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Swan 1995 notes that “the simple past tense is common in story-telling
and when we are telling people about past events ”p. 417. It means that people
use simple past tense to tell other people about the past experience or to explain about story telling. Simple past tense explains about the events happen in the past.
Swan 1995 also reveals “in general, the simple past tense is the normal one for
talking about the pa st” p. 417. It means that simple past tense always show the
events happen in the past. People tend to use simple past tense to tell the story because simple past tense is tenses to explain the past events.
4. Narrative a. Definition of Narrative
Doyle et al. 2004 point out that narrative is a story of a sequence of eve
nts, “narratives have more complex structures, although they share many of the basic features we have identified in rec
ounts” p.60. It means that narrative tells a story rather than exploring the past experience. Narrative and recount are different
because narrative has a more complex generic structure than recount.
b. Communicative Purposes of Narrative
According to Knapp and Watkins 2005, the purposes of narratives are p.220:
To entertain the reader To be a powerful social role beyond entertainment
Doyle et al 2004 also describe that narrative have didactic and satirical purposes. Narrative can become educational texts p.61. It means that narrative
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not only tells a story for the students but also become educational text. Narrative can educate the students through its content for example from folk tales, the
students can learn about the value of life in that story.
c. Types of Narrative
There are five types of narrative according to Doyle et al 2004, p.60. They are folk tales, children
‟s stories and fairy tales, novels, crime thrillers, narrative poems.
d. Generic Structure of Narrative
According to Hyland 2002, p.16, the generic structure of narrative is: - Orientation
It introduces the participants and informs the time and the place. Where, when. In the orientation the writer introduces the characters, the time and the
place for the events. In narrative, the orientation often shows imaginary time for example once upon a time, long time ago and etc.
- Complication It describes the rising problems happen within the story. In complication,
there are some problems faced by the characters. It can be more than one problem for example situation of war, conflict or love.
- Resolution Showing the way the problems are solved. In resolution, the writer shows
the problem solving and the end of the story. The complication may be resolved for better or worsehappily or unhappily.
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e. Grammatical Features of Narrative
The grammatical features of narrative according to Doyle et al 2004: 62: Using Past Tense to describe the events
Using Action Verbs Using adjectives to describe the characters and the places.
Using direct and reported speech to present the dialogue
5. Feedback a. Definition of Feedback
