18
interlocutor or hearer. Therefore, illocutionary act is the speech that has purpose back to speaker‟s speech. So, the kinds of illocutionary act have the effect of
doing something by interlocuter.
2. The Kinds of Illocutionary Acts
J.R. Searle classifies five kinds of illocutionary act which they have communicative function, namely :
20
a. Representatives. The purpose of the members of representatives class
are to commit the speaker in varying degrees to something‟s being the
case. All the members of the representatives class are assessable on the dimension of assessment which includes true and false. Which this
classare stating of fact, boast, complain, conclude, deduce
21
.It expressed for the fact statement that realized or not by speaker. So that, it can
conclude speech form to compose the speaker in the truth of the expressed proposition. Example: It was a warm sunny day. The
statement means that the speaker representing the words as he or she believes it is. In using a representatives, the speaker makes words fit the
world of belief.
22
b. Directives. The illocutionary point of it consists in the fact that they are
attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. At the time, the speaker wants or hopes the hearer to do the expressed something in
using directives. This class are order, command, request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, advise and suggest,
23
they can be positive
20
J.R. Searle 1977, op.cit., pp. 34-38.
21
Ibid., p. 34.
22
George Yule 1996,op.cit., p. 53.
23
J. R. Searle 1977, op.cit., p. 35.
19
or negative. It can conclude the directives is connected by speaker demand. Example : Wake up, the speaker expressed what the speaker
wants is order to hearer wake up from bed. In using a directives, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words via the hearer.
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c. Commisives. Commisives is illocutionary act which the point is to
commit the speaker again in varying degrees to some future course of action. The direction of fit is world to words, and the sincerity condition
is intention. The propositional content is always that the speaker does some future action. This class are promise, vow and threat.
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Example : I‟ll be back. In this utterance, the speaker promised that he or she will
be back to hearer. In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words via the speaker.
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d. Expressives. The illocutionary point of this class is to express the
phsycological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state of affairs specified in the propositional content. Notice that in expressives
there is no direction of fit in expressive. In performing the expressive act, the speaker tries to get the world by match the words not
conversely, rather the truth of the expressed proposition is presupposed. This class are thank, congratulate, apologize, condole, deplore,
welcome.
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Example : Congratulations to Greg Heffley for winning the perfect attendance-award. The speaker said what he or she feels. The
speaker can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer
24
George Yule 1996, op. cit., p. 54.
25
J. R. Searle 1977, op. cit., p. 35.
26
George Yule 1996, op. cit.
27
J.R. Searle 1977, op.cit., p. 36.
