Development Definition of Terms

11 house, and in Lant Street. Social factor must be Maud’s factor to develop her character. Social factor includes people surround her and her family” 2011: xii. In her undergraduate thesis, she analyzes the factors that make the character of Maud change. There are two factors that cause the characteristic of a person to develop , namely internal and external factors. In her thesis, Maud’s personality development is supported by the external factors. The external factors are the environment that she lives and her experiences that she gets. From those related studies that the writer mentioned before, there are some similarities and differences. The first and the second related studies used the same literary work, The Giver. In the first related study conducted by Yoseph Hary Wibowo, he focuses his study on the importance of the memory and the self- actualization of Jonas. He uses psychological approach since the concept of memory and self-actualization are the significant theories in psychology. While the second related study focused on revealing the theme of the novel through characters and settings using formalistic approach by Pranathalia Bondan Prasnorirni. From this point, the writer found new topic that is discussed the character development of Jonas. The writer tries to analyze how the character of Jonas developed and what are the factors that cause it develops. To enrich knowledge about the character development using psychological approach, therefore, the writer adds another related study from Nicki Astrianingsih’s undergraduate thesis.

B. Review of Related Theories

12 There are some theories that are used by the writer in conducting the study. These theories give the writer valuable information which is very helpful in analyzing the novel. The theories used are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of character development.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

M.H Abrams defines character as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and by what they do- the action 1981: 20-21. Another definition of character is given by Roberts and Jacobs in their book Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. They define that a character is an extended verbal representation of human being, the inner self that determines thoughts, speech, and behavior 1989: 143. Based on theories of character above, the writer defines that character is a person in a dramatic or narrative work, which is the representative of human being. They can be described as a smart and fine young man or clumsy and reckless teenager. It depends on how authors characterize the characters in their work. According to Henkle in Reading the Novel, there are two kinds of characters based on the importance: “major” and “minor” characters 1977: 86. Major character is the center of the story. It has an important role in the story. It can be