Bahan Penilaian Prog Penterjemahan Guru MBKM
Ujian Kemahiran Terjemahan
Sila terjemahkan DUA petikan ke dalam bahasa Melayu dan Inggeris.
Pilih hanya satu petikan dari Teks Umum dan satu petikan dari Teks Sains
Sosial atau Teks Sastera.
Soalan Wajib : Teks Umum
Soalan 1
BEADS AS JEWELLERY
A description of the materials used for personal adornment would be incomplete
without reference to beads.
In fact, the Kenyah and Kayan peoples of Sarawak
regard beads as their most precious treasures. Beads, formerly imported through
the barter system, have now become very valuable and are much sought after. In
earlier times they were sometimes actually used as barter trade currency.
Even
today, the centuries-old tradition remains strong among Kenyah and Kayan women,
who measure their status and wealth according to the number of bead necklaces
they wear. The wearing of beads at social functions follows a long established
custom. Beads come in various sizes and colours.
Some are made of a composite
of several colours while others are bright tiny colourful monochrome beads of
European or Japanese manufacture. The most valuable among all the various types
of beads is called “lukut sekala” which are worth a fortune. These beads are
threaded into necklaces and used as brides’ wealth among their own community.
The Bidayuh placed a high value on pale blue glassy beads and in certain interior
long houses these beads have become heirlooms, safely preserved by the older
generation for their young family to inherit, thereby perpetuating the Bidayuh
family traditions.
Each ethnic group in Sabah and Sarawak had their own individual way of using
beads to add value and purpose to each jewellery composition they designed. The
Sarawak Museum has the most exclusive and exquisite collection of old beads.
1
Some of the old Bidayuh bead necklaces in the Sarawak and Sabah Museum
collection for example were threaded with the teeth of honey bear and wild boar
tusks. If these were plentiful they also used them to make waist girdles.
The origin of any particular type of bead is very difficult to pinpoint because the
popularity of beads is widespread throughout Borneo. Beads regularly changed
hands when they were traded by one ethnic group to another some of whom lived
deep in the interior. Without doubt however, the Orang Ulu were the ones who were
most influential in promoting the use of beads.
Most of the old beads were strung into necklaces or belts. According to records
some of these can be dated back to the Metal Age around 38,000 B.C.
This
determination has been based on beads that were evacuated at burial sites such as
Gua Sireh (cave) and Niah Cave. Other earlier glass beads came from as far away as
Egypt and Mesopotamia probably more than 2000.
The Sarawak Museum collection is rich in variety. Some of the necklaces, earrings,
belts and other jewellery ornaments were a composite of beads and animal matter
such as pig’s teeth or the horn of the barking deer horn. This type of ornament was
favoured by the shaman who wore them as a charm and to protect him from evil
spirits. Other materials include porcupine quill, wild cat claws, boar or ant eater’s
teeth, claws and even bone which was cut into small pieces to make beads and
strung into necklaces. There are also examples of beads made from clay, metal,
cowrie shell, stone, wood and glass in the museum collection.
In modern times, tiny beads of various colours have been imported and strung using
needles and thread or even nylon string. Great skill and artistry are evident in the
various types of personal adornments produced, along with other special objects
used for ceremonial occasions.
2
Soalan 2
Peranan Media Massa
Media massa berperanan besar dalam pelaksanaan Pelan Integriti Nasional (PIN)
yang meliputi pelbagai objektif: membina negara bangsa, memupuk patriotisme,
menggalak peranan dan tanggungjawab genus, menegakkan hak wanita dan
menjaga alam sekitar, serta meningkatkan tahap kefahaman etika dan integriti
merentasi seluruh peringkat masyarakat. Juga memainkan peranan penting ialah
media yang berkhidmat sebagai luahan rungutan rakyat, meningkatkan kesedaran
awam dan dengan memberi ‘suara’ kepada rakyat, selain berkhidmat sebagai
sistem amaran awal jika berlaku sesuatu yang tidak diingini. 1
Pada peringkat penguatkuasaan, media boleh menjatuhkan maruah dengan
pendedahan awam – iaitu suatu kekangan yang cukup kuat kepada sesiapa yang
bercadang
melakukan
rasuah.
Sekiranya
mereka
dapat
membayangkan
bagaimana keadaannya jika tindakan mereka dipaparkan di muka hadapan
akhbar, maka lebih baik mereka berhenti daripada meneruskan tindakan tidak
beretika itu.
Kebebasan akhbar
Berikutan pentingnya peranan media tersebut, PIN berusaha merumus dan
menyelaras
Kod
Etika
Media,
supaya
dapat
menggalakkan
media
yang
‘bertanggungjawab’ dan membolehkan pembaca memperoleh maklumat yang
tepat.2 Salah satu daripada objektif PIN adalah memupuk rasa hormat terhadap
kebebasan
media,
dan
memastikan
media
berupaya
memainkan
peranan
berkesan demi meningkatkan integriti awam. 3 Namun begitu, timbul masalah
dengan perkataan ‘tanggungjawab’, kerana makna perkataan itu berbeza-beza
mengikut individu. Yang penting adalah menyedari, suka atau tidak, media akan
melakukan kesilapan dari masa ke masa, memandangkan media tidak sentiasa
mendapat semua maklumat atau mungkin media tersalah orang atau didorong
oleh seseorang yang berniat jahat.
1
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 73.
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 97.
3
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 97.
2
3
Dengan itu supaya masyarakat dapat meraih banyak manfaat daripada
media yang bebas, masyarakat juga harus bersedia menerima hakikat media tidak
semestinya memaparkan berita yang betul. Kesilapan tidak disengajakan mungkin
terjadi, tetapi niat jahat tidak boleh dibiarkan. Pasti ada cara penyelesaian kepada
orang yang diaibkan oleh akhbar, namun semua ini tidak seharusnya menyekat
kebebasan media.
Tiada maklumat, tiada kebertanggungjawaban. Maklumat memiliki kuasa,
dan lebih ramai orang memiliki maklumat, maka lebih banyak maklumat tersebut
disebarkan dan lebih banyak kuasa itu disebarkan pula. Akses rakyat mendapat
maklumat menjadi asas sistem integriti sesebuah negara. Tanpa integriti, struktur
demokrasi tidak boleh dilaksanakan seperti yang seharusnya, dan individu terbiar
tanpa berupaya menguatkuasakan hak mereka, malah tanpa mengetahui bahawa
hak mereka sudah dicabuli. Wahana asas menyalurkan maklumat kepada orang
ramai ialah media yang bebas dan berkecuali.
Media massa – khususnya milik swasta – memainkan peranan penting
sebagai ‘pengadang’ dalam Sistem Integriti Nasional.
Melalui media, kerajaan
yang memerintah bertanggungjawab terhadap rakyatnya. Jika media dikongkong,
jika media dikenakan sekatan membabi-buta dan jika media tidak dibekalkan
berita, maka media tidak dapat melaksanakan fungsi pentingnya itu. Akibatnya,
negara bersama-sama integritinya, akan merana. Seperti mana mahkamah dan
penyiasat rasuah perlu bebas daripada Eksekutif, maka begitu juga media milik
swasta.
4
Soalan Pilihan : Teks Sains Teknikal , Sastera
Soalan 3
Stem Cells
Stem cells possess two functional properties: the ability to self-renew indefinitely in
culture, and, under the appropriate extracellular stimuli, specialize into specific cell
fates [5]. Stem cells are classified into two main groups depending on their origin:
embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell
mass of the blastocyst and under appropriate signals give rise to all cell lineages
of the individual, including the germ line [5,6]. Adult stem cells (ASCs) are tissuespecific and usually committed to mature cells of the tissue in which they are
located [7]. Both ESCs as well as ASCs can proliferate over long periods of time,
although this property is more restricted in ASCs. The differentiation plasticity of
ASCs is restricted to specific cell fates compared to ESCs, although several
labarotories argue that ASCs can transdifferentiate to a greater variety of cell
types when placed in the appropriate niches [11]. Stem cell differentiation towards
specialized fates is controlled by intracellular and extracellular determinants that
have the ability of modukating specific gene programmes. These determinants
include biophysical interactions such as cell-to-cell contacts and cell-matrix
signals, peptide and protein-related molecules such as growth factors, hormones
and cytokines, and low molecular weight molecules which include nutrients,
metabolites, acids, natural products and synthetic pharmacological agents[13].
The effect of these determinants, the optimal concentration, the appropriate
mixture of factors and the time of addition to the extracellular media still represent
main challenges in tissue bioengineering[14].
5
Soalan 4
Arnab Buta
Arnab itu namanya Kuning. Ia buta sejak dilahirkan. Kakaknya
bernama Kelabu. Bulunya tebal lagi gebu.
”Kamu, Kuning. Kakak, Kelabu,” kata Kelabu.
“Bagaimanakah rupa Kuning?” tanya Si Kuning.
“Kuning itu warna yang cerah tanda gembira. Kelabu itu warna
muram,” terang Kelabu sejujurnya.
“Cerah itu rupanya bagaimana?” tanya Kuning lagi.
“Ah, susahlah nak cerita pada si buta!” bentak Si Kelabu.
“Kelabu! Jangan marahkan adik.
Adik kamu itu ditakdirkan buta. Buta yang bukan diminta,” tegur emak
arnab.
“Kamu terangkan apa yang mampu. Jangan bosan, jangan
marah,” nasihat bapa arnab.
“Baiklah emak. Baiklah, ayah. Saya akan ajar adik baik-baik,” janji
Kelabu.
“Dengar sini Kuning. Yang kita pijak ini bumi,” Kelabu mengajar
adiknya.
“Ya, yang saya pijak ini bumi,” Si Kuning mengulangi kata-kata
kakaknya.
“Yang kita junjung di atas kepala ini namanya langit. Sebut la
ngit.”
“La - ngit,” ucap Si Kuning.
“Mari kita menyanyi saja. Ia lebih mudah diingati. Ha, ikut kakak,”
kata Si Kelabu.
Yang kita pijak ini bumi,
Yang kita junjung langit tinggi,
Yang panas itu matahari,
Yang sejuk ini embun pagi,
Yang disayang ibu bapa kami.
6
“Sedap lagu kakak. Mari kita nyanyi sekali lagi” kata Si Kuning.
Emak dan bapa arnab tersenyum mendengar nyanyian anak“Macam itu namanya adik-beradik, mesti berbaik-baik,” nasihat
emak arnab sambil meragut rumput di padang.
“Apa yang menderu itu, emak?” tanya Kuning agak cemas.
“Itu bunyi angin,”
“Nyaman udara di sini. Esok emak bawa Kuning ke sini lagi, ya?”
“Ingat nasihat emak, jangan berani jalan sendirian. Jalan ikut
bunyi tapak kaki emak. Kalau emak kata lompat, kamu lompat. Di
depan sana ada parit.”
“Baiklah, emak.”
“Cium bau bulu emak, tentu kamu tahu emak ada bersama
kamu,” pesan emak arnab lagi.
“Baiklah, emak.”
Sampai di sebatang parit kecil, emak arnab menyuruh Kuning
melompat. Kuning berjaya melompat parit walaupun buta. Ia sangat
patuh mendengar arahan emaknya.
“Bagus! Anak emak pandai,” puji emak arnab. Kuning mengulangi
lagu yang diajar oleh ibunya.
7
Sila terjemahkan DUA petikan ke dalam bahasa Melayu dan Inggeris.
Pilih hanya satu petikan dari Teks Umum dan satu petikan dari Teks Sains
Sosial atau Teks Sastera.
Soalan Wajib : Teks Umum
Soalan 1
BEADS AS JEWELLERY
A description of the materials used for personal adornment would be incomplete
without reference to beads.
In fact, the Kenyah and Kayan peoples of Sarawak
regard beads as their most precious treasures. Beads, formerly imported through
the barter system, have now become very valuable and are much sought after. In
earlier times they were sometimes actually used as barter trade currency.
Even
today, the centuries-old tradition remains strong among Kenyah and Kayan women,
who measure their status and wealth according to the number of bead necklaces
they wear. The wearing of beads at social functions follows a long established
custom. Beads come in various sizes and colours.
Some are made of a composite
of several colours while others are bright tiny colourful monochrome beads of
European or Japanese manufacture. The most valuable among all the various types
of beads is called “lukut sekala” which are worth a fortune. These beads are
threaded into necklaces and used as brides’ wealth among their own community.
The Bidayuh placed a high value on pale blue glassy beads and in certain interior
long houses these beads have become heirlooms, safely preserved by the older
generation for their young family to inherit, thereby perpetuating the Bidayuh
family traditions.
Each ethnic group in Sabah and Sarawak had their own individual way of using
beads to add value and purpose to each jewellery composition they designed. The
Sarawak Museum has the most exclusive and exquisite collection of old beads.
1
Some of the old Bidayuh bead necklaces in the Sarawak and Sabah Museum
collection for example were threaded with the teeth of honey bear and wild boar
tusks. If these were plentiful they also used them to make waist girdles.
The origin of any particular type of bead is very difficult to pinpoint because the
popularity of beads is widespread throughout Borneo. Beads regularly changed
hands when they were traded by one ethnic group to another some of whom lived
deep in the interior. Without doubt however, the Orang Ulu were the ones who were
most influential in promoting the use of beads.
Most of the old beads were strung into necklaces or belts. According to records
some of these can be dated back to the Metal Age around 38,000 B.C.
This
determination has been based on beads that were evacuated at burial sites such as
Gua Sireh (cave) and Niah Cave. Other earlier glass beads came from as far away as
Egypt and Mesopotamia probably more than 2000.
