THE IDEATIONAL GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH.

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IDEATIONAL METAPHOR IN BARACK OBAMA'S

SPEECH OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

DESTA GLORIA SIAHAAN Registration Number: 8146111013

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Jesus Christ, the son of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful whom she would like to express her sincere gratitude, Allah the almighty who has given her blessing health, strength and patience in the process of completing this thesis in the title the ideational grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speech as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan.

This thesis would not also have been possible brought into existence without the help of a great many people. The writer would like to express her gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D, her first adviser, and Prof. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D, her second adviser for their so generous assistance, guidance, advice, and precious time they spent on supervising and guiding this thesis.

The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, his secretary, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Farid Ma’ruf who have assisted her in the process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program. Special thanks to the all lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have given their valuable knowledge to her in their lectures.


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Thanks are due to her proposal reviewers and examiners, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum, and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum for their appropriate and helpful commentaries and constructive suggestions.

An un-expressible gratitude to her beloved Mother, Marlina Napitupulu, for her love, patience, prays, and supports in keeping encouraging the writer to finish her study. This thesis is for her mother. Her little twin sisters Debora Siahaan and Deboris Siahaan, and her elder sister Friyenni Siahaan, her lovely nephew Jonathan Rafael Purba, brother in law, Yandi Botliman Purba, Purba (Jojo), and Jan Rodearsen Purba for their sincere and most reliable comfort, and above all, their love and support.

And the last, it is honor for her to convey thanks to her colleagues for their helps and supports. Special thanks to her beloved friends Ahmad Fadli, S.Pdi, Ahmad Fuad, S.Pdi, Dessi Septaria Ginting, S.Pd, Haya Harratika Tarigan, S.Pd, Iis Aprianti S.Pd, Ressica S.Pd, Sari Dwi Rahayu, S.pd, Vieny Nazrillah Siregar, S.Pd and all her classmates A1 LTBI 2014 for their motivation and support. Lastly, the writer offers her regards and blessings to all of those who supported her in any respect during the completion of this thesis. Thank you very much.

Medan, April 2016 The writer


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ABSTRACT

Siahaan, Desta Gloria. The Ideational Grammatical Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speech. A thesis: English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School, State University of Medan 2015.

This study investigated the realization of ideational metaphor of in “Barack Obama’s speech”. The objectives of this study are to identify the types of ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech, to describe how the ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech, and to reason for ideational metaphor coded in the ways it is in Barack Obama’s speech. The research was designed with qualitative descriptive method. The data were taken from 2008, it is ‘A More Perfect Union’, a speech of Obama in Philadelphia. The data were collected by downloading the video of Barack Obama from www.youtube.com. The utterances of Barack Obama were transcribed into written text, classifying the data into types of ideational metaphor, and then drawing conclusion from the analysis. The finding shows that from 13 types of ideational grammatical metaphor, there are six types of ideational metaphor that found in Barack Obama’s speech; type 1 (10%), type 2 (13,33%), type 5 (33,33%), type 12 (36,67%), type 13 (i) (3,33%) and type 13 (ii) (3,33%). Ideational metaphor is realized in Barack Obama’s speech by changing the metaphorical wording can be changed into congruent wording. The reason of using Ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech is to help the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. The problem of the readers or listeners is they face difficulties in understanding the meaning of the speech. By identifying the ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech, the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. Barack Obama used metaphor in conveying his judgments and attitudes. He used metaphor to express something indirectly.


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ABSTRAK

Siahaan, Desta Gloria. Ideasional Metapor dalam Pidato Barack Obama dalam Pemilihan Presiden. Tesis: Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan 2016.

Penelitian ini menjejaki realisasi ideasional metapor dalam pidato Barack Obama dalam pemilihan presiden. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi tipe ideasional metapor yang ditemukan dalam pidato Barack Obama, untuk menggambarkan bagaimana ideasional metapor digunakan secara linguistik, untuk mengetahui alasan mengapa ideasional metapor digunakan dalam pidato Barack Obama. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari tahun 2008, yaitu “A More Perfect Union”, sebuah pidato Barack Obama di Piladelpia. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara mengunduh video pidato Barack Obama dari www.youtube.com. Kemudian mentranskrip ujaran Barack Obama kedalam teks tertulis, lalu mengkasifikasikan data sesuai dengan jenis ideational metapor, dan kemudian menarik kesimpulan dari data tersebut. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 13 jenis ideational grammatical metaphor, 6 diantaranya ditemukan di dalam pidato Barack Obama; tipe 1 (10%), tipe 2 (13,33%), tipe 5 (33,33%), tipe 12 (36,67%), tipe 13 (i) (3.33%) and tipe 13 (ii) (3.33%). Ideasional metapor dalam pidato Barack Obama terealisasi karena perubahan “metaphorical wording” menjadi “congruent wording”. Barack Obama menggunakan ideasional metapor untuk menyampaikan pendapat dan emosinya. Dia menggunakan metaphor untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu secara tidak langsung.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Acknowledgement ... i

