Theory on Personality and Personality Development

that a person does is culturally determined. This powerful influence of culture has attained maximum effect. Frustrations and negative feelings often occur as they face cultural rules and expectations. The significance of a culture in determining behavior is seen in the concept of ‘social clocks’. Not only culturally determined behavior become a part of the individual in certain time Corsini, 1994: 369. Second is social class. Social classes, whether lower class or upper class, working class or professional, also has an important role in shaping our personality. Social class factors help people to determine their own status, the roles they perform, the duties they are bound to, and the privileges they enjoy. These factors influence how individuals see themselves and how they recognize members of other social classes. The same as cultural factors, social factors also influence the way people define situations and the way they respond to them 1997: 11. All known societies have some type of stratification system that represents the hierarchical arrangement of status, prestige, resources, privileges, and power within society. Social classes are the relatively homogenous groupings that share similar levels of status and resources in the stratification system. Each class tends to develop its own ideology and social norms. As a result, social classes may differ on characteristics ranging from parenting style to political ideas. Third is family. Parents may be warm and loving or hostile and rejecting, overprotective or possessive or aware of their children’s need for freedom and autonomy. Parents may also influence their children’s behavior through three ways; through their own behavior, they serve as role models for identification, and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI they selectively reward behavior. Home or family is a person primary environment from the day he was born until the day he dies. While it may change over the years, marriage, divorce, death, and birth of new members, the family unit and pattern of living that meets the needs of its members remain relatively constant. Directly, the family influences come from identification, from unconscious imitation of attitudes, behavior patterns, and from the mirror image of self one develops by viewing oneself through the eyes of family members 1997: 12. According to Kalish in his book The Psychology of Human Behavior states that family’s influence could be observed in these both direct and indirect influences. i Direct influence The direct influence came from the child training methods which were used by the parents to shape the personality patterns or form communication of interesting attitudes and values between family members. Parents might direct their children to adapt to their new situations and told them to behave well towards people or other living thing around him 1974: 352. ii Indirect influence The indirect influence came from the identification with the family members whom the children admire, respect, and love. It also came from people whom the children either consciously or unconsciously imitate. It happened commonly during early years of life when the children were still in young ages. Children might easily imitate their parents whom they were constantly associated with 1974: 353. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The last environmental determinant is peer environment. Sometimes we find that people from the same family have different personality. It is because they have different experiences outside home 1997: 13. Someone’s experience can be in the past or in the present and the experience itself can be good or bad. The past time experience which can influence someone’s personality can be the traumatic one, such as being a victim of sexual abuse or facing a horrible event like world war. Variety of traumatic experiences may leave their impressions on a child’s future development. Freud in Pervin and John’s Personality Theory and Research 7 th edition states that one’s early events in life are important for his personality development 1997: 104. People might find that the effects of traumatic experiences are different from one to another. It is because those effects depend on personal characteristic. However, the role of early experiences might also depend on the intensity of particular experiences, their duration, and the level to which contradictory experiences occurred earlier and later. Besides influencing someone’s personality, past experiences are also influencing someone’s behavior. Someone’s present behavior can be influenced by experiences in the remote past or the recent past, and those experiences might have long lasting effects in shaping someone’s personality 1997: 107. In this study, the writer will use those theories of personality and personality development to analyze Bill Macneil’s personality development and what aspects of environmental determinant which influences his personality development. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Theoretical Framework

In the previous chapter, there are three problems to analyze in order to discuss the personality development of the character Bill Macneil in Jack Seward’s The Macneils of Tokyo. The first problem formulation is about the characteristics of Bill Macneil. In order to answer this question, the theories of character and characterization are used to describe Bill Macneil’s character. The theories of personality and personality development will be used to analyze Bill Macneil’s personality development and to identify the aspects of environmental determinant that influences his personality development.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of Study

The novel is written by Jack Seward entitled The Macneils of Tokyo. It consists of 34 chapters and one chapter of prologue and epilogue. In the novel the author presents the story in 247 pages. It was published in 2000 by Tuttle Publishing Boston. The Macneils of Tokyo is a novel of intrigue, romance, and adventure in World War II Japan and China, is a lively continuation of Jack Seward’s acclaimed novel The Macneils of Nagasaki. Treading the fine line between historical fiction and historical interpretation, Seward follows the Macneil family, long established in Japan, through the World War II fires of conflicting loyalties and allegiances, duties and desires, violence and destruction. In Seward’s biography, the author of the Macneils of Tokyo, Jack Seward an American who lives in Japan for 55 years, has written 44 books, including textbooks, novels, travel guides, and cultural commentaries on Japan. In 1986, the Emperor of Japan awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class, for a lifetime of contribution to Japanese-American friendship. The story is started when Bill Macneil, an American who is born and spends most his time in Japan, has a terrible incident. The Japanese soldier rapes his childhood’s lover, Ellen Wood. After the incident, Bill thinks only about revenge towards the Japanese. He hates the Japanese although he has born and spends most of his time in Japan. After the United States declares war against 20 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Japan in World War II, Bill joins the US army. He thinks that World War II is the right moment to pay his revenge towards the Japanese who has raped his childhood lover.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to have a profound analysis on personality development of Bill Macneil and what environmental determinant that is influenced, the psychological approach is used by the writer. In Guerin’s A Hand Book of Critical Approaches to Literature, he states that the psychological approach is the most controversial, the most absurd and the least appreciated. How ever the psychological approach can be fascinating and rewarding since it is a proper application to interpret a literary works can create deeper understanding on the researcher. It is also an excellent tool for reading beneath the lives, which has limitation in psychological interpretation. It can provide many profound clues towards soling a work’s thematic and symbolic mystery 1999:126. Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature psychological approach is the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns, but a different body of knowledge that is psychology. This approach uses the psychological theories to explain human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns in literary objects 1971: 65 The reason why the writer chooses this approach in analyzing the topic is because the writer studies the psychological aspects especially on the personality of one of the main characters of the novel. The psychological approach helps us to interpret the psychological aspects that the main character has. Therefore, the psychological approach will be very helpful to answer the questions that appear in this study.

C. Method of Study

To achieve the objective of the analysis, the valid data is needed. Therefore, the writer employed library research to collect data relating to the topic of the study. The writer used two sources to support the study. They were the primary data and secondary data. The primary data that the writer used was Jack Seward’s The Macneils of Tokyo, meanwhile the writer also used the secondary data from various books. Those books are Abrams’ A Glossary of Literary Terms, Cole’s Psychology of Adolescence, Eastman’s A guide to the Novel, Hurlock’s Personality Development, Hall and Lindzey’s Theories of Personality, M.J. Murphy’s Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and Novel for Overseas Students, Little’s Approach of Literature, Pervin and John’s Personality Theory and Research 7 th edition, Wellek and Austin Warren’s Theory of Literature. The writer was also browsing some information in the internet in relation with the novel Seward’s The Macneils of Tokyo. First of all, it was reading and rereading the novel written by Jack Seward entitled The Macneils of Tokyo until the writer got full comprehension of it, the writer also formulate problems into questions. After that the writer was focusing the attention on one of the main characters which was Bill Macneil. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI