OBLIQUE TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN NOVEL THE FAULT IN OUR STARSBY JOHN GREEN.

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OBLIQUE TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN

NOVEL THE FAULT IN OUR STARSBY JOHN GREEN

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree Of Sarjana Sastra

By:

SYULIKA DAULAY

Registration Number. 2123220036

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2016

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ABSTRACT

Daulay, Syulika. 2123220036. Oblique Translation in English Into Indonesian Novel The Fault In Our Stars by John Green. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2016.

This study was an analysis of oblique translation strategy found in the novel The Fault In Our Stars. This aimed to find out the kinds of oblique translation strategy by Vinay and Darbelnet, and the effects of using each kinds of strategy in the novel. The descriptive-qualitative method was used in the analysis of the translation. The clauses which indicated the oblique translation strategy from both of the English and Indonesian novels The Fault In Our Stars became the data of this study. The results of the analysis showed that the four kinds of oblique translation strategy were applied in the novel, they were 1) transposition with 40.4%, 2) modulation with 16.8%, 3) equivalence with 15.6%, and 4) adaptation with 23.2%. There were also the combinations of transposition-modulation, transposition-equivalence, transposition-adaptation, and modulation-equivalence found in the analysis about 4%. The shift of word class, shift of point of view, shift of style in translating idiomatic expressions, and shift of cultural environment were occured in the novel as the effects of using the four kinds of oblique translation strategy.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thanks to Allah SWT and the Prophet Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS), the State University of Medan, in completing the thesis. The writer also would like extend her thanks to the following people:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, the Rector of State University of Medan.

 Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature Department as well as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of English and Literature Department for their encouragement and motivation during the writing of the thesis. Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the Head of English Literature Program and Nora Ronita, S.Pd, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of English Education Program for their encouragement to complete the thesis.

 Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.

 Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M.Hum, her First Consultant, who had always motivated her to finish the thesis by giving advices, supervising, giving comments and corrections during completing this thesis and also for Dr. Zainuddin, DIP.TEFL.,M.Hum, as her Second Consultant and academic advisor for giving advices and supervising during her academic year.

 All the lecturers of English and Literature Department during her academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given knowledge to complete this thesis.

 Her beloved parents, Ali Syahbana Daulay and Sri Minarti, who have patiently given her encouragement, financial support, their love and

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prayers, as well as her beloved brothers and sister, Jamal Asri Daulay, Rahmad Alfi Daulay, and Fiki Syahfitri Daulay, who have been good siblings all the time, and her little cousin and nephew, Syaila Agnesia and Sakha Adyatma Daulay, who have been the writer’s spirit through their cute behaviors.

 Her beloved friends since 2009, Suci Ramadhani, S.Kep; Widia Fitriani, S.E; Shanty, Renny Febrin, S.IP and Dewi Kartika Barus, Amd.Keb who have given spirit and consolation since the first time they met and built a friendship.

 Her beloved friends Diah Mutiara Isnaeni, S.S; Ika Nurita Kinanti, S.S and Nina Meisahrina, for the four years and still counting friendship and the support in the very sad and happy situations.

 Her beloved friends Mutia Suri; Annisa Anggia Ayu Maghfira; Kak Tasya, S.S; Ridho, S.S and all her friends and classmates in English Literature B 2012 for the support and time in motivated and accompanied her during the academic year.

Medan, August 2016 The writer

Syulika Daulay 2123220036

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vi

LIST OF FIGURE ... vii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. The Background of the Study ... 1

B. The Problem of the Study ... 6

C. The Objectives of the Study ... 6

D. The Scope of the Study ... 6

E. The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Theoretical Framework ... 8

1. Translation ... 8

a. Process of Translation ... 9

1) The Textual Level ... 10

2) The Referential Level ... 11

3) The Cohesive Level ... 11

4) The Level of Naturalness ... 12

b. Translation Shift ... 13

c. Translation Strategies ... 13

1) Direct Translation ... 13

a) Borrowing ... 14

b) Calque ... 15

c) Literal Translation ... 16

2) Oblique Translation ... 16

a) Transposition ... 17

b) Modulation ... 18

c) Equivalence ... 20

d) Adaptation ... 21

2. Clause ... 22

3. Novel ... 23

a. John Green ... 24

b. The Summary of the Novel ... 24

B. Relevant Studies ... 26

C. Conceptual Framework ... 28

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design ... 29

B. The Source of the Data ... 29

C. The Technique of Collecting Data ... 30

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CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

A. Data ... 31

B. Data Analysis ... 31

C. Research Findings ... 50

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 51

B. Suggestion ... 52

REFERENCES ... 53

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LIST OF TABLES

Pages

Table 1.1 The disposal of books in Indonesia ... 2

Table 2.1 Examples of Borrowing ... 14

Table 2.2 Examples of Calque ... 15

Table 2.3 Examples of Literal translation ... 16

Table 2.4 Examples of Transposition ... 17

Table 2.5 Examples of Modulation ... 19

Table 2.6 Examples of Equivalence ... 21

Table 2.7 Examples of Adaptation ... 22

Table 4.1 The Number of Oblique translation strategy used in The Fault In Our Stars ... 32

Table 4.2 The Representations of Transposition ... 33

Table 4.3 The Representations of Modulation ... 36

Table 4.4 The Representations of Equivalence ... 39

Table 4.5 The Representations of Adaptation ... 41

Table 4.6 The Combination of Transposition-Modulation ... 44

Table 4.7 The Combination of Transposition-Equivalence ... 46

Table 4.8 The Combination of Transposition-Adaptation ... 47

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 2.1. translation process ... 10

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

English is a global language that is used around the world by many people. People in non-English speaking countries use English in communicating with people from other countries. The use of English as a global language can give the impact to the developing countries such as Indonesia to face the globalization in almost all aspects of life including economy, politics, education, and technology. In education, for example, there are many books which are written in English. But people tend to choose the other version of book that is in the translation form.

The use of translation is as a bridge for people to understand the message from the source language which is translated into the target language with the same meaning. Therefore, translation is useful for the developing countries, such as Indonesia, to gain knowledge. In gaining the knowledge from the developed countries, the Indonesian people have to master the languages of the developed countries, where almost of developed countries are English speaking countries. The capability of Indonesian people in mastering English language are different in each person, so that translation is useful to deliver the message from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL).

Translation involves two languages. Each language has its own cultural background which can be effect the intention of the writer. Every translator has to master not only the linguistic units of the source language (SL) and target

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language (TL), but also the culture behind the languages. If the translator can master the aspects of source language and target language, the translation result will be more communicative.

In Indonesia, there are many literary products written in English which are translated into Indonesian, such as books, novels, poems, and movies. Indonesian people are more interested in those translation products because they think that the translated products are easier to undersand.

The disposal of the fiction and literary products in Indonesia are shown below based on Ikatan Penerbit Indonesia (IKAPI) data:

Table 1.1 the disposal of books in Indonesia

Jenis buku (kinds of books) Persentase (percentage)

Anak (kids) 23%

Fiksi dan Sastra (fiction and literature) 13%

Agama (religious) 13%

Pendidikan (education) 13%

Referensi dan Kamus (dictionaries) 9%

Lain-lain (others) 31%

There are 33.199.557 copies of book are sold in Indonesia from 2012-2013 (data from Gramedia), and the disposal of the fiction books is around 13% or about four billion copies which include novel, short story, and some literary products such as the collection of poetry.

The other phenomena is, the disposal of the translated novel is greater than the local novel, because the story of the local novel is easy to guess (Nugroho, 2010). Thus, it causes a loss of curiosity from the minds of the readers. The story

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is only about love and show off the beauty which seems like a maudlin. While the translated novel is not just talking about love and the problems, but it also tells the story of imagination and adventure, thus the translated novel more impress the readers. Therefore, the local novel lose competitiveness with the translated novel because of the story, plot, and the climax of the novel. The local authors have to improve their capabilities in writing a story if they do not want their products are sold lower than the translated products. The translated novels reach higher attention than the local ones because more publishers think they will get many advantages in producing the translated novels which are best seller in the origin country of those novels and have ever won the award, instead of having published novels by local authors http://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/90241-penerjemah. From the aspect of the business, their judgment is understandable. Any traders will just want to sell products that can make much profit.

Because of the sell of translated novels are higher than the local ones, the translators salaries are ranged between Rp 15,000 to Rp 19,000 per page; while for beginners Rp 10,000 per page and for the more senior translators can reach over Rp 25,000 per page. If the novel contains 200 pages, the translator will get about three billion Rupiahs.

Not all people who claim themselves as translators even can be able to translate well. Therefore, the important point of translation is not only mastering the foreign language but also the ability to transfer the source text into the target text as closely as possible thus the translated text will has high quality and more alive. In addition, the translators can not change the plot of the original story.

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As most people in this country do not understand English, the translated novels become the best choice of the readers which can satisfy their curiosity. Thus, translation has become a big issue in learning process or transfer of information.

In translating the text from source language (SL) into target language (TL), the translator may find some problems in translation process such as cultural influence and morality messages that the real writer wants to deliver. The difficulties in cultural reference are the source language rules, language styles, and cultural background. While the difficulties in morality message are idiolect and writer’s characteristic (Newmark, 1988).

