Pedagogical Implications The Development of the students pragmatic competence of implicature in spoken English.

Those are two simple suggestions that the researcher offers. The researcher believes the suggestions can give more or less the cultural immersion a space to take place.

C. Recommendation for Further Research

In the last sub chapter, the researcher can only give a recommendation for the extensive future study on the similar topic. The present study which is on the development of the students’ pragmatic competence, particularly implicature, in Spoken English is a cross-sectional study which compares only three groups, namely: semester 2, semester 4, and semester 6. The extensive future study on the similar topic can be much more holistic if it is done by comparing 4 groups, namely: semester 2, semester 4, semester 6, and semester 8. This is to see whether the pattern of the development is more or less the same, or the pattern of the development shows an increasing significant development with the semester 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY Amaya, L F. , 2008. Teaching Culture:Is It Possible to Avoid Pragmatic Failure?. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 21: 11-24. Bardovi-Harlig, K., Dornyei, Z., 1997, Pragmatic awareness and instructed L2 learning: An empirical investigation , Paper presented at the AAAL 1997 Conference, Orlando, March. Ellen, B., 1993, Symbolic Representation and Attention Control in Pragmatic Competence , In Kasper Blum-Kulka eds: 43-57 Bouton, L. F., 1988, A Cross-cultural Study of Ability to Interpret Implicature in English Word Englishes vol. 7 p.183-196, England, Pergamon Press plc. Brown, P. and Levinson, S., 1987, Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Chambers, R., 2004, Ideas for Development, Sussex, IDS Working Paper 238, Sussex. Cohen, A.D., 1994, Assessing Language Ability in the Classroom, Boston: Heinle Heinle. Cole, P. Morgan, J., 1975, Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, New York, Academic Press. Cowen, M., and Shenton, R., 1998, Doctrines of Development, London, Routledge. Creswell, J.W. , 2003, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed- method , California, Sage Publication, Inc. Ellen, B., 1993, Symbolic Representation and Attention Control in Pragmatic Competence , In Kasper Blum-Kulka eds: 43-57 Ellis, R. 2008. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. New York. Oxford University Press Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston. Thomson Corporation. Gall, M.D., Gall, Joyce. P., and Borg, W.R., 2007, Education Research: An Introduction , Boston, Pearson Education, Inc. Gore, C., 2000, ‘The rise and fall of the Washington consensus as a paradigm for developing countries’, World Development, 285:789-804. Grice, H.P.,1975, Logic and Conversation .in Cole,P. Morgan, J. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York Academic Press. Grix, J.,2004, The Foundation of Research, New York, Palgrave MacMillan Hickey, S. and Mohan, G., 2003, Relocating Participants within a Radical Politics of Development: Citizenship and Critical Modernism, Draft working paper prepared for conference on ‘Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring new approaches to participation in development,’ 27-28 February 2003, Manchester, University of Manchester. Higgins, C. , 2003, “Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An Alternative to the NS-NNS Dichotomy, TESOL Quarterly Vol. 7. No. 4. Winter 2003. Hutchinson and Waters, 1987, English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hymes D. H., 1972, On Communicative Competence, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. Kasper, G., Blum-Kulka, S., 1993, Interlanguage Pragmatics, New York, Oxford University Press. Kasper, G. , 1992. Pragmatic Transfer. Second Language Research 8 3: 203-231 Kasper, G. 1997. Can Pragmatic Competence be Taught?. NFLRC Network 6. University of Hawai’i Levinson, S., 1983, Pragmatics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Meyer, Charles F., 2009, Introducing English Linguistics. New York. Cambridge University Press. Papalia, D. E., 2003, Human Development, New York, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Richards and Rodgers. 2001. Approach and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Rover Carsten, 2005, Testing ESL Pragmatics: Development and Validation of a Web-Based Assessment Battery, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Searle, J., 1979, Expression and Meaning, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Thomas, A., 2004. The Study of Development, Paper prepared for DSA Annual Conference, 6 November 2004, London, Church House. Thomas, J. , 1983, Cross-cultural Pragmatics Failure, Applied Linguistics – Oxford Journals Vol. 4 2, p. 91-112 Tim, M Roever, C., 2006, Language Testing: The Social Dimension, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Viljamaa, H. 2012. Pragmatic Competence of Finnish Learners of English An MA Thesis, University of Turku School of Languages and Translation Studies English, English Philology. Vygotsky, L., 1978, Mind in Society:The Development of Higher Psychological processes M. Cole, V. John-Streiner, S. Scribener, E. Superman, Eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Watts, R., 1992, Politeness in Language, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter Gmbh Co.