The Sarawak Museum collection is rich in variety. Some of the necklaces, earrings,
belts and other jewellery ornaments were a composite of beads and animal matter
such as pig’s teeth or the horn of the barking deer horn. This type of ornament was
favoured by the shaman who wore them as a charm and to protect him from evil
spirits. Other materials include porcupine quill, wild cat claws, boar or ant eater’s
teeth, claws and even bone which was cut into small pieces to make beads and
strung into necklaces. There are also examples of beads made from clay, metal,
cowrie shell, stone, wood and glass in the museum collection.
In modern times, tiny beads of various colours have been imported and strung using
needles and thread or even nylon string. Great skill and artistry are evident in the
various types of personal adornments produced, along with other special objects
used for ceremonial occasions.
2
Soalan 2
Peranan Media Massa
Media massa berperanan besar dalam pelaksanaan Pelan Integriti Nasional (PIN)
yang meliputi pelbagai objektif: membina negara bangsa, memupuk patriotisme,
menggalak peranan dan tanggungjawab genus, menegakkan hak wanita dan
menjaga alam sekitar, serta meningkatkan tahap kefahaman etika dan integriti
merentasi seluruh peringkat masyarakat. Juga memainkan peranan penting ialah
media yang berkhidmat sebagai luahan rungutan rakyat, meningkatkan kesedaran
awam dan dengan memberi ‘suara’ kepada rakyat, selain berkhidmat sebagai
sistem amaran awal jika berlaku sesuatu yang tidak diingini. 1
Pada peringkat penguatkuasaan, media boleh menjatuhkan maruah dengan
pendedahan awam – iaitu suatu kekangan yang cukup kuat kepada sesiapa yang
bercadang
melakukan
rasuah.
Sekiranya
mereka
dapat
membayangkan
bagaimana keadaannya jika tindakan mereka dipaparkan di muka hadapan
akhbar, maka lebih baik mereka berhenti daripada meneruskan tindakan tidak
beretika itu.
Kebebasan akhbar
Berikutan pentingnya peranan media tersebut, PIN berusaha merumus dan
menyelaras
Kod
Etika
Media,
supaya
dapat
menggalakkan
media
yang
‘bertanggungjawab’ dan membolehkan pembaca memperoleh maklumat yang
tepat.2 Salah satu daripada objektif PIN adalah memupuk rasa hormat terhadap
kebebasan
media,
dan
memastikan
media
berupaya
memainkan
peranan
berkesan demi meningkatkan integriti awam. 3 Namun begitu, timbul masalah
dengan perkataan ‘tanggungjawab’, kerana makna perkataan itu berbeza-beza
mengikut individu. Yang penting adalah menyedari, suka atau tidak, media akan
melakukan kesilapan dari masa ke masa, memandangkan media tidak sentiasa
mendapat semua maklumat atau mungkin media tersalah orang atau didorong
oleh seseorang yang berniat jahat.
1
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 73.
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 97.
3
Pelan Integriti Nasional, hlm. 97.
2
3
Dengan itu supaya masyarakat dapat meraih banyak manfaat daripada
media yang bebas, masyarakat juga harus bersedia menerima hakikat media tidak
semestinya memaparkan berita yang betul. Kesilapan tidak disengajakan mungkin
terjadi, tetapi niat jahat tidak boleh dibiarkan. Pasti ada cara penyelesaian kepada
orang yang diaibkan oleh akhbar, namun semua ini tidak seharusnya menyekat
kebebasan media.
Tiada maklumat, tiada kebertanggungjawaban. Maklumat memiliki kuasa,
dan lebih ramai orang memiliki maklumat, maka lebih banyak maklumat tersebut
disebarkan dan lebih banyak kuasa itu disebarkan pula. Akses rakyat mendapat
maklumat menjadi asas sistem integriti sesebuah negara. Tanpa integriti, struktur
demokrasi tidak boleh dilaksanakan seperti yang seharusnya, dan individu terbiar
tanpa berupaya menguatkuasakan hak mereka, malah tanpa mengetahui bahawa
hak mereka sudah dicabuli. Wahana asas menyalurkan maklumat kepada orang
ramai ialah media yang bebas dan berkecuali.
Media massa – khususnya milik swasta – memainkan peranan penting
sebagai ‘pengadang’ dalam Sistem Integriti Nasional.
