Genetic differentiation among populations of Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker from Sumatra and Kalimantan based on sequencing gene of MtDNA Cytochrome b and Nucleus DNA RAG2
Genetic Differentiation among Populations of Chromobotia
macracanthus Bleeker from Sumatera and Kalimantan
Based On Sequencing Gene of MtDNA Cytochrome b and
Nucleus DNA RAG2
KAFI HIDONIS
DEPARTMENT OF LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2008
STATEMENT ABOUT THESIS AND INFORMATION SOURCE
Hereby I acclaim that its thesis entitled :
Genetic Differentiation among Populations of Chromobotia Macracanthus
Bleeker from Sumatera and Kalimantan Based On Sequencing Gene of
MtDNA Cytochrome B and Nucleus DNA RAG2
Is my own work and have never been submitted whatever form to any college. All
data and information source come or quoted from other masterpiece have been
listed on text and listed on references in the end part of this thesis.
Bogor, July 2008
KAFI HIDONIS
C24102033
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker) as well known as clown loach
is one of the econonomically important species of freshwater ornamental fish.
Botia is indigenous of Indonesian waters especially in Batanghari, Musi, and
Kapuas river (Kottelat et al.,1993).
The increase of human activity around the river, like fishing the botia from
juvenile to adult and also environmental changes due to the increase of
development activity it will affect the existing botia population. The low level
composition and abundance of fish (include botia) in Kapuas river is not only
affected by fishing activity, but also the pollution of peat land development activity
(Harteman, 1998). The effort for preserving this population like conservation,
restocking, cultivation, and domestication is needed. Nevertheless the cultivation
of botia until now still in laboratory scale, as it has been done by LRBIHATDKP
in cooperation with Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) France.
The efforts above need much information on ecobiological characters of
botia population in order to support the successful management. According to
Wirasatya (1994), the population of botia in Batanghari and the population of
botia in Kapuas showed morphologically difference.The color appearance of botia
from Sumatera looks different which from Kalimantan. The color of botia from
Kapuas river (West Kalimantan) looks brighter than botia from Batanghari river.
Fish population genetic have the important role in either fisheries management
program or production. The genetic variability is an essential key for the survival
of a species to survive for the next generation. The conservation of genetic
diversity has become prime concern for IUCN. Concerning the botia population,
information on genetic aspects still limited. Therefore in order to maintain the
sustainability of botia population in Indonesia, especially in Sumatera and
Kalimantan, the research on genetic aspect of botia population is important to be
carried out.
B. Problems Definition
The Increasing of fishing activity and habitat destruction cause the
degradation of genetic population diversity. Therefore, it needs control and
evaluation on botia population in order to keep its genetic diversity.
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An effort to maintain the population of botia like restocking and
domestication has to pay attention on population genetic population of botia.
There is no clear information whether the population of botia from Sumatera and
Kalimantan, is similar or not genetically. Therefore it has to be very careful before
manipulating botia population either for restocking or aquaculture because it will
risk disturbing the original population genetically. Therefore research on
population genetic of botia from Sumatra and Kalimantan is needed and in order
to give more information needed for its conservation and management.
Cytochrome b is one of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome b analysis is often
used in fisheries to figure out genetic diversity of population because it is more
sensitive than protein analysis. Besides, it is generally used to study
phylogeography (Baker,2000).
RAG2 is one of gene on nucleus. RAG2 encode some enzyme that have
important role in gene sequencing. RAG2 analysis often used in studying of
phylogeny on teleostei fish (Sullivan, et.al., 2000).
C. Objective
The objective of this research is to obtain the representation of genetic
differentiation between population of botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker)
from Sumatera (Batanghari, Tulang Bawang, dan Musi) and Kalimantan
(Kapuas). The objective also to estimate time divergence between both
population groups.
D. Benefit
The benefit of this research is giving essential information on the
management efforts in order to maintain the sustainability of botia population and
other related activities such as domestication, aquaculture, and also conservation
and restocking in the future.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Biology of Chromobotia macracanthus
1. Classification, nomenclature, and morphology
Classification of Chromobotia macracanthus according to Weber &
Beaufort (1916), Kottelat (2004), and Šlechtová et.al.(2006) are mentioned
below:
kingdom
: Animalia
phylum
: Chordata
class
: Pisces
subclass
: Teleostei
order
: Ostariophysi
suborder
: Cyprinoidea
family
: Cobitidae
subfamily
: Botiinae
genus
: Chromobotia
species
: Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker
The common name of Chromobotia macracanthus is clown loach. In
Indonesia it is known as botia. It also has local name such as Ikan Macan
(Sumatera); Gecuban (Lampung); Biju Bana (Jambi) and Langli (Mahakam river,
Kalimantan) (Weber & Beafourt, 1916). Botia was classified in Genus Botia,
named Botia macracanthus. According to Kottelat (2004), botia is defined in new
genus Chromobotia, and the same family called Cobitidae. Since 2006, all of
tetraploid (4n) species (include Chromobotia macracanthus) in family Cobitidae
are defined in subfamily Botiinae and diploid (2n) species are defined in
subfamily Leptobotiinae (Šlechtová, 2006).
Morphologically botia have orange color body with 3 black bars , its eyes
not covered with skin as shown on picture (Kottelat et.al., 1993). According to
Wirasatya (1994), the population of botia in Batanghari and the population of
botia in Kapuas showed morphologically difference. Botia of Kalimantan (figure 1)
is brighter than that of Sumatera (figure 2). The different varieties of colour can
represent the distinct species, similar case as the different varieties of colour of
the asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) are also represent distinct species
(Pouyaud et.al.,2003).
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Figure 1. Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker of Kalimantan (personal
documentation)
Figure 2. Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker of Sumatera (Sudarto’s
documentation)
2. Habitat and distribution
The habitat of botia in Batanghari’s upstream on pH 5 5,5 during dry
season, and pH 6,5 7 on downstream (Utami, 2003). While in aquarium, botia
live as well on water with pH 6,8 – 7 (Lesmana, 2002).
Cyprinid fish included botia dominated freshwater habitat of Southeast
Asia, where about 70 genera of cyprinid are endemic to the area. While botia in
Indonesia its endemic especially in Sumatera and Kalimantan (Ismail, 1994).
The botia live in Kalimantan especially on Barito, Kahayan, Kapuas, Bongan and
Mahakam river. While in Sumatera, botia live on Pangabuang river; Kwanten
river; Batanghari river; Teluk Betung river; Musi river; and Maninjau lake (Weber
and de Beaufort, 1916).
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3. Reproduction
According to Kamal (1992), botia spawns on the upstream since early of
wet season. The eggs hatch on downstream and during the dry season the
juvenile migrate to the upstream.
4. Foods and feeding habit
The botia foods on Musi river are group of insecta (order: Diptera,
Tricoptera and others), worm, micro algae, molusca, arthropods (spider) and
other unidentified materials (Sawaliyah, 2007). While According to Kamal (1994)
the botia food on Batanghari river are group of crustacean, insect, nematode,
molusca, algae, and other unidentified materials. Botia feeds on the night
(nocturnal) while only hide on the day.
B. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA is one of the genome in somatic cell. Beside mtDNA is
small size of haploid molecule, round and simpler than gene in nucleus cell, and
able to do self replication (Baker, 2000). mtDNA has a role in encoding some
tRNA, rRNA, and some proteins that used on protein synthesis in mitochondria
(Griffiths et al., 2000). The size of mtDNA’s is less than 20 kb and it is inherited
through female ancestor. All mtDNA have many gene that encode for protein
enzymatic in respiratory such as: cytochrome b, NADH 17, NADH41,
cytochrome c oxidase (COX13), ATP 6;8;9, 12s rRNA, 16s RNA, and tRNA
(figure 3).
Figure 3. Human’s mtDNA map (Lemire, 2005)
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The difference between mtDNA gene and nucleus gene include 2 factors.
