CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of four parts. Those are the theory of critical approach to literature, the theory of motivation, the theory of Chinese Beliefs, and
theoretical framework. The theory of critical approach to literature discusses the psychological approach to literature and the sociocultural-historical approach to
literature. Theory of motivation explains the psychological aspects of human related to the character’s motivation in the novel. After that the writer employs the
theory of Chinese Beliefs that are obeyed by the Chinese-American. In this study, the writer also provides some data on Chinese-American in United States. The last
is the theoretical framework which the writer reveals the application of the theory to answer the research questions stated in problem formulation.
2.1. Theory of Critical Approach to Literature
The reading process of literary works produces within the readers an array of responses, taking the form of questions, statements, opinions, and feelings
evoked by text. This process will lead to the discussion process in literary works. However, the readers need to comprehend the objective analysis in the form of
formal literary criticism. By mastering the concepts of formal literary criticism, the readers can become critical readers who are able to understand and articulate
their own reactions and those of others to any text Bressler 4.
10 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
According to Rohrberger and Woods 3–15, there are two kinds of approach to literary works. The first approach is impressionist approach. It refers
to subjective responses to literary works. The readers response based on their feeling. The second approach is the critical approach. It refers to objective
responses to literary works. In the literary research, the researcher applies critical approach to comprehend the literary works deeply. The critical approach is
categorized into five approaches. The first is The Formalist Approach. This approach focuses on the
importance to comprehend the total integrity of the literary object. The esthetic value is the main concern. This approach tries to demonstrate the harmonious
involvement of all the parts to the whole by pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine structure. The extreme
formalist critics merely the literary work without reference to the fact of the author’s life, the genre of the places in which the literary object was created, and
reference to its social milieu. The second approach is The Biographical Approach. This approach is used
when we want an appreciation of the idea and personality of the author to an understanding the literary work. The critics of this approach emphasize that a
work of art is a reflection of a personality. Therefore, they attempt to learn as much as possible about the life and development of the author and to apply the
knowledge to understand the literary work. It can be denied that biographical material provides useful facts that could put the reader in a better position to
understand and appreciate the literary work. 11
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