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phrase works as a noun in a sentence as in‘Harry the Horse’ Jurafsky, 2009:
386, and father of Goneril Fromkin, 2000:121. b.
Verb Phrase
A verb phrase in English consists of a verb followed by assorted other things; for example, one kind of verb phrase consist of a verb followed by a noun
phrase. It is a combination of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and other modifiers. For example: ‘prefer a morning flight’, ‘leaving on Thursday’
Jurafsky, 2009: 389. c.
Adverbial Phrase
Cambridge Dictionary for Advanced Learners 2008: 43 describes adverb phrase adverbial phrase as phrase that consists of one or more words. The
adverb is the head of the phrase and can appear alone or it can be modified by other words. Adverbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns,
verbs and adjectives. Schachter 1985 as quoted in Jurafsky’s book page 126 states that in a
sentence ’Unfortunately, John walked home extremely slowly yesterday.’, all the italicized are adverbs.
d. Adjective Phrase
Adjectives can also be grouped into a phrase calles an adjective phrase. It can has an adverb before the adjective. Example: the ‘least expensive’ fare
Jurafsky, 2009: 396. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions like an adjective in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun
or pronoun.
e. Prepositional Phrase
Jurafsky 2009:126 believes that prepositons occur before noun phrases; semantically they are relational, often indicatng spatial or temporal relations,
whether literal on it, before then, by the house or metaphorical on time, beside herself.
A prepositional phrase generally has a prepostion followed by a noun phrase. It is often used with times and dates. The examples of it are ‘to Seattle’,
‘on Wednesday’. It consists of a preposition, objects of preposition noun or pronoun and
may also consist of other modifiers. Some example of it are ‘on a table’, ‘near a wall’, ‘in the room’, ‘at the door’, and ‘under a tree’. A prepositional phrase can
function as an adjective, adverb, or even as a noun. 2.
English Phrase Structure Context Free Grammar
The most commonly used mathematical system for modelling constituent structure in English and other natural languages is the Context Free Grammar
CFG or also called Phrase Structure Grammar. A context-free grammar consist of a set of rules and productions, each of which expresses the ways that symbols
of the language can be grouped and ordered together Jurafsky, 2009: 387. Phrase Structure Rules are used to show patterns of syntactic combination
so that we can see the patterns of a phrase or a sentence. They contain only names PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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of syntactic categories. No actual linguistic forms are shown in it Mihalicek and Wilson, 2011: 226.
Below are the table of Phrase Structure Rules stated by Mihalicek and Wilson.
Table 1 Phrase Structure Rules Rules
Function
S → NP VP Sentence can be formed by combining
Noun Phrase NP and Verb Phrase VP
allows VPs to combine with their subject NP to form a sentence
NP → Det N Noun Phrase can be formed by
combining Determiner Det and a Noun N
allows determiners to combine with a noun to form an NP
N → Adj N Noun can be formed by combining
Adjective Adj and Noun N allows attributive adjectives to be noun
adjunctsa word or phrase that provides added information
VP → VP Adv Verb Phrase can be formed by
combining verb phrase VP and adverbs Adv
allows adverbs to be VP adjuncts
VP → TV NP Verb phrase can be formed by
combining transitive verbs TV and noun phrase NP
allows transitive verbs to combine with their object NP to form a VP
VP → DTV NP NP Verb phrase VP can be formed by
combining ditransitive verbs DTV and noun phrases NP
allows ditransitive verbs to combine with their object NPs to form a VP
VP → SV S Verb phrase VP can be formed by
combining sentential complement verbs SV and complement S
allows sentential complement verbs to combine with their complement S to
form a VP
PP → P NP Preposition phrase PP can be formed
by combining prepositions and noun Phrase NP
allows prepositions to combine with their complement NP to form a PP
N → N PP Noun can be formed by combining
noun N and preposition phrase PP allows PPs to be noun adjuncts
VP → VP PP Verb Phrase can be formed by
combining verb phrase VP and preposition phrase PP
allows PPs to be VP adjuncts PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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3. Tree Diagram
Kategori