Considering that translation is not an easy study, some strategies or procedures in translation are disseminated by some linguists (Munday, 2001; Newmark, 1988; and Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958). There are two strategies which are proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Munday and Hatim (2004). The strategies called as direct translation strategy, which may happen if there is the similar structural and syntactic order in both of the SL and TL, and oblique translation strategy, which may occur if the direct (literal or word for word) translation can not be done.

Silaban (2014) in her study described that the most dominant procedure used by the translator in translating a fiction book The Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant was modulation, which was a kind of oblique translation strategy. Khairanis (2013) found that the most important strategy in translating All American Girl Novel based on the oblique translation method was also

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modulation. The use of modulation can change the point of view of the source text into target text.

The use of oblique translation can give deep understand about the message from the source language that appear in the target language because it involves the conciliation of the words in SL which are not similar in TL. Therefore Atmiyati and Basari (2015) found that the most dominant strategy in translating Qonita In The Old House novel was adaptation. It happened because the translator tried to make new situation by adding, lossing, or skewing the information, by changing the cultural words in SL into the acceptable words in TL. The study also showed that the use of equivalence strategy is to make the language in the TL as natural as in the SL.

Oblique translation is useful in translating the novel because the translators can not only applied the direct or word for word translation in their work. If the translators use the literal translation in all parts of the novel, the messages of the novel will be not communicative in target text. Every language has its own cultural background, if all the words translated literally to target language without changing or adapting the cultural background, the target readers may not understand the message.

In translating process, the translator usually begins with word, clause, sentence, paragraph, and finally the text. One complex sentence consists of many clauses, thus the writer chose clause unit to analayze in this study, where the focus of the study are shown below in the problems.

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B. The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study described above, there were two problems of the study:

1. What kinds of oblique translation strategy applied in the novel The Fault in Our Stars?

2. What are the effects of using oblique translation in the novel The Fault in Our Stars?

C. The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study based on the problems described previously were:

1. To find out the kinds of oblique translation strategy in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.

2. To find out the effects of using oblique translation in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.

D. The Scope of the Study

There are many aspects in translation that can be analyzed, such as translation procedure, translation process, translation shift, and translation equivalent. But, the writer focused on analyzing the translation procedure in John Green’s novel The Fault In Our Stars and its translation version translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno by using Vinay and Darbelnet theory about oblique

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translation (in Munday and Hatim, 2004) to find out the kinds of strategy applied in the novel and their effects.

E. The Significance of the Study

There are two significances of the study, which are theoretical and practical significances. Theoretically, this study is expected to be useful for readers especially the students of English to add the knowledge about translation, translation procedures, and the problems of translation itself. Practically, this study is expected to be useful for the next researcher as a comparison in translation field.

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51 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing the oblique translation strategy in The Fault In Our Stars novel by John Green and its Indonesian language version translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno, the writer described some conclusion as follow.

1. There were four kinds of oblique translation strategy found in the analysis: transposition (40.4%), modulation (16.8%), equivalence (15.6%), and adaptation ( 23.2%). Beside the four kinds of oblique translation strategy occured in the novel, there were also four kinds of combination strategy occured, namely transposition-modulation (1.6%), transposition-equivalence (1.2%), transposition-adaptation (0.8%), and modulation-equivalence (0.4%).

2. Because of the use of oblique translation strategy, there were some shifts in the clauses of the novel, they were shift of word class, shift of point of view, shift of style in translating the idiomatic expression, and shift of style in translating the clause which are influenced with cultural reference. These shifts were the effects of using the four kinds of oblique translation strategy.

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B. Suggestions

Based on the conclusions above, the suggestions were as follow.

1. Theoretically, this study could be a reference for the readers especially the students of English department to add the knowledge about translation, translation procedures, and the problems of translation itself, where this study focused on oblique translation, which is a strategy when the text can not be translated literallly or word-for-word.

2. _{Practically, this study can be a comparison for the next researcher in} conducting a new research in translation filed.

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REFERENCES

Ary, Jacobs et al. 2002. Introduction To Research In Education. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Atmiyati, Nur and Basari, Ahmad. 2015. An Oblique Translation Analysis in Bilingual Book Qonita : Qonita in The Old House by Setiawan G.

Sasongko. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/id/eprint/17316

Bassnett-McGuire, Susan. Translation Studies. 2002. London: Metheun.

Bull, Victoria. 2008. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. London: Oxford University.

Chaer, Abdul. 1998. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Hadithya, Ozi. 2014. Translation Procedures Used in Translating Computer Terms From English into Bahasa Indonesia. Retrieved April 06, 2016. jurnalvivid.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/vivid/article/view/15

Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.