First, mtDNA inherit maternally (from female ancestor), it does not follow the
mendellian’s law. Second, mtDNA is haploid and mutation rate of mtDNA is 510
times faster than nucleus gene. The average divergence rate of mtDNA in
vertebrate is 12% per million year (Randi, 2000). Mutation rate on mtDNA
increase caused by environment factor or mutation in nucleus gene that affect on
mtDNA (Lemire,2005).
C. Cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is part of mtDNA, it is one of the cytochrome that role in
mitochondria respiratory. Cytochrome b is commonly used in phylogenetic study,
because it has enough variable in population level (Oulu, 2000). Cytochrome b
also generally used for phylogeographic studies. Doadrio and Perdices (2005)
have developed time divergence for Cobitis (family: Cobitidae) based on the
Cytochrome b gene is 0,68% per pairwise per 1 million year. The location
cytochrome b on Chromobotia macracanthus is 1438015516 bp (NCBI, 2007).
D. RAG 2 (Recombination Activating Gene 2)
RAG is one of gene on nucleus. RAG encode some enzyme that have
important role in gene sequencing on immunoglobulin and T molecule during VDJ
recombination. RAG2 very important for lymphocyte B and T, both of them is the
essential component in body immune. RAG enzyme work as a complex sub unit
that affect to fission in double helix DNA molecule. RAG protein is many, such as
RAG 2 on mouse consist of 527 amino acid. The enzymatic activity on RAG
centralized in nucleus, the rest of RAG2 obstruct most of DNA fission activity
(Wikipedia, 2007).
E. Biogeography
Biogeography is study of organism distribution on space and time
(Wiley,1981). Modern biogeography start since 1960, on the same time develop
also tectonic plate theory, so it has important role in biogeography.
Modern biogeography related with dispersal and vicariance theory.
Dispersal theory consider that ancestor population zone bordered by
geographical obstruction, than its border passed by some member of population.
If its member success in growing up on new area so its member include in
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different taxa. Vicariance theory consider that ancestor population divided on sub
population when barrier is appear so its population cannot pass it. Then, that
different sub population grow into different taxa.
Rainboth (1991) in Gustiano (2003) say that the fauna of Perak river in the
west side of malayan peninsula has relationship with the fauna on North
Sumatera. The Fauna on center of Sumatera is the most similar with fauna on
Kapuas (Kalimantan).
F. River System History
There are two processes that have important role in river alteration on
South East Asia, that are climate process that affect on shift of sea level altitude,
and the tectonic process that affecting shift, slope, and other moving of earth
plate.
In the pleistocene era, India, Malayan peninsula and all islands on Sunda
shelf, Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java was connected when sea level down. The
continent was acrossed by river system and its stream into sea (De Beaufort,
1951 in Gustiano, 2003).
Kottelat et. al.(1993) explain that Sunda shelf (2040 meter under sea level)
was wide mainland and there are three main rivers across Malaya, Sumatera,
Kalimantan, and Java stream until South China Sea. Batanghari river, Musi river
and Kapuas river joined into one primary river to South China Sea (figure 4). The
fish on Batanghari and Musi and are similar with fish on Kapuas river.
Figure 4. Ancient rivers in South East Asia at Pleistocene era (Voris, 2000).
8
G. Genetic Variation
In the fisheries resource management, population genetic structure of fish
which live in an habitat become very serious concern especially in the case of
fish facing on immeasurable ecological pressure. Immeasurable progressively
genetic variation owned by fish strengthen the fish to live in long time because
owning adaptation ability to high environment change also. High genetic variation
have many gene that able to coping with environmental change, while low
genetic variation have less gene that able to coping with environmental change
(Soewardi, 2007).
According to Dunham (2004), genetic variation is importance to live long
time a species. Dunham (2004) say that genetic variation can ascertain fitness
from population or species to able adapting environmental change. According to
Rina (2001), genetic variation can influence response population to selection,
include natural selection and also artificial selection.
H. Conservatian Genetic
Frankham et.al. (2002) defined the conservation genetic as the application
of genetics to preserve species as dynamic entities capable of coping with
environmental change. Human derive many direct and indirect benefits from the
living world. Thus, it need effort to conserving biodiversity for the resources we
use, for the ecosystem services it provides us, for pleasure we derive from living
organisms and for ethical reasons (Meffe and Carrol, 1994).
Population genetic has an important role in fisheries management. It is
because that the genetic resources determine the fitness of a population and it is
an important keys for species to survive until next generation (Soewardi, 2007).
Therefore conservation on genetic resources become prime interest for IUCN.
I. Transition and Transversion
Kimura (1980) said there are two base substitutions which affect on
evolutionary distances between homologous sequences its called transition and
transversion. Transition is a mutation changing a purine to another purine
nucleotide (Adenine with Guanine) or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine
nucleotide (Cytosine with Thymine). While transversion refers to the substitution
of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Location of Research
The research was conducted from January 2007 until March 2007 in
Biological and Nutrition Laboratory of Loka Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar
Depok, Department of Marine Affair and Fisheries of Indonesia.
B. Tools and Materials
Tools used in the research are : pincers, micropipette, scissor, Eppendorf
microtube, waterbath incubator, vortex mixer, microcentrifuge, Centrifuge Kubota
3740, vacuum desicator, PTC100 Master Cycler MJ Research, UV iluminator,
Geneaid Purification Kit, Horizontal Mini gel Kit, Digital weighing machine, Heater
and stirrer, and also microwave (appendix 1). The function of each tools are
shown on table 1.
Table 1. Tools used in reseach and function
Tools
Function
Pincers
putting and holding the fin
Micropipette
sucking and spending off the solution
Scissor
cutting the fin
Eppendorf microtube
saving the tissue or sample
Waterbath incubator
incubating the solution
Vortex mixer
mixing the solution
Centrifuge Kubota 3740
separate the solution in high speed
Microcentrifuge
separate the solution in medium speed
Vacuum desicator
drying the tissue
PTC100 Master Cycler MJ
Research
running the PCR process
UV iluminator
checking the aleles in agarose gel
Geneaid Purification Kit
purifying the DNA
Horizontal Mini gel Kit
running the electrophoresis process
Digital weighing machine
estimating the materials for agarose gel.
Heater and stirrer
stirring the agarose gel solution
Microwave
heating the agarose gel solution
10
The materials used are botia’s fin, ProteinaseK, buffer solution for
ProteinaseK, CTAB, buffer solution CTAB, Chloroform, Isopropanol, TAE 0.5x,
ddH2O, primer RAG2F2 5’ARA CGC TCM TGT CCM ACT GG3’, primer
RAG2R6 5’ –TTT GGR CAR AAG GGC TGG CC 3’, primer L15267 5’ –AAT
GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT 3’, primer H15526 5’CTT TGG GAG YYR RGG
GTG RGA 3’, primer VGLU 5’GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT TG 3’, Agarose
gel.
C. Sampling
Botia samples were taken from population of Kalimantan (Kapuas river,
West Kalimantan) and Sumatera (Batang Hari river, Jambi; Musi river, South
Sumatera and Tulang Bawang river, Lampung) (shown on figure 5). The samples
are collected from fisherman in each location. There are 5 samples from each
location.
Figure 5. Sampling location
D. Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory analysis consist of: DNA extraction, PCR amplification,
Electroforesis, DNA estimation, DNA purification, and DNA sequencing. The
complete step can be seen on appendix 2.
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1. DNA extraction
The cell was taken from tissue of caudal fin for each extraction, each of
them is 5 mg. The tissue is put into 2ml eppendorf microtube, and then it is add
with 1010µl ProteinaseK and 400µl buffer solution and mixed with vortex mixer
until homogen. Then it is incubated in water bath incubator on 37 o C during 12
hours.
Next step, the mixture added CTAB 5% and 600µl buffer solution. Enter
into vortex for a while and incubate in waterbath incubator on 60 o C for 1 hour.
Then entered into centrifuge Kubota 3740 on rate 800G for 5 minute, then the
supernatant (the top layer) taken for 750µl and put into new microtube.
