B. The Data and the Source of Data
Since this research used qualitative method that its focus to analyze the repressive ideologies of the ruling class and the author’s ideology expressed in
Sinclair’s novel The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America, the data of this research were in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which were in
line with the research topic. Then, the main source of this research is The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America
, a novel written by Upton Sinclair. It was first published in 1937. The researcher used the second edition of the novel from
Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company which consists of 119 pages. This research also used the secondary data in the form of books, articles,
e-books, and website related to the topic discussed in this research. This research used the Karl Marx’s theory of Ideology taken from Lois Tyson’s Critical Theory
Today: A User-friendly Guide 2nd edition 2006 as the main theory and some
additional books on Marxist study were also used to support the analysis process.
C. The Data Collection Technique
In this research, the technique of collecting data took the following steps: 1.
Reading the novel carefully and comprehensively means that the researcher read the novel word by word in order to have clear understanding of the
context of the text. 2.
Collecting the data by note taking or making simple notes and recording the words, phrases, clauses related to the topic.
3. Re-reading carefully the data to get details information about the data
4. Categorizing the data, the data were categorized and classified in line with the
topic discussion by recording all the data found in the text into data sheets. The form of data sheet is presented in the following figure:
Tabel 1: The Data Sheet
No Categories
Sub categories Quotation
Page Explanation
D. The Research Instrument
The main instrument of the research was the researcher herself. It is supported by Creswell 2007:184 who states that in qualitative research the
researcher himself or herself plays as the key instrument. In this research, the researcher played the role as the designer, the data collector, the analyst, the
interpreter, and the result reporter. Besides the main instrument the data sheets were used as the secondary instrument to collect and analyze data.
E. The Data Trustworthiness
According to Guba 1981:80-86 there are four criteria to evaluate the
trustworthiness of the qualitative data and findings include credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability. Therefore, those four criteria and
type of evidence were applied in this research for ensuring the trustworthiness of the research.
Credibility refers to whether the researcher can establish the confidence in the truth of the research findings or not. To achieve credibility, the researcher
applied triangulation technique which used to cross-check data and interpretations by using different data sources, investigators, observers, theories or methods. In
this research, the researcher conducted triangulation by using other investigators to check recheck and verify the data. The researcher asked her two friends who
are literature students to check the data and consulted the data and analysis with her consultants, Bapak Drs. Sugi Iswalono, M.A and Bapak Eko Rujito
D.A,S.S,M.Hum to gain proper interpretations and avoid bias. In addition, the data were also read and reread carefully by researcher until the data were coherent
with the research questions. Dependability refers to the consistency of the research findings and
Confirmability is seeking the objectivity of the researcher in establishing and interpreting the data and findings. Since the researcher applied triangulation via
other investigators, dependability and confirmability can be addressed. While, transferability refers to the extent to which the research findings can be applied or
transferred into other contexts or situations. To perform transferability, the researcher provided rich and thick description to enable the readers to transfer
information to other settings.
F. The Data Analysis
Kategori