Abstract ... iii

Table of Contents ... v

List of Tables... vii

List of Appendices ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of the Study ... .1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... .7

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... .7

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... .8

1.5 The Significant of the Study ... .8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... .9

2.1 Metaphor ... .9

2.2 Grammatical Metaphor ... 10

2.2.1 Ideational Metaphor ... 11

2.2.1.1 Types of Ideational Metaphor ... 18

2.2.1.2 Ideational Metaphor in context of Situation ... 22

2.2.2 Interpersonal Metaphor ... 24

2.2.2.1 Metaphor of Mood ... 24


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2.2.3 The Nature of Speech ... 27

2.2.4 Barack Obama’s Speech ... 28

2.2.5 Relevant Studies... 30

2.2.6 Conceptual Framework ... 31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 34

3.1 Research Design ... 34

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 34

3.3 The Technique of Data Collection ... 43

3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 35

3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 37

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 40

3.1 Data Analysis ... 40

3.2 Findings ... 46

3.3 Discussion ... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52

5.1 Conclusions ... 52

5.2 Suggestion ... 54

REFERENCES ... 55


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LIST OF TABLES

Pages

Table 1 Types of Ideational Grammatical Metaphor ... 18 Table 2 Ideational Metaphor Realized in Barack Obama’s Speech ... 41 Table 3 The Percentage of IM realized in Barack Obama’s Speech... 46


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages

Appendices 1 Ideational Metaphor Realized in Barack Obama’s Speech ... 57 Appendices 2 Barack Obama’s Speech‘A More Perfect Union’ ... 62


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Metaphor is a well-known phenomenon in language. People sometimes use metaphor in conveying their judgments and attitudes. They use metaphor to express something indirectly. Halliday, the author of the famous work “An Introduction to Functional Grammar” is one of the linguists who spent long time to study on metaphor in general and Grammatical metaphor in particular.

There are three types of metaphor, lexical, grammatical and contextual metaphor. Grammatical Metaphor (GM) is one of the most interesting theoretical notions developed by Halliday (1985/1994) within Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). GM is a major area of interest within the field of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Halliday (1985) defined GM as employing one grammatical class or grammatical structure instead of another. SFG has dissociated itself from viewing metaphors as simple lexical transference of meaning. The literature puts the accent on the grammatical aspect of the variation, which is considered a significant element in rhetorical transference (Halliday, 1985). GM often involves lexical variation, which, however, is not


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functionally dominant, as certain metaphorical expressions may be interpreted in terms of grammar as an efficient instrument for achieving variation in meaning.

SFL considers language as a semantic layout of meanings that are generally bound up with a particular context. According to SFL, language thus cannot be separated from either its speakers or its context. The real beginning of the conscious study of grammatical metaphors began with Halliday. The term grammatical metaphor, as conceptualized by Halliday, fulfills certain important needs in discourse and text, including opening up a new dimension of a semantic space. Halliday (1985, 1994) referred to GM as the incongruent ways of encoding language. Therefore, GM, as a resource for incongruent coveyance of information, seems to be a characteristic feature of scientific texts, since it allows objectification as well as abstraction. He puts forward two types of realization relationship between grammar and semantics, respectively named “congruent” and “incongruent”. Congruent realization or unmetaphorical form just means the natural relation between semantics categories and grammatical categories. On the other hand, incongruent realization or metaphorical form refers to the unnatural relation between semantics and grammatical categories. The incongruent ways of encoding language are referred to as GM (Halliday, 1985, 1994; Halliday & Matthiessen, 1999). GM has been of paramount importance in the development of scientific genre, particularly in the form of nominalized processes (Webster, 2005; Halliday & Webster, 2009).


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of mood), which Ideational metaphor (IGM) includes process types and nominalization; only ideational grammatical metaphors of the latter kind will concern us in this paper.