Next, add 750µl chloroform 100% then put into centrifuge Kubota on 8000G
for 5 minute, so the solution become heterogen. Take the supernatant 500µl and
put into new microtube 1,5ml then add 750µl isopropanol, put into centrifuge
Kubota again on 12000G for 15 minutes, throw the dilution so only DNA remains,
then add 750µl ethanol 70%, put into centrifuge again for 15 minutes on 12000G
rate, then throw away the dilution so, only the DNA is remains, then dry its on
vacuum desicator for 2 hours, then add 30µl ddH2O.
2. PCR amplification
Total DNA that we have gotten amplified to each sample every 5 µl DNA
enhanced by 25 µl Gotaq Polymerase, 2 µl Primer Forward, 2 µl Primer Reverse,
16 µ l ddH2O. The Primer that used for cytochromeb amplification are L15267
(AAT GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT) and H15526 (CTT TGG GAG YYR RGG
GTG RGA), while for RAG2 amplified using RAG2F2 (FIG CGC TCM TGT CCM
ACT GG), and RAG2R6 (TTT GGR CAR AAG GGC TGG CC) (based on Sullivan
et.al., 2000). Hereinafter at tabletop dropped with mineral oil and entered into
PTC100 Master Cycler MJ Research with programmed temperature cycle like
seen on table 2.
Table 2. Temperature change cycle for amplification
o
Step
Temp ( C)
Time (minute)
Cycle
Initial Denaturate
95
1
1
Denaturate
92
1
Annealing
50
1
Extension
72
2,5
Final Extension
72
10
35
1
12
3. Electrophoresis
On this step, the DNA that have been amplified by PCR, then put into the
hole in 2% Agarose gel (it contain Ethidium Bromide) that have been put on
Horizontal Mini Gel Kit, with buffer TAE 0.5x solution, then flowed by electricity on
5070mA current for 1530 minutes.
4. DNA estimation
DNA estimated by doing observation the agarose gel on UV iluminator. The
objective of this step is to search the DNA appearance on amplification result,
and also check alleles on DNA RAG2.
5. DNA purification
The result of DNA amplification need to proceed with
purification
processes in order to separate the DNA with the residue of Tag Polymerase
enzyme and the primer used in amplification step. Geneaid Purification Kit is
used to purified DNA and the result is 3540 ng/µl of DNA.
6. DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing has been done to describe base sequence of DNA. The
sequencing process is done by the sequencing service of Macrogen Inc., South
Korea using 3730xl DNA analyzer. The data result in text data or fluorogram
(appendix 3) can be downloaded from http://www.macrogen.com
E. Data analysis
Data analysis done using APE packages (Paradis et.al., 2004) on R
language. Based on that calculation, it can be estimated the haplotype diversity
and genetic distance of intra population and inter population. The R script can be
seen on appendix 4.
1. Nucleotide diversity
The analysis of nucleotide diversity is done by calculating the haplotype
frequencies of inter population based on Nei’s formula (1987) :
p=
å Xi
n (n - 1 ) / 2
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Information :
Л = nucleotide diversity
Xi = different sequence frequency
N = Number sequence
2. Genetic distance (D)
Genetic distance represent size measure the genetics differences among
population. Calculation of genetic distance based on Kimura (1980) using
program APE (Paradis, et. al., 2004), with formula :
D = ½ln(12PQ) – ¼ln(12Q)
Information :
D = genetic distance
P = frequencies of transition on sequence
Q= frequencies of transversion on sequence
3. Neighborjoining tree
The neighborjoining tree is reconstructed in order to show the phylogeny
tree (relationship tree). The distance among each branches represent the genetic
distance. The neighbor joining tree is based on Saitou and Nei (1987) is done by
using APE (Paradis, et. al., 2004).
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Results
1. Nucleotide diversity
The result of nucleotide sequencing of mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus
DNA RAG2 of Chromobotia macracanthus showed that the total length of
sequence is about 1137 bp for Cytochrome b, and 1232 bp for RAG2. The
nucleotide composition as a result of sequencing is presented in table 3.
Table 3. Nucleotide composition of Cytochromeb and RAG2
DNA
Nucleotide
A
C
G
T
Cytochromeb
30,54 %
27,04 %
14,14 %
28,28 %
RAG2
24,81 %
25,31 %
25,49 %
24,39 %
Table 3 shows that the nucleotide composition of Cytochrome b are not
balanced where the nucleotide A (Adenine) on Cytochrome b has the biggest
composition (30,54%) , while nucleotide G (Guanine) has
the smallest
composition (14,14%). Whereas nucleotide composition of RAG2 is relatively
balance (nearly the same) with the composition of nucleotide G (Guanine) is
slightly bigger (25,49%) than the other nucleotide.
Nucleotide diversity calculated using APE (Paradis, 2004) is presented in
table 4.
Table 4. Nucleotide diversity on Chromobotia macracanthus population
Population
Batanghari
Nucleotide diversity (Є)
Cytochrome b
RAG2
0,001055409 (0,01967975)
0,0004870130 (0,01336799)
Tulang Bawang
0,0007036060 (0,01606845)
0 (0)
Musi
0,0026385224 (0,03111641)
0,0006493506 (0,01543603)
Kapuas
0,0014072120 (0,02272422)
0 (0)
Population of Musi has the highest nucleotide diversity (0,0026385224 on
mtDNA Cytochrome b and 0,0006493506 on nucleus DNA RAG2) than other
population. Similarly, population of Musi has also the highest diversity based on
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nucleus DNA RAG2 sequencing. While for the other two population namely
Tulang Bawang and Kapuas nucleotide diversity based on nucleus DNA RAG2
sequencing is homogen.
2. Genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b
The Kimura (1980) genetic distances of botia populations calculated
using APE (Paradis,2004) of mtDNA Cytochrome b are presented in table 5.
Table 5. Genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus populations based on
mtDNA Cytochrome b
Population
Batanghari
Batanghari
Tulang
Bawang
0,0014093826
Musi
Kapuas
Tulang Bawang
Musi
Kapuas
0,0014093826 0,0026457524 0,0629659173
0,0026457524 0,0027173587
0,0027173587 0,0633613309
0,0629659173 0,0633613309 0,0643429202
0,0643429202
The average genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus is about
0,026290. The longest genetic distance is between Musi and Kapuas population
(0,0643429202) as shown on table 5 .
3. Neigborjoining tree based on mtDNA Cytochrome b
Based on genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b, the neighbor
joining tree was constructed by using APE program (Paradis, 2004). The
neighborjoining tree based on mtDNA Cytochrome b is presented in figure 6.
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Figure 6. Neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus based on mtDNA
Cytochrome b.
Based on Neighborjoining Chromobotia macracanthus tree above showed
that population of botia divided into 2 group, namely group of Sumatera and
group of Kalimantan.
4. Genetic distance based on nucleus DNA RAG2
The genetic distance that have calculated according to Kimura (1980)
using APE program (Paradis, 2004) based on Nucleus DNA RAG2 shown on
table 6.
Table 6. Genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus populations based on
nucleus DNA RAG2 :
Population
Batanghari
Batanghari
Tulang
Bawang
0,0004873097
Musi
Kapuas
Tulang Bawang
Musi
Kapuas
0,0004873097 0,0006173712 0,0061945706
0,0006173712 0,0003250382
0,0003250382 0,0057036724
0,0061945706 0,0057036724 0,0060312396
0,0060312396
The genetic distance based on Nucleus DNA RAG2 give more clear
information that population of botia from Sumatra and Kalimantan is separated
genetically. Table 6 shows that the genetic distances among botia populations
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from Sumatera is relatively closed, while the genetic distances among each
populations of Sumatera and Kalimantan has much more longer distance.
5. Neigborjoining tree based on nucleus DNA RAG2
The neighborjoining tree using APE program (Paradis, 2004) based on
nucleus DNA RAG2 is presented in figure 7.
Figure 7. Neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus based on nucleus
DNA RAG2.
Based on the neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus above,
convince the previous analysis that the population of botia is divided into 2
group, namely group of Sumatera and group of Kalimantan which is separated
one and another as shown in figure 7.
B. Discussion
1. Genetic differentiation
The sequencing result of DNA based on mtDNA Cytochrome b has higher
nucleotide diversity than nucleus DNA RAG2 because the mutation rate of
mtDNA is relatively faster than nucleus DNA.