Herman. 2015. A Direct Translation Analysis of Mobile Phone User Guides: An

Applied Linguistics Study. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

https://www.scribd.com/document/258575952/A-Direct-Translation-Analysis-of-Mobile-Phone-User-Guides-An-Applied-Linguistics-Study Khairanis, Arina. 2013. Analysis of Techniques Used in Translating Idioms from

English to Indonesian as found in All American Girl Novel. Retrieved April 06, 2016. jurnalvivid.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/vivid/article/view/6 Molina, Lucia and Albir, Hurtado. 2002. Translation Techniques Revisited: A

Dynamic and Functionalist Approach. Retrieved January 13, 2016. https://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2002/v47/n4/008033ar.pdf

Munday and Hatim. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.

Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall

International.

Ni, Lili. 2009. For “Translation and Theories”. Retrieved January 13, 2016. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/2370/2234

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Nugroho, Girza. 2010. Novel Indonesia, mengapa kurang diminati?. Retrieved April 06, 2016. https://gizzha.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/novel-indonesia-mengapa-kurang diminati/

Pratiwi, Tesya. 2015. Translation Techniques in The Translation of Lauren Kate’s

Novel “Torment” into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita. Retrieved April 06, 2016. http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/ Purwati, Rina. 2010. An Analysis of Literal Translation and Oblique Translation

in Some Fable Books. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/18028

Silaban, Yolanda. 2014. Translation Procedures in The Tale Teller Book The

Grouchy Giant. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

http://repository.usu.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/42477

Silalahi, Ulber. 2009. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Bandung: Refika Aditama.

Simatupang, Maurits D.S. 2000. Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.

http://johngreenbooks.com/bio-contact/, retrieved on January 13, 2016. http://www.merriam-webster.com, retrieved on January 13, 2016.

http://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/90241-penerjemah, retrieved on April 06, 2016.

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B. The Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study described above, there were two problems of the study:

1. What kinds of oblique translation strategy applied in the novel The Fault in Our Stars?

2. What are the effects of using oblique translation in the novel The Fault in Our Stars?

C. The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study based on the problems described previously were:

1. To find out the kinds of oblique translation strategy in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.

2. To find out the effects of using oblique translation in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.

D. The Scope of the Study

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translation (in Munday and Hatim, 2004) to find out the kinds of strategy applied in the novel and their effects.

E. The Significance of the Study

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51 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

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B. Suggestions

Based on the conclusions above, the suggestions were as follow.

2. _{Practically, this study can be a comparison for the next researcher in} conducting a new research in translation filed.

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REFERENCES

Ary, Jacobs et al. 2002. Introduction To Research In Education. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Atmiyati, Nur and Basari, Ahmad. 2015. An Oblique Translation Analysis in Bilingual Book Qonita : Qonita in The Old House by Setiawan G.

Sasongko. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/id/eprint/17316

Bassnett-McGuire, Susan. Translation Studies. 2002. London: Metheun.

Bull, Victoria. 2008. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. London: Oxford University.

Chaer, Abdul. 1998. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.

Herman. 2015. A Direct Translation Analysis of Mobile Phone User Guides: An Applied Linguistics Study. Retrieved April 06, 2016. https://www.scribd.com/document/258575952/A-Direct-Translation-Analysis-of-Mobile-Phone-User-Guides-An-Applied-Linguistics-Study Khairanis, Arina. 2013. Analysis of Techniques Used in Translating Idioms from

Dynamic and Functionalist Approach. Retrieved January 13, 2016. https://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2002/v47/n4/008033ar.pdf

Munday and Hatim. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.

Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall

International.

Ni, Lili. 2009. For “Translation and Theories”. Retrieved January 13, 2016. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/2370/2234

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Nugroho, Girza. 2010. Novel Indonesia, mengapa kurang diminati?. Retrieved April 06, 2016. https://gizzha.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/novel-indonesia-mengapa-kurang diminati/

Pratiwi, Tesya. 2015. Translation Techniques in The Translation of Lauren Kate’s Novel “Torment” into Bahasa Indonesia “Tersiksa” by Fanny Yuanita. Retrieved April 06, 2016. http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/ Purwati, Rina. 2010. An Analysis of Literal Translation and Oblique Translation

in Some Fable Books. Retrieved April 06, 2016. http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/18028

Silaban, Yolanda. 2014. Translation Procedures in The Tale Teller Book The

Grouchy Giant. Retrieved April 06, 2016.

http://repository.usu.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/42477

Silalahi, Ulber. 2009. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Bandung: Refika Aditama.

Simatupang, Maurits D.S. 2000. Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.

http://johngreenbooks.com/bio-contact/, retrieved on January 13, 2016. http://www.merriam-webster.com, retrieved on January 13, 2016.

http://www.goodreads.com/topic/show/90241-penerjemah, retrieved on April 06, 2016.

OBLIQUE TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN NOVEL THE FAULT IN OUR STARSBY JOHN GREEN.