Nominalization is the most common form of ideational grammatical metaphor, especially in science, technology, political and business discourse. Nominalization turns actions or processes into concepts, while also reducing the number of clauses and compressing more information into each nominal group. As Halliday has argued in his IFGs (Introduction to Functional Grammar; in all three editions of 1985, 1994 and 2004), each nominalized or metaphorical wording in the metaphorical domain has its congruent wording in the congruent domain. The metaphorical domain explains the situation in more interesting and more formal ways in comparison with the congruent one. The most common form of Ideational metaphor seems to be nominalization, which is a characteristic feature of scientific texts. According to Halliday (2004), “nominalization is the single most powerful resource for creating grammatical metaphor” .

Sinar (2008: 7) states that discourse is related to the social context since the discourse is used in communication. The use of Ideational metaphor is motivated by social context which covers the context of situation. It means that social context play a role in the production of ideational metaphor in discourse.

Ideational metaphor that the researcher used to analyze the data is one of the GM classifications. With Ideational metaphor people can shift their congruent words into the metaphorical one. They can change the “doing” into a


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“thing” which can be represented by nominal group as a way to make their words more understandable and reduce the ambiguities of the words.

Grammatical metaphor is a substitution of one grammatical class, or one grammatical structure, by another, for example, “his departure instead of he departed” (Halliday & Martin, 1993: 79). Halliday used the term grammatical metaphor to refer to the meaning transference from congruent to metaphorical in grammar.

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (1997), noun is the most grammatical metaphor in the word level, it makes the verbs which express the process and the adjectives which express the characteristics metaphorical lose functions of their own, so that they can not reflect something in the form of noun.

The example of this phenomenon can be found on Barack Obama’s speech (episode: ‘A More Perfect Union’ in Philadelphia, March 18th, 2008) I chose to

run for the presidency at this moment in history”. The metaphorical wording of

chose to run” can be changed into follow” since Barack Obama changes the

verb “follow” becomes “chose to run”. The problem of the readers or listeners is they face difficulties in understanding the message of the speech. By identifying the ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech, the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the message of the Barack Obama’s speech.


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difficulties to understand the Ideational metaphors that are exist in a discourse. So that we can see how he use Ideational metaphor towards what he expressed, and enable us to have a better understanding of how Ideational metaphor work in Barack Obama’s speech.

Many researchers have been done on ideational grammatical metaphor. Kazemian, Behnam and Ghafoori (2013) investigate Ideational metaphor in Scientific Texts: A Hallidayan Perspective. This paper adopts Hallidayan Systemic Functional Grammar to pinpoint and analyze nominalization and the role played by it. With a corpus of 10 authentic scientific texts drawn from very influential magazines, the analysis is conducted based on nominalization, its frequency and process types. Shahab and Davtgari (2015) interprets Ideational metaphor in Pharmaceutical Research Articles. The study was an attempt to examine the frequency, process type, and function of IGM in the discussion sections of pharmaceutical research articles.

This research concerns to ideational grammatical metahor in social context because a discourse cannot be separated from context. The research is done to investigate the Ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech. Barack Obama’s speech commonly presented in formal situation; so, it is believed that people could encounter the use of GM especially the ideational one in its presentation. For that reason, the researcher chose to analyze the application of Ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech to find out how GM is useful for a speech.


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The second reason for the researcher to choose this data not only because Barack Obama is one of the most inspiring people in the world but also his speech becomes special and popular after he has become a president of the United State. The researcher decided to conduct a study entitled “Ideational Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speech of Presidential Election”.

Moreover, now Barack Obama is an American President who is famous for not only his talent in political field but also in numerous persuasive speeches because the language he chose always makes his speech powerful and convincing. One of the strategies that we are easy to recognize in all his speeches is using not only lexical metaphors but also grammatical metaphors to make the discourse vivid and easy to understand for all classes of citizen.

The research aims at describing how ideational grammatical metaphor are employed Barack Obama’s speech and also identifying the type of ideational grammatical metaphor used in it. By this research, the researcher wants to find out if the application of ideational grammatical metaphor in a speech is considered useful or the otherwise.

In conclusion, the reseacher chose this topic because of my interest in metaphor in general and GM in particular; the appearance with high frequency of metaphor in adult speeches and the admiration to American President Barack Obama’s powerful and convincing speeches.


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1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, the following questions were forwarded as the research problems.