The Musi population has the biggest nucleotide diversity than other
population. Whereas nucleotide diversity for nucleus DNA RAG2 only present on
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Batanghari and Musi population, while Tulang Bawang and Kapuas are
homogen. The high genetic diversity of Musi and Batanghari populations may be
determined by the habitat of both populations as big river system so it has big
population, as it was stated by Kusumah (2007).
Population of Tulang Bawang has low genetic diversity. It is because
Tulang Bawang river is the small river system on Sumatera. Small river system
also indicate that it has small population. In small population, genetic drift has
bigger role in degrading or deleting the genetic diversity of population than in big
population (Frankham, et al., 2002).
Population of Kapuas also has low genetic diversity. It is indicate that there
were bottleneck effect on long time ago which affect the genetic drift, as it was
stated by Kusumah (2007). This low genetic diversity is also caused by
population restriction that happened long time ago that cause most of population
separated with the main population.
The genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b among population of
Kapuas and other populations from Sumatera have long genetic distance, its
range between 0,0629659173 (Kapuas and Batanghari) and 0,0643429202
(Kapuas and Musi). In addition the genetic distance based on nucleus DNA
RAG2 has also long genetic distance among Kalimantan and Sumatera
population (see table 6), it is an indication that both population groups may have
been separated for long time.
The botia populations of Sumatera have closer genetic distance, its range
between 0,0014093826 and 0,0027173587 based on mtDNA Cytochrome b. In
addition the genetic distance based on nucleus DNA RAG2 has also closer
genetic distance among populations of Sumatera (see table 6). It is shown that
Musi, Tulang Bawang, and Batanghari have ever merged.
Musi and Tulang Bawang population have closer genetic distance
(0,0027173587 on mtDNA Cytochrome b, and 0,0003250382 on nucleus DNA
RAG2). It is suggested that Musi and Tulang Bawang may have ever merged
before.
Neighborjoining tree Chromobotia macracanthus based on mtDNA
Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2 shown that there are 2 group of
population botia namely population group of Sumatera (Musi, Batanghari, Tulang
Bawang) and population group of Kalimantan (Kapuas).
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2. Time Divergence and Speciation Process
The mutation rate on mtDNA Cytochrome b is faster than nucleus DNA
(Baker, 2003). Doadrio and Perdices (2005) have developed time divergence for
Cobitis (family: Cobitidae) based on the mtDNA Cytochrome b gene is 0,68% per
pairwise per 1 million year. Based on this rate of time divergence it can be
calculated the time divergence between population of Kalimantan with Sumatera.
Genetic distance among population of Kalimantan and Sumatera based on
mtDNA Cytochrome b is 6,29%6,43%, so the time divergence between
population of Kalimantan with Sumatera is about 9,259,46 million years ago
(Miocene era).
The previous study (Kusumah, 2007) showed the botia population of
Sumatera and Kalimantan have some common alleles so it mean that the two
populations has ever merged long time before. Kottelat et.al. (1993) stated that
Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java, and Malayan Peninsula merged into one mainland
with Sunda shelf on pleistocene era (10.0002.000.000 years ago). Although the
rivers on Sumatera (Musi and Batanghari) merged with Kapuas river into one
river system that flown into South China Sea (figure 8), there is no genetic
evidence of mixing between the two populations during the glacial times.
Environmental factor such as acidity, conductivity, water depth, salinity or
vegetation covered the area may have become the barrier of both population
group for mixing.
Figure 8. Map of ancient rivers system on pleistocene era (Voris, 2000)
20
Musi and Batanghari river ever merged into one ancient river system that
flow into South China Sea (Kottelat et.al., 1993 and Voris, 2000). The rising of
sea level caused by ice melting when last pleistocene era cause the ancient river
system sunk, both Musi and Batanghari are finally separated in different river
system until now.
Although Musi and Tulang Bawang river never merged into one river
system since pleistocene era, both of populations have little genetic differences
based on mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2. It show that the
population botia on Musi river and Tulang Bawang ever merged. Perhaps both of
populations mixed through the flood plain area during wet season, it is also stated
by Kusumah (2007).
3. Population management of botia
Population genetic has an important role in fisheries management. It is
because that the genetic resources determine the fitness of a population and it is
an important keys for species to survive until next generation (Soewardi, 2007).
Therefore conservation on genetic resources become prime interest for IUCN.
The result of the research showed that there is low diversity on botia
population of Kapuas, so it is needed to increase the diversity in order to sustain
the population of Kalimantan. Besides, the result of the research also showed
that there are big genetic differences between population group of Sumatera with
population group of Kalimantan. The restocking effort for population of botia could
not be done from population botia of Sumatera to Kalimantan and vice versa. The
population botia of Sumatera could not mix into original habitat of botia
Kalimantan, and it may cause disturb genetically botia population of Kalimantan.
Besides, the botia of Sumatera live as well in pH 6,87 (Lesmana, 2002),
while the pH of Kapuas river is 6,16,5 (Yulistiana, 2007). The pH difference
among Sumatera and Kalimantan will cause botia population of Sumatera cannot
survive in Kalimantan.
In order to increase the botia population of Kalimantan diversity, the
artificial selection is needed. The artificial selection could be done by breeding
the botia of Kapuas with other botia population from Kalimantan such as botia
from Mahakam river.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
The sequencing result of DNA based on mtDNA cytochrome b has higher
nucleotide diversity than nucleus DNA RAG2 because the mutation rate of
mtDNA is relatively faster than nucleus DNA.
Genetic distance between population group of Sumatera (Musi,
Batanghari, Tulangbawang) and population group of Kalimantan (Kapuas) have
long genetic distance so It is suggested that the botia population in Kalimantan
probably considered as a distinct species .
The previous study (Kusumah, 2007) showed the botia population of
Sumatera and Kalimantan have some common allele so it mean that the two
populations has ever merged long time before. Based on mtDNA Cytochromeb
sequencing, the time divergence between population group of Sumatera and
Kalimantan is about 9,259,46 million years ago (miocene era).
B. Recommendation
The clear genetic differentiation between population group of Sumatera
and population group of Kalimantan give important information for future
management of botia population.
In order to strengthen the conclusion that botia population of Kalimantan
is a distinct species, further research has to be done by adding some more
samples of botia population from different river system in Kalimantan.
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Nomenclature and Diagnosis of A New Genus. Zootaxa 401: 1 18.
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(Chromobotia Macracanthus Bleeker) Berdasarkan Sequence (Urutan
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Lemire,
B.
2005.
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of Southeast Asian Freshwater Family Botiidae (Teleostei : Cobitidae) and
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of Their Electric Organs. Journal of Experimental Biology 203 : 665683.
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Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan Botia (Botia
24
macracanthus Bleeker). [skripsi]. Fakultas Perikanan dan ilmu Kelautan.
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Systematics. Canada: John Wiley & Sons. 439 p.
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Botia (Botia macracanthus Bleeker) di Sungai Batanghari dan Sungai
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[01
Yulistiana, L. 2007. Penentuan Kualitas Air dan Kajian Daya Tampung Sungai
Kapuas, Kota Pontianak. [tesis]. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
26
Appendix 1. Tools on reseach
Microwave
Waterbath Incubator
PTC100
Research
Master
Cycler
MJ
Centrifuge Kubota 3740
Horizontal Mini gel Kit
Geneaid Purification Kit
UV illuminator
Microcentrifuge
27
Appendix 1. Continued
Heater and stirer
Vacuum desicator
Digital weighing machine
Eppendorf microtube
Micropipette
Vortex mixer
28
Appendix 2. Laboratory analysis steps
DNA Extraction
PCR Amplification
+primer L15267 & H15526
(for Cytochrome b)
+primer RAG2F2 &
RAG2R6 (for RAG2)
+
Using PTC100 Master Cycler MJ
Research
Electroforesis
Using Horizontal Mini gel kit
+ 2% Agarose gel
DNA estimation
Result
Using UV iluminator
DNA Purification
DNA Sequencing
Using Macrogen Service
DNA sequence data
ATGGCAAGCCTACGCA
AAACGCACCCCCTCAT
TAAAATCGCACCCCCT
CATTAAAATCGCACCC
CCTCATTAAAATCG
Fluorogram
Text data
29
Appendix 3. Fluorogram of sequencing result using Automatic Sequencer 3730xl machine.
