environmental factors pollution are are caused by ignorance, negligence and improper use of pesticides.
The results show that the accumulation of these pollutants in soil, plants and underground waters is influenced by chemical structure of compound, and physico-chemical properties of soil as well.
The monitoring of organochlorine insecticide residues in soil and water was carried out in samples from the same area. The distribution of organochlorine insecticide residues in the four soil layers is different, in the upper layer being more than 80% from total toxic content, while for the last layer the toxic values are below detection limit.
Determination made for persistency and accumulation level in different vegetables of organochlorine insecticide residues of endosulfane type indicate preferential accumulation in root and less in leaves.