(1) What types of ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech? (2) How is ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s

speech?

(3) Why is ideational metaphor coded in the way it is in Barack Obama’s speech? 1.3The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to identify the types of ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech, and

(2) to describe how the ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech.

(3) to reason for ideational metaphor coded in the ways it is in Barack Obama’s speech.

1.4The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited into the ideational metaphor on Barack Obama’s speech. There are three aspects which observed in this study. The types of the Ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech, the way of using


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Ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech and the reason why Ideational metaphor used in Barack Obama’s speech. This study applies the concept theories of the systemic functional linguistics (SFL) proposed by Halliday.

1.5The Significance of the Study

A study which is designed to cover some intended result should have the significances.

a. Theoretically

The objective of this study is to show how the types of Ideational metaphor are existed in the Barack Obama’s speech. Thus, theoretically the results of the study are expected to display Ideational metaphor as the context of ideational metaphor is applied.

b. Practically

The objectives of this study are;

(1) Expanding the insights in terms of Ideational metaphor and its application in the speech.

(2) Introducing to the readers the result of Ideational metaphor and its application in speech.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter, the researcher gives the conclusions and suggestions. The conclusion that is given is the conclusion which is obtained from the result of the research that is illustrated in the previous chapter. The suggestion that is given is for other researchers.

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, are drawn as the following :

1) There are six types of ideational metaphor that found in Barack Obama’s speech. They are type 1 (Adjective => Noun), type 2 (Verb => Noun), type 5 (Verb =>Adjective), type 12 (+ verb), type 13 (i) (Noun => (various)) and type 13 (ii) (adverb => adjective). In addition, the types of ideational metaphor that did not realize in Barack Obama’s speech are type 3 (Preposition(al phrase)), type 4 (Conjunction => Noun), type 6 (Preposition(al phrase)=> Adjective), type 7 (Conjunction => Adjective), type 8 (Preposition(al phrase) => verb), type 9 (Conjunction => verb), type 10 (Conjunction => preposition(al phrase)) and type 11 (+ noun).

2) Ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech by changing the metaphorical wording can be changed into congruent wording.


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The metaphorical wording can be changed into congruent wording. The quality of the congruent expression of the clause resented” is an adjective becomes thing in resentments” which is a noun in the metaphorical one (type 1). The verb “inherit which is the process of the clause is changed to the thing an inheritance” in the metaphorical form which is a noun (type 2). Process of the congruent “finish”, which is a verb, is being used as the adjective “unfinished in the metaphorical form (type 12). Process of the congruent “follow”, which is a verb, is being used as the verb “chose to run in the metaphorical form type 13 (i). The word in the congruent form

profoundly which is a circumstance is shifted into adjective in profound

for the metaphorical form (type 13).

3) The reason ideational metaphor coded in the ways it is in Barack Obama’s speech is to help the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. The problem of the readers or listeners is they face difficulties in understanding the meaning of the speech. By identifying the ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech, the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. Barack Obama used metaphor in conveying his judgments and attitudes. He used metaphor to express something indirectly. The special function of nominalization in speech is the condensing function, which can make more information as much as possible in the fewer clause.


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and more ambiguities and also to describe a state, a concept or an action more comprehensively than is possible and simultaneously it is appealed to the senses, to interest, to clarify ‘graphically’, to please, to delight, to surprise and affect the reader’s mind and force the reader/listener to think creatively.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, the suggestions are staged are as the following:

(1) To the other researchers it is suggested to do more research about Barack Obama’s speech.

(2) To the people in order to understand the types of speech that is used not only in speech but also in other discourse.

(3) To all of us as the writer or reader who read this thesis in order to understand the types of ideational grammatical metaphor.


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The second reason for the researcher to choose this data not only because Barack Obama is one of the most inspiring people in the world but also his speech becomes special and popular after he has become a president of the United State. The researcher decided to conduct a study entitled “Ideational Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speech of Presidential Election”.

Moreover, now Barack Obama is an American President who is famous for not only his talent in political field but also in numerous persuasive speeches because the language he chose always makes his speech powerful and convincing. One of the strategies that we are easy to recognize in all his speeches is using not only lexical metaphors but also grammatical metaphors to make the discourse vivid and easy to understand for all classes of citizen.

The research aims at describing how ideational grammatical metaphor are employed Barack Obama’s speech and also identifying the type of ideational grammatical metaphor used in it. By this research, the researcher wants to find out if the application of ideational grammatical metaphor in a speech is considered useful or the otherwise.