A. Forward primer
30
Appendix 3. Continued
B. Reverse Primer
31
Appendix 4. R script using APE packages
library(ape)
cytb.botia
macracanthus Bleeker from Sumatera and Kalimantan
Based On Sequencing Gene of MtDNA Cytochrome b and
Nucleus DNA RAG2
KAFI HIDONIS
DEPARTMENT OF LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2008
STATEMENT ABOUT THESIS AND INFORMATION SOURCE
Hereby I acclaim that its thesis entitled :
Genetic Differentiation among Populations of Chromobotia Macracanthus
Bleeker from Sumatera and Kalimantan Based On Sequencing Gene of
MtDNA Cytochrome B and Nucleus DNA RAG2
Is my own work and have never been submitted whatever form to any college. All
data and information source come or quoted from other masterpiece have been
listed on text and listed on references in the end part of this thesis.
Bogor, July 2008
KAFI HIDONIS
C24102033
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker) as well known as clown loach
is one of the econonomically important species of freshwater ornamental fish.
Botia is indigenous of Indonesian waters especially in Batanghari, Musi, and
Kapuas river (Kottelat et al.,1993).
The increase of human activity around the river, like fishing the botia from
juvenile to adult and also environmental changes due to the increase of
development activity it will affect the existing botia population. The low level
composition and abundance of fish (include botia) in Kapuas river is not only
affected by fishing activity, but also the pollution of peat land development activity
(Harteman, 1998). The effort for preserving this population like conservation,
restocking, cultivation, and domestication is needed. Nevertheless the cultivation
of botia until now still in laboratory scale, as it has been done by LRBIHATDKP
in cooperation with Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) France.
The efforts above need much information on ecobiological characters of
botia population in order to support the successful management. According to
Wirasatya (1994), the population of botia in Batanghari and the population of
botia in Kapuas showed morphologically difference.The color appearance of botia
from Sumatera looks different which from Kalimantan. The color of botia from
Kapuas river (West Kalimantan) looks brighter than botia from Batanghari river.
Fish population genetic have the important role in either fisheries management
program or production. The genetic variability is an essential key for the survival
of a species to survive for the next generation. The conservation of genetic
diversity has become prime concern for IUCN. Concerning the botia population,
information on genetic aspects still limited. Therefore in order to maintain the
sustainability of botia population in Indonesia, especially in Sumatera and
Kalimantan, the research on genetic aspect of botia population is important to be
carried out.
B. Problems Definition
The Increasing of fishing activity and habitat destruction cause the
degradation of genetic population diversity. Therefore, it needs control and
evaluation on botia population in order to keep its genetic diversity.
2
An effort to maintain the population of botia like restocking and
domestication has to pay attention on population genetic population of botia.
There is no clear information whether the population of botia from Sumatera and
Kalimantan, is similar or not genetically. Therefore it has to be very careful before
manipulating botia population either for restocking or aquaculture because it will
risk disturbing the original population genetically. Therefore research on
population genetic of botia from Sumatra and Kalimantan is needed and in order
to give more information needed for its conservation and management.
Cytochrome b is one of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome b analysis is often
used in fisheries to figure out genetic diversity of population because it is more
sensitive than protein analysis. Besides, it is generally used to study
phylogeography (Baker,2000).
RAG2 is one of gene on nucleus. RAG2 encode some enzyme that have
important role in gene sequencing. RAG2 analysis often used in studying of
phylogeny on teleostei fish (Sullivan, et.al., 2000).
C. Objective
The objective of this research is to obtain the representation of genetic
differentiation between population of botia (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker)
from Sumatera (Batanghari, Tulang Bawang, dan Musi) and Kalimantan
(Kapuas). The objective also to estimate time divergence between both
population groups.
D. Benefit
The benefit of this research is giving essential information on the
management efforts in order to maintain the sustainability of botia population and
other related activities such as domestication, aquaculture, and also conservation
and restocking in the future.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Biology of Chromobotia macracanthus
1. Classification, nomenclature, and morphology
Classification of Chromobotia macracanthus according to Weber &
Beaufort (1916), Kottelat (2004), and Šlechtová et.al.(2006) are mentioned
below:
kingdom
: Animalia
phylum
: Chordata
class
: Pisces
subclass
: Teleostei
order
: Ostariophysi
suborder
: Cyprinoidea
family
: Cobitidae
subfamily
: Botiinae
genus
: Chromobotia
species
: Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker
The common name of Chromobotia macracanthus is clown loach. In
Indonesia it is known as botia. It also has local name such as Ikan Macan
(Sumatera); Gecuban (Lampung); Biju Bana (Jambi) and Langli (Mahakam river,
Kalimantan) (Weber & Beafourt, 1916). Botia was classified in Genus Botia,
named Botia macracanthus. According to Kottelat (2004), botia is defined in new
genus Chromobotia, and the same family called Cobitidae. Since 2006, all of
tetraploid (4n) species (include Chromobotia macracanthus) in family Cobitidae
are defined in subfamily Botiinae and diploid (2n) species are defined in
subfamily Leptobotiinae (Šlechtová, 2006).
Morphologically botia have orange color body with 3 black bars , its eyes
not covered with skin as shown on picture (Kottelat et.al., 1993). According to
Wirasatya (1994), the population of botia in Batanghari and the population of
botia in Kapuas showed morphologically difference. Botia of Kalimantan (figure 1)
is brighter than that of Sumatera (figure 2). The different varieties of colour can
represent the distinct species, similar case as the different varieties of colour of
the asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) are also represent distinct species
(Pouyaud et.al.,2003).
4
Figure 1. Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker of Kalimantan (personal
documentation)
Figure 2. Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker of Sumatera (Sudarto’s
documentation)
2. Habitat and distribution
The habitat of botia in Batanghari’s upstream on pH 5 5,5 during dry
season, and pH 6,5 7 on downstream (Utami, 2003). While in aquarium, botia
live as well on water with pH 6,8 – 7 (Lesmana, 2002).
Cyprinid fish included botia dominated freshwater habitat of Southeast
Asia, where about 70 genera of cyprinid are endemic to the area. While botia in
Indonesia its endemic especially in Sumatera and Kalimantan (Ismail, 1994).
The botia live in Kalimantan especially on Barito, Kahayan, Kapuas, Bongan and
Mahakam river. While in Sumatera, botia live on Pangabuang river; Kwanten
river; Batanghari river; Teluk Betung river; Musi river; and Maninjau lake (Weber
and de Beaufort, 1916).
5
3. Reproduction
According to Kamal (1992), botia spawns on the upstream since early of
wet season. The eggs hatch on downstream and during the dry season the
juvenile migrate to the upstream.
4. Foods and feeding habit
The botia foods on Musi river are group of insecta (order: Diptera,
Tricoptera and others), worm, micro algae, molusca, arthropods (spider) and
other unidentified materials (Sawaliyah, 2007). While According to Kamal (1994)
the botia food on Batanghari river are group of crustacean, insect, nematode,
molusca, algae, and other unidentified materials. Botia feeds on the night
(nocturnal) while only hide on the day.
B. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondrial DNA is one of the genome in somatic cell. Beside mtDNA is
small size of haploid molecule, round and simpler than gene in nucleus cell, and
able to do self replication (Baker, 2000). mtDNA has a role in encoding some
tRNA, rRNA, and some proteins that used on protein synthesis in mitochondria
(Griffiths et al., 2000). The size of mtDNA’s is less than 20 kb and it is inherited
through female ancestor. All mtDNA have many gene that encode for protein
enzymatic in respiratory such as: cytochrome b, NADH 17, NADH41,
cytochrome c oxidase (COX13), ATP 6;8;9, 12s rRNA, 16s RNA, and tRNA
(figure 3).
Figure 3. Human’s mtDNA map (Lemire, 2005)
6
The difference between mtDNA gene and nucleus gene include 2 factors.
