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studies also varied in either spoken or written text through Theme and Rheme system. Those studies are considered relevant to the theory of this study.
2.2 Review of the Theoretical Studies
2.2.1 Discourse Analysis
When we speak or write, we have to fit what we are saying with the situation or context in which we are communicating. Meanwhile, the way we communicate
creates that situation or context, and that is how discourse works. Discourse might refer to spoken or written language. It has internal relationship of form and
meaning such as words, structures, and cohesion that relate to external communicative function.
Discourse is different ways in which we humans integrate language with non-
language “stuff”, such as different ways of thinking, acting, interacting, valuing, feeling, believing, and using symbols, tools, and object in the right
places and at the right times so as to enact and recognize different identities and activities, give the material world meanings, distribute social goods in a
certain way, make certain sorts of meaningful connections in our experience, and privilege certain symbol systems and ways of knowing over other. Gee,
1999: 13
Analyzing discourse concerns with the study of the relation between language and the context in which it is used, and it is related to linguistic study
that analyzes the use of language, in which the focus of the study is investigating the language function along with its form
– either spoken or written. Furthermore, McCarthy 1991: 5 describes tha
t, “Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of relationship between language and the context, in which it is used, and it
is not only concerned with the descriptions and analysis of spoken interaction, but it is equally interested in the organizatio
n of written interaction”.
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Since discourse analyzes interactions using language which can be said as text, so it is important to assert definition about text. Crystal 2005: 72 defines,
“Text is a piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, or signed discourse identified for purpose analysis. It is often a language unit with a definable
communicative function, such as conversation, a poster”. The analysis does not only lie on a single clause, but the whole clauses to form a meaningful and
intelligible te xt. In line with this statement, Nunan 1993: 3 explains, “Discourse
analysis examines how stretches of language, considered in their full textual, social, and context, become meaningful and unified for their users”.
It can be concluded that discourse analysis is a process of analyzing text –
either spoken or written – as a product of human interaction that concerns on the
relationship between language and its context, and it attempts to study the organization of linguistic form, for discourse refers to the piece of communication
in context.
2.2.2 Systemic Functional Grammar