In conclusion, the reseacher chose this topic because of my interest in metaphor in general and GM in particular; the appearance with high frequency of metaphor in adult speeches and the admiration to American President Barack Obama’s powerful and convincing speeches.


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1.2 The Problems of the Study

Based on the background above, the following questions were forwarded as the research problems.

(1) What types of ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech?

(2) How is ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech?

(3) Why is ideational metaphor coded in the way it is in Barack Obama’s speech?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to identify the types of ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech, and

(2) to describe how the ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech.

(3) to reason for ideational metaphor coded in the ways it is in Barack Obama’s speech.

1.4The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited into the ideational metaphor on Barack Obama’s speech. There are three aspects which observed in this study. The types of the Ideational metaphor are found in Barack Obama’s speech, the way of using


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Ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech and the reason why Ideational metaphor used in Barack Obama’s speech. This study applies the concept theories of the systemic functional linguistics (SFL) proposed by Halliday.

1.5The Significance of the Study

A study which is designed to cover some intended result should have the significances.

a. Theoretically

The objective of this study is to show how the types of Ideational metaphor are existed in the Barack Obama’s speech. Thus, theoretically the results of the study are expected to display Ideational metaphor as the context of ideational metaphor is applied.

b. Practically

The objectives of this study are;

(1) Expanding the insights in terms of Ideational metaphor and its application in the speech.

(2) Introducing to the readers the result of Ideational metaphor and its application in speech.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter, the researcher gives the conclusions and suggestions. The conclusion that is given is the conclusion which is obtained from the result of the research that is illustrated in the previous chapter. The suggestion that is given is for other researchers.

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, are drawn as the following :

1) There are six types of ideational metaphor that found in Barack Obama’s speech. They are type 1 (Adjective => Noun), type 2 (Verb => Noun), type 5 (Verb =>Adjective), type 12 (+ verb), type 13 (i) (Noun => (various)) and type 13 (ii) (adverb => adjective). In addition, the types of ideational metaphor that did not realize in Barack Obama’s speech are type 3 (Preposition(al phrase)), type 4 (Conjunction => Noun), type 6 (Preposition(al phrase)=> Adjective), type 7 (Conjunction => Adjective), type 8 (Preposition(al phrase) => verb), type 9 (Conjunction => verb), type 10 (Conjunction => preposition(al phrase)) and type 11 (+ noun).

2) Ideational metaphor linguistically realized in Barack Obama’s speech by changing the metaphorical wording can be changed into congruent wording.


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The metaphorical wording can be changed into congruent wording. The quality of the congruent expression of the clause resented” is an adjective becomes thing in resentments” which is a noun in the metaphorical one (type 1). The verb “inherit which is the process of the clause is changed to the thing an inheritance” in the metaphorical form which is a noun (type 2). Process of the congruent “finish”, which is a verb, is being used as the adjective “unfinished in the metaphorical form (type 12). Process of the congruent “follow”, which is a verb, is being used as the verb “chose to run in the metaphorical form type 13 (i). The word in the congruent form

profoundly which is a circumstance is shifted into adjective in profound

for the metaphorical form (type 13).

3) The reason ideational metaphor coded in the ways it is in Barack Obama’s

speech is to help the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. The problem of the readers or listeners is they face difficulties in understanding the meaning of the speech. By identifying the ideational metaphor in Barack Obama’s speech, the readers or listeners have better understanding to mean the meaning of the Barack Obama’s speech. Barack Obama used metaphor in conveying his judgments and attitudes. He used metaphor to express something indirectly. The special function of nominalization in speech is the condensing function, which can make more information as much as possible in the fewer clause. Grammatical metaphor in speech serve several important functions like condensing, compacting and produce certain effects on the reader’s mind


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and more ambiguities and also to describe a state, a concept or an action more comprehensively than is possible and simultaneously it is appealed to the senses, to interest, to clarify ‘graphically’, to please, to delight, to surprise and affect the reader’s mind and force the reader/listener to think creatively.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, the suggestions are staged are as the following:

(1) To the other researchers it is suggested to do more research about Barack Obama’s speech.

(2) To the people in order to understand the types of speech that is used not only in speech but also in other discourse.

(3) To all of us as the writer or reader who read this thesis in order to understand the types of ideational grammatical metaphor.