First, mtDNA inherit maternally (from female ancestor), it does not follow the
mendellian’s law. Second, mtDNA is haploid and mutation rate of mtDNA is 510
times faster than nucleus gene. The average divergence rate of mtDNA in
vertebrate is 12% per million year (Randi, 2000). Mutation rate on mtDNA
increase caused by environment factor or mutation in nucleus gene that affect on
mtDNA (Lemire,2005).
C. Cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is part of mtDNA, it is one of the cytochrome that role in
mitochondria respiratory. Cytochrome b is commonly used in phylogenetic study,
because it has enough variable in population level (Oulu, 2000). Cytochrome b
also generally used for phylogeographic studies. Doadrio and Perdices (2005)
have developed time divergence for Cobitis (family: Cobitidae) based on the
Cytochrome b gene is 0,68% per pairwise per 1 million year. The location
cytochrome b on Chromobotia macracanthus is 1438015516 bp (NCBI, 2007).
D. RAG 2 (Recombination Activating Gene 2)
RAG is one of gene on nucleus. RAG encode some enzyme that have
important role in gene sequencing on immunoglobulin and T molecule during VDJ
recombination. RAG2 very important for lymphocyte B and T, both of them is the
essential component in body immune. RAG enzyme work as a complex sub unit
that affect to fission in double helix DNA molecule. RAG protein is many, such as
RAG 2 on mouse consist of 527 amino acid. The enzymatic activity on RAG
centralized in nucleus, the rest of RAG2 obstruct most of DNA fission activity
(Wikipedia, 2007).
E. Biogeography
Biogeography is study of organism distribution on space and time
(Wiley,1981). Modern biogeography start since 1960, on the same time develop
also tectonic plate theory, so it has important role in biogeography.
Modern biogeography related with dispersal and vicariance theory.
Dispersal theory consider that ancestor population zone bordered by
geographical obstruction, than its border passed by some member of population.
If its member success in growing up on new area so its member include in
7
different taxa. Vicariance theory consider that ancestor population divided on sub
population when barrier is appear so its population cannot pass it. Then, that
different sub population grow into different taxa.
Rainboth (1991) in Gustiano (2003) say that the fauna of Perak river in the
west side of malayan peninsula has relationship with the fauna on North
Sumatera. The Fauna on center of Sumatera is the most similar with fauna on
Kapuas (Kalimantan).
F. River System History
There are two processes that have important role in river alteration on
South East Asia, that are climate process that affect on shift of sea level altitude,
and the tectonic process that affecting shift, slope, and other moving of earth
plate.
In the pleistocene era, India, Malayan peninsula and all islands on Sunda
shelf, Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java was connected when sea level down. The
continent was acrossed by river system and its stream into sea (De Beaufort,
1951 in Gustiano, 2003).
Kottelat et. al.(1993) explain that Sunda shelf (2040 meter under sea level)
was wide mainland and there are three main rivers across Malaya, Sumatera,
Kalimantan, and Java stream until South China Sea. Batanghari river, Musi river
and Kapuas river joined into one primary river to South China Sea (figure 4). The
fish on Batanghari and Musi and are similar with fish on Kapuas river.
Figure 4. Ancient rivers in South East Asia at Pleistocene era (Voris, 2000).
8
G. Genetic Variation
In the fisheries resource management, population genetic structure of fish
which live in an habitat become very serious concern especially in the case of
fish facing on immeasurable ecological pressure. Immeasurable progressively
genetic variation owned by fish strengthen the fish to live in long time because
owning adaptation ability to high environment change also. High genetic variation
have many gene that able to coping with environmental change, while low
genetic variation have less gene that able to coping with environmental change
(Soewardi, 2007).
According to Dunham (2004), genetic variation is importance to live long
time a species. Dunham (2004) say that genetic variation can ascertain fitness
from population or species to able adapting environmental change. According to
Rina (2001), genetic variation can influence response population to selection,
include natural selection and also artificial selection.
H. Conservatian Genetic
Frankham et.al. (2002) defined the conservation genetic as the application
of genetics to preserve species as dynamic entities capable of coping with
environmental change. Human derive many direct and indirect benefits from the
living world. Thus, it need effort to conserving biodiversity for the resources we
use, for the ecosystem services it provides us, for pleasure we derive from living
organisms and for ethical reasons (Meffe and Carrol, 1994).
Population genetic has an important role in fisheries management. It is
because that the genetic resources determine the fitness of a population and it is
an important keys for species to survive until next generation (Soewardi, 2007).
Therefore conservation on genetic resources become prime interest for IUCN.
I. Transition and Transversion
Kimura (1980) said there are two base substitutions which affect on
evolutionary distances between homologous sequences its called transition and
transversion. Transition is a mutation changing a purine to another purine
nucleotide (Adenine with Guanine) or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine
nucleotide (Cytosine with Thymine). While transversion refers to the substitution
of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Location of Research
The research was conducted from January 2007 until March 2007 in
Biological and Nutrition Laboratory of Loka Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar
Depok, Department of Marine Affair and Fisheries of Indonesia.
B. Tools and Materials
Tools used in the research are : pincers, micropipette, scissor, Eppendorf
microtube, waterbath incubator, vortex mixer, microcentrifuge, Centrifuge Kubota
3740, vacuum desicator, PTC100 Master Cycler MJ Research, UV iluminator,
Geneaid Purification Kit, Horizontal Mini gel Kit, Digital weighing machine, Heater
and stirrer, and also microwave (appendix 1). The function of each tools are
shown on table 1.
Table 1. Tools used in reseach and function
Tools
Function
Pincers
putting and holding the fin
Micropipette
sucking and spending off the solution
Scissor
cutting the fin
Eppendorf microtube
saving the tissue or sample
Waterbath incubator
incubating the solution
Vortex mixer
mixing the solution
Centrifuge Kubota 3740
separate the solution in high speed
Microcentrifuge
separate the solution in medium speed
Vacuum desicator
drying the tissue
PTC100 Master Cycler MJ
Research
running the PCR process
UV iluminator
checking the aleles in agarose gel
Geneaid Purification Kit
purifying the DNA
Horizontal Mini gel Kit
running the electrophoresis process
Digital weighing machine
estimating the materials for agarose gel.
Heater and stirrer
stirring the agarose gel solution
Microwave
heating the agarose gel solution
10
The materials used are botia’s fin, ProteinaseK, buffer solution for
ProteinaseK, CTAB, buffer solution CTAB, Chloroform, Isopropanol, TAE 0.5x,
ddH2O, primer RAG2F2 5’ARA CGC TCM TGT CCM ACT GG3’, primer
RAG2R6 5’ –TTT GGR CAR AAG GGC TGG CC 3’, primer L15267 5’ –AAT
GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT 3’, primer H15526 5’CTT TGG GAG YYR RGG
GTG RGA 3’, primer VGLU 5’GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT TG 3’, Agarose
gel.
C. Sampling
Botia samples were taken from population of Kalimantan (Kapuas river,
West Kalimantan) and Sumatera (Batang Hari river, Jambi; Musi river, South
Sumatera and Tulang Bawang river, Lampung) (shown on figure 5). The samples
are collected from fisherman in each location. There are 5 samples from each
location.
Figure 5. Sampling location
D. Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory analysis consist of: DNA extraction, PCR amplification,
Electroforesis, DNA estimation, DNA purification, and DNA sequencing. The
complete step can be seen on appendix 2.
11
1. DNA extraction
The cell was taken from tissue of caudal fin for each extraction, each of
them is 5 mg. The tissue is put into 2ml eppendorf microtube, and then it is add
with 1010µl ProteinaseK and 400µl buffer solution and mixed with vortex mixer
until homogen. Then it is incubated in water bath incubator on 37 o C during 12
hours.
Next step, the mixture added CTAB 5% and 600µl buffer solution. Enter
into vortex for a while and incubate in waterbath incubator on 60 o C for 1 hour.
Then entered into centrifuge Kubota 3740 on rate 800G for 5 minute, then the
supernatant (the top layer) taken for 750µl and put into new microtube.