Melalui media, kerajaan
yang memerintah bertanggungjawab terhadap rakyatnya. Jika media dikongkong,
jika media dikenakan sekatan membabi-buta dan jika media tidak dibekalkan
berita, maka media tidak dapat melaksanakan fungsi pentingnya itu. Akibatnya,
negara bersama-sama integritinya, akan merana. Seperti mana mahkamah dan
penyiasat rasuah perlu bebas daripada Eksekutif, maka begitu juga media milik
swasta.
4
Soalan Pilihan : Teks Sains Teknikal , Sastera
Soalan 3
Stem Cells
Stem cells possess two functional properties: the ability to self-renew indefinitely in
culture, and, under the appropriate extracellular stimuli, specialize into specific cell
fates [5]. Stem cells are classified into two main groups depending on their origin:
embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell
mass of the blastocyst and under appropriate signals give rise to all cell lineages
of the individual, including the germ line [5,6]. Adult stem cells (ASCs) are tissuespecific and usually committed to mature cells of the tissue in which they are
located [7]. Both ESCs as well as ASCs can proliferate over long periods of time,
although this property is more restricted in ASCs. The differentiation plasticity of
ASCs is restricted to specific cell fates compared to ESCs, although several
labarotories argue that ASCs can transdifferentiate to a greater variety of cell
types when placed in the appropriate niches [11]. Stem cell differentiation towards
specialized fates is controlled by intracellular and extracellular determinants that
have the ability of modukating specific gene programmes. These determinants
include biophysical interactions such as cell-to-cell contacts and cell-matrix
signals, peptide and protein-related molecules such as growth factors, hormones
and cytokines, and low molecular weight molecules which include nutrients,
metabolites, acids, natural products and synthetic pharmacological agents[13].
The effect of these determinants, the optimal concentration, the appropriate
mixture of factors and the time of addition to the extracellular media still represent
main challenges in tissue bioengineering[14].
5
Soalan 4
Arnab Buta
Arnab itu namanya Kuning. Ia buta sejak dilahirkan. Kakaknya
bernama Kelabu. Bulunya tebal lagi gebu.
”Kamu, Kuning. Kakak, Kelabu,” kata Kelabu.
“Bagaimanakah rupa Kuning?” tanya Si Kuning.
“Kuning itu warna yang cerah tanda gembira. Kelabu itu warna
muram,” terang Kelabu sejujurnya.
“Cerah itu rupanya bagaimana?” tanya Kuning lagi.
“Ah, susahlah nak cerita pada si buta!” bentak Si Kelabu.
“Kelabu! Jangan marahkan adik.
Adik kamu itu ditakdirkan buta. Buta yang bukan diminta,” tegur emak
arnab.
“Kamu terangkan apa yang mampu. Jangan bosan, jangan
marah,” nasihat bapa arnab.
“Baiklah emak. Baiklah, ayah. Saya akan ajar adik baik-baik,” janji
Kelabu.
“Dengar sini Kuning. Yang kita pijak ini bumi,” Kelabu mengajar
adiknya.
“Ya, yang saya pijak ini bumi,” Si Kuning mengulangi kata-kata
kakaknya.
“Yang kita junjung di atas kepala ini namanya langit. Sebut la
ngit.”
“La - ngit,” ucap Si Kuning.
“Mari kita menyanyi saja. Ia lebih mudah diingati. Ha, ikut kakak,”
kata Si Kelabu.
Yang kita pijak ini bumi,
Yang kita junjung langit tinggi,
Yang panas itu matahari,
Yang sejuk ini embun pagi,
Yang disayang ibu bapa kami.
6
“Sedap lagu kakak. Mari kita nyanyi sekali lagi” kata Si Kuning.
Emak dan bapa arnab tersenyum mendengar nyanyian anak“Macam itu namanya adik-beradik, mesti berbaik-baik,” nasihat
emak arnab sambil meragut rumput di padang.
“Apa yang menderu itu, emak?” tanya Kuning agak cemas.
“Itu bunyi angin,”
“Nyaman udara di sini. Esok emak bawa Kuning ke sini lagi, ya?”
“Ingat nasihat emak, jangan berani jalan sendirian. Jalan ikut
bunyi tapak kaki emak. Kalau emak kata lompat, kamu lompat. Di
depan sana ada parit.”
“Baiklah, emak.”
“Cium bau bulu emak, tentu kamu tahu emak ada bersama
kamu,” pesan emak arnab lagi.
“Baiklah, emak.”
Sampai di sebatang parit kecil, emak arnab menyuruh Kuning
melompat. Kuning berjaya melompat parit walaupun buta. Ia sangat
patuh mendengar arahan emaknya.
“Bagus! Anak emak pandai,” puji emak arnab. Kuning mengulangi
lagu yang diajar oleh ibunya.
7