Next, add 750µl chloroform 100% then put into centrifuge Kubota on 8000G
for 5 minute, so the solution become heterogen. Take the supernatant 500µl and
put into new microtube 1,5ml then add 750µl isopropanol, put into centrifuge
Kubota again on 12000G for 15 minutes, throw the dilution so only DNA remains,
then add 750µl ethanol 70%, put into centrifuge again for 15 minutes on 12000G
rate, then throw away the dilution so, only the DNA is remains, then dry its on
vacuum desicator for 2 hours, then add 30µl ddH2O.
2. PCR amplification
Total DNA that we have gotten amplified to each sample every 5 µl DNA
enhanced by 25 µl Gotaq Polymerase, 2 µl Primer Forward, 2 µl Primer Reverse,
16 µ l ddH2O. The Primer that used for cytochromeb amplification are L15267
(AAT GAC TTG AAG AAC CAC CGT) and H15526 (CTT TGG GAG YYR RGG
GTG RGA), while for RAG2 amplified using RAG2F2 (FIG CGC TCM TGT CCM
ACT GG), and RAG2R6 (TTT GGR CAR AAG GGC TGG CC) (based on Sullivan
et.al., 2000). Hereinafter at tabletop dropped with mineral oil and entered into
PTC100 Master Cycler MJ Research with programmed temperature cycle like
seen on table 2.
Table 2. Temperature change cycle for amplification
o
Step
Temp ( C)
Time (minute)
Cycle
Initial Denaturate
95
1
1
Denaturate
92
1
Annealing
50
1
Extension
72
2,5
Final Extension
72
10
35
1
12
3. Electrophoresis
On this step, the DNA that have been amplified by PCR, then put into the
hole in 2% Agarose gel (it contain Ethidium Bromide) that have been put on
Horizontal Mini Gel Kit, with buffer TAE 0.5x solution, then flowed by electricity on
5070mA current for 1530 minutes.
4. DNA estimation
DNA estimated by doing observation the agarose gel on UV iluminator. The
objective of this step is to search the DNA appearance on amplification result,
and also check alleles on DNA RAG2.
5. DNA purification
The result of DNA amplification need to proceed with
purification
processes in order to separate the DNA with the residue of Tag Polymerase
enzyme and the primer used in amplification step. Geneaid Purification Kit is
used to purified DNA and the result is 3540 ng/µl of DNA.
6. DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing has been done to describe base sequence of DNA. The
sequencing process is done by the sequencing service of Macrogen Inc., South
Korea using 3730xl DNA analyzer. The data result in text data or fluorogram
(appendix 3) can be downloaded from http://www.macrogen.com
E. Data analysis
Data analysis done using APE packages (Paradis et.al., 2004) on R
language. Based on that calculation, it can be estimated the haplotype diversity
and genetic distance of intra population and inter population. The R script can be
seen on appendix 4.
1. Nucleotide diversity
The analysis of nucleotide diversity is done by calculating the haplotype
frequencies of inter population based on Nei’s formula (1987) :
p=
å Xi
n (n - 1 ) / 2
13
Information :
Л = nucleotide diversity
Xi = different sequence frequency
N = Number sequence
2. Genetic distance (D)
Genetic distance represent size measure the genetics differences among
population. Calculation of genetic distance based on Kimura (1980) using
program APE (Paradis, et. al., 2004), with formula :
D = ½ln(12PQ) – ¼ln(12Q)
Information :
D = genetic distance
P = frequencies of transition on sequence
Q= frequencies of transversion on sequence
3. Neighborjoining tree
The neighborjoining tree is reconstructed in order to show the phylogeny
tree (relationship tree). The distance among each branches represent the genetic
distance. The neighbor joining tree is based on Saitou and Nei (1987) is done by
using APE (Paradis, et. al., 2004).
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Results
1. Nucleotide diversity
The result of nucleotide sequencing of mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus
DNA RAG2 of Chromobotia macracanthus showed that the total length of
sequence is about 1137 bp for Cytochrome b, and 1232 bp for RAG2. The
nucleotide composition as a result of sequencing is presented in table 3.
Table 3. Nucleotide composition of Cytochromeb and RAG2
DNA
Nucleotide
A
C
G
T
Cytochromeb
30,54 %
27,04 %
14,14 %
28,28 %
RAG2
24,81 %
25,31 %
25,49 %
24,39 %
Table 3 shows that the nucleotide composition of Cytochrome b are not
balanced where the nucleotide A (Adenine) on Cytochrome b has the biggest
composition (30,54%) , while nucleotide G (Guanine) has
the smallest
composition (14,14%). Whereas nucleotide composition of RAG2 is relatively
balance (nearly the same) with the composition of nucleotide G (Guanine) is
slightly bigger (25,49%) than the other nucleotide.
Nucleotide diversity calculated using APE (Paradis, 2004) is presented in
table 4.
Table 4. Nucleotide diversity on Chromobotia macracanthus population
Population
Batanghari
Nucleotide diversity (Є)
Cytochrome b
RAG2
0,001055409 (0,01967975)
0,0004870130 (0,01336799)
Tulang Bawang
0,0007036060 (0,01606845)
0 (0)
Musi
0,0026385224 (0,03111641)
0,0006493506 (0,01543603)
Kapuas
0,0014072120 (0,02272422)
0 (0)
Population of Musi has the highest nucleotide diversity (0,0026385224 on
mtDNA Cytochrome b and 0,0006493506 on nucleus DNA RAG2) than other
population. Similarly, population of Musi has also the highest diversity based on
15
nucleus DNA RAG2 sequencing. While for the other two population namely
Tulang Bawang and Kapuas nucleotide diversity based on nucleus DNA RAG2
sequencing is homogen.
2. Genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b
The Kimura (1980) genetic distances of botia populations calculated
using APE (Paradis,2004) of mtDNA Cytochrome b are presented in table 5.
Table 5. Genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus populations based on
mtDNA Cytochrome b
Population
Batanghari
Batanghari
Tulang
Bawang
0,0014093826
Musi
Kapuas
Tulang Bawang
Musi
Kapuas
0,0014093826 0,0026457524 0,0629659173
0,0026457524 0,0027173587
0,0027173587 0,0633613309
0,0629659173 0,0633613309 0,0643429202
0,0643429202
The average genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus is about
0,026290. The longest genetic distance is between Musi and Kapuas population
(0,0643429202) as shown on table 5 .
3. Neigborjoining tree based on mtDNA Cytochrome b
Based on genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b, the neighbor
joining tree was constructed by using APE program (Paradis, 2004). The
neighborjoining tree based on mtDNA Cytochrome b is presented in figure 6.
16
Figure 6. Neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus based on mtDNA
Cytochrome b.
Based on Neighborjoining Chromobotia macracanthus tree above showed
that population of botia divided into 2 group, namely group of Sumatera and
group of Kalimantan.
4. Genetic distance based on nucleus DNA RAG2
The genetic distance that have calculated according to Kimura (1980)
using APE program (Paradis, 2004) based on Nucleus DNA RAG2 shown on
table 6.
Table 6. Genetic distance of Chromobotia macracanthus populations based on
nucleus DNA RAG2 :
Population
Batanghari
Batanghari
Tulang
Bawang
0,0004873097
Musi
Kapuas
Tulang Bawang
Musi
Kapuas
0,0004873097 0,0006173712 0,0061945706
0,0006173712 0,0003250382
0,0003250382 0,0057036724
0,0061945706 0,0057036724 0,0060312396
0,0060312396
The genetic distance based on Nucleus DNA RAG2 give more clear
information that population of botia from Sumatra and Kalimantan is separated
genetically. Table 6 shows that the genetic distances among botia populations
17
from Sumatera is relatively closed, while the genetic distances among each
populations of Sumatera and Kalimantan has much more longer distance.
5. Neigborjoining tree based on nucleus DNA RAG2
The neighborjoining tree using APE program (Paradis, 2004) based on
nucleus DNA RAG2 is presented in figure 7.
Figure 7. Neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus based on nucleus
DNA RAG2.
Based on the neighborjoining tree of Chromobotia macracanthus above,
convince the previous analysis that the population of botia is divided into 2
group, namely group of Sumatera and group of Kalimantan which is separated
one and another as shown in figure 7.
B. Discussion
1. Genetic differentiation
The sequencing result of DNA based on mtDNA Cytochrome b has higher
nucleotide diversity than nucleus DNA RAG2 because the mutation rate of
mtDNA is relatively faster than nucleus DNA.
The Musi population has the biggest nucleotide diversity than other
population. Whereas nucleotide diversity for nucleus DNA RAG2 only present on
18
Batanghari and Musi population, while Tulang Bawang and Kapuas are
homogen. The high genetic diversity of Musi and Batanghari populations may be
determined by the habitat of both populations as big river system so it has big
population, as it was stated by Kusumah (2007).
Population of Tulang Bawang has low genetic diversity. It is because
Tulang Bawang river is the small river system on Sumatera. Small river system
also indicate that it has small population. In small population, genetic drift has
bigger role in degrading or deleting the genetic diversity of population than in big
population (Frankham, et al., 2002).
Population of Kapuas also has low genetic diversity. It is indicate that there
were bottleneck effect on long time ago which affect the genetic drift, as it was
stated by Kusumah (2007). This low genetic diversity is also caused by
population restriction that happened long time ago that cause most of population
separated with the main population.
The genetic distance based on mtDNA Cytochrome b among population of
Kapuas and other populations from Sumatera have long genetic distance, its
range between 0,0629659173 (Kapuas and Batanghari) and 0,0643429202
(Kapuas and Musi). In addition the genetic distance based on nucleus DNA
RAG2 has also long genetic distance among Kalimantan and Sumatera
population (see table 6), it is an indication that both population groups may have
been separated for long time.
The botia populations of Sumatera have closer genetic distance, its range
between 0,0014093826 and 0,0027173587 based on mtDNA Cytochrome b. In
addition the genetic distance based on nucleus DNA RAG2 has also closer
genetic distance among populations of Sumatera (see table 6). It is shown that
Musi, Tulang Bawang, and Batanghari have ever merged.
Musi and Tulang Bawang population have closer genetic distance
(0,0027173587 on mtDNA Cytochrome b, and 0,0003250382 on nucleus DNA
RAG2). It is suggested that Musi and Tulang Bawang may have ever merged
before.
Neighborjoining tree Chromobotia macracanthus based on mtDNA
Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2 shown that there are 2 group of
population botia namely population group of Sumatera (Musi, Batanghari, Tulang
Bawang) and population group of Kalimantan (Kapuas).
19
2. Time Divergence and Speciation Process
The mutation rate on mtDNA Cytochrome b is faster than nucleus DNA
(Baker, 2003). Doadrio and Perdices (2005) have developed time divergence for
Cobitis (family: Cobitidae) based on the mtDNA Cytochrome b gene is 0,68% per
pairwise per 1 million year. Based on this rate of time divergence it can be
calculated the time divergence between population of Kalimantan with Sumatera.
Genetic distance among population of Kalimantan and Sumatera based on
mtDNA Cytochrome b is 6,29%6,43%, so the time divergence between
population of Kalimantan with Sumatera is about 9,259,46 million years ago
(Miocene era).
The previous study (Kusumah, 2007) showed the botia population of
Sumatera and Kalimantan have some common alleles so it mean that the two
populations has ever merged long time before. Kottelat et.al. (1993) stated that
Kalimantan, Sumatera, Java, and Malayan Peninsula merged into one mainland
with Sunda shelf on pleistocene era (10.0002.000.000 years ago). Although the
rivers on Sumatera (Musi and Batanghari) merged with Kapuas river into one
river system that flown into South China Sea (figure 8), there is no genetic
evidence of mixing between the two populations during the glacial times.
Environmental factor such as acidity, conductivity, water depth, salinity or
vegetation covered the area may have become the barrier of both population
group for mixing.
Figure 8. Map of ancient rivers system on pleistocene era (Voris, 2000)
20
Musi and Batanghari river ever merged into one ancient river system that
flow into South China Sea (Kottelat et.al., 1993 and Voris, 2000). The rising of
sea level caused by ice melting when last pleistocene era cause the ancient river
system sunk, both Musi and Batanghari are finally separated in different river
system until now.
Although Musi and Tulang Bawang river never merged into one river
system since pleistocene era, both of populations have little genetic differences
based on mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2. It show that the
population botia on Musi river and Tulang Bawang ever merged. Perhaps both of
populations mixed through the flood plain area during wet season, it is also stated
by Kusumah (2007).
3. Population management of botia
Population genetic has an important role in fisheries management. It is
because that the genetic resources determine the fitness of a population and it is
an important keys for species to survive until next generation (Soewardi, 2007).
Therefore conservation on genetic resources become prime interest for IUCN.
The result of the research showed that there is low diversity on botia
population of Kapuas, so it is needed to increase the diversity in order to sustain
the population of Kalimantan. Besides, the result of the research also showed
that there are big genetic differences between population group of Sumatera with
population group of Kalimantan. The restocking effort for population of botia could
not be done from population botia of Sumatera to Kalimantan and vice versa. The
population botia of Sumatera could not mix into original habitat of botia
Kalimantan, and it may cause disturb genetically botia population of Kalimantan.
Besides, the botia of Sumatera live as well in pH 6,87 (Lesmana, 2002),
while the pH of Kapuas river is 6,16,5 (Yulistiana, 2007). The pH difference
among Sumatera and Kalimantan will cause botia population of Sumatera cannot
survive in Kalimantan.
In order to increase the botia population of Kalimantan diversity, the
artificial selection is needed. The artificial selection could be done by breeding
the botia of Kapuas with other botia population from Kalimantan such as botia
from Mahakam river.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
The sequencing result of DNA based on mtDNA cytochrome b has higher
nucleotide diversity than nucleus DNA RAG2 because the mutation rate of
mtDNA is relatively faster than nucleus DNA.
Genetic distance between population group of Sumatera (Musi,
Batanghari, Tulangbawang) and population group of Kalimantan (Kapuas) have
long genetic distance so It is suggested that the botia population in Kalimantan
probably considered as a distinct species .
The previous study (Kusumah, 2007) showed the botia population of
Sumatera and Kalimantan have some common allele so it mean that the two
populations has ever merged long time before. Based on mtDNA Cytochromeb
sequencing, the time divergence between population group of Sumatera and
Kalimantan is about 9,259,46 million years ago (miocene era).
B. Recommendation
The clear genetic differentiation between population group of Sumatera
and population group of Kalimantan give important information for future
management of botia population.
In order to strengthen the conclusion that botia population of Kalimantan
is a distinct species, further research has to be done by adding some more
samples of botia population from different river system in Kalimantan.
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26
Appendix 1. Tools on reseach
Microwave
Waterbath Incubator
PTC100
Research
Master
Cycler
MJ
Centrifuge Kubota 3740
Horizontal Mini gel Kit
Geneaid Purification Kit
UV illuminator
Microcentrifuge
27
Appendix 1. Continued
Heater and stirer
Vacuum desicator
Digital weighing machine
Eppendorf microtube
Micropipette
Vortex mixer
28
Appendix 2. Laboratory analysis steps
DNA Extraction
PCR Amplification
+primer L15267 & H15526
(for Cytochrome b)
+primer RAG2F2 &
RAG2R6 (for RAG2)
+
Using PTC100 Master Cycler MJ
Research
Electroforesis
Using Horizontal Mini gel kit
+ 2% Agarose gel
DNA estimation
Result
Using UV iluminator
DNA Purification
DNA Sequencing
Using Macrogen Service
DNA sequence data
ATGGCAAGCCTACGCA
AAACGCACCCCCTCAT
TAAAATCGCACCCCCT
CATTAAAATCGCACCC
CCTCATTAAAATCG
Fluorogram
Text data
29
Appendix 3. Fluorogram of sequencing result using Automatic Sequencer 3730xl machine.
A. Forward primer
30
Appendix 3. Continued
B. Reverse Primer
31
Appendix 4. R script using APE packages
library(ape)
cytb.botia