4 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447
EFFECT OF HANDBALL SPECIFIC REPEATED –
SPRINT TRAINING ON AEROBIC CAPACITY OF MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
B. Chittibabu
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, India.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of handball specific repeated
– sprint training on aerobic capacity of male handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department
of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were assigned into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group n=15 and control group n=15. The selected subjects
mean age: 23.15±3.00 years; weight: 68.74±7.25 kg and height: 176.37±7.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was aerobic capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test. The handball specific repeated - sprint training group underwent
eight weeks of training. Pre and post aerobic capacity was measured on the indoor. The data was analysed using Analysis of co- variance ANCOVA. The result of the study showed post test F = 20.13 and adjusted post test mean F = 10.68 showed
significant p 0.05 difference among repeated
– sprint training group and control group on aerobic capacity. It is concluded that handball specific repeated sprint training for eight weeks is more effective in increasing aerobic capacity of men handball
players. The training load adopted in repeated – sprint training which resulted in 11.79 of changes in aerobic capacity.
Keywords: Repeated, Sprint, Handball, Aerobic capacity Introduction
Handball is a modern ball game which belongs to the family of team sports. It combines the best features of different branches of sport, that is, the advantages of physical abilities, technical skills and tactical knowledge. It is a strenuous body contact Olympic
team sport that places emphasis on running, jumping, sprinting, th
rowing, hitting, blocking, and pushing. It‟s a team sports which require a high standard of preparation in order to complete sixteen minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this
game movement patterns are characterized as intermittent and change continuously in response to different offensive and defensive situations in which anthropometric characteristics and high levels of strength, muscle power, aerobic capacity and
handball throwing velocity are the most important factors that give a clear advantage for successful participation in elite levels of handball leagues Bobbert and Van Ingen Schenau, 1988.
Training is any organized and regular activity done for increasing the performance of athletes and are divided into different kinds considering the performance requirements of athletes.
Repeated-sprint ability RSA-based training is characterized by performing repeated sprints with minimal recovery between sprint bouts i.e., 10
–20 maximal sprints or shuttle sprints of ≤ 10 seconds, with brief recovery periods ≤ 60 seconds; work : rest ratio of 1:4 or 1:6 Fernandez-Fernandez et al.
2012. During such training, there is an increase in the activity of some anaerobic enzymes, which leads to a higher rate of anaerobic energy turnover and increases the number of muscle membrane transport proteins involved in pH regulation and
muscle capillarization and in some cases enhances the muscle buffering capacity. Also, the performance of maximal or near- maximal short-term can lead to higher VO
2
max values and an increased aerobic enzyme activity Fernandez-Fernandez et al. 2012. These findings suggest the effectiveness of repeated-sprint for enhancing aerobic capacity.
The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of handball specific repeated
– sprint training on aerobic capacity of male handball players.
Methods Subjects and variable
To accomplish the purpose of the study thirty male handball players were selected randomly from Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The selected subjects were assigned
into 2 groups: handball specific repeated - sprint training group n=15 and control group n=15. The selected subjects mean age: 23.15±3.00 years; weight: 68.74±7.25 kg and height: 176.37±7.67 cm. The criterion variable selected in this study was aerobic
capacity which was measured by multistage fitness test. Training
Handball specific repeated sprint training program was performed 3 day per week for eight weeks. They perform 3 sets and each set constitutes of 10 repetition totally they perform 30 repetitions. They ran for 30 meter distance while running they
perform four passes, one dribble and end with jump shot. They were given 15 seconds of passive recovery between the
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repetitions and 150 seconds rest between the set. The players were instructed to perform at high intensity. In this the players passing, dribbling and shooting abilities were incorporated simultaneously along with sprint Figure 1.
Statistical technique
The experimental design used for the present investigation was Analysis of Covariance ANCOVA. Since two groups are involved post hoc test was not applied to determine the significant paired mean differences. The level of confidence was fixed
at 0.05 to test the significance. The data was analysed in computer system by using statistical package for social science SPSS version 17.
Figure 1 Handball specific repeated sprint training
Results
It is clear from the table 1 that there is no significant difference between handball specific repeated sprint training and control group on aerobic capacity before commencement of training, as obtained F ratio of 3.79 is less than the required table
value of 4.196 at = 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. It denotes that the random assignment of subjects for the two groups is
successful, however initial difference not elicited. Table 2 also reveals that there is a significant difference on aerobic capacity during post test. The obtained F ratio of 20.13 is greater than the required table value of 4.196 at
= 0.05 for the df of 1 and 28. Thereby it infers that the aerobic capacity found increase significantly before and after eight weeks of handball specific repeated
sprint training.
Table 1 Summary of ANCOVA on aerobic capacity
Testing Conditions
SOV SS
df MS
F
Pre M ± SD
Between 73.54
1 73.54
3.79 Within
53.28 28
19.40 Post
M ± SD Between
72.27 1
72.27 20.13
Within 100.7
28 3.59
Adjusted M
Between 22.04
1 22.04
10.68 Within
55.72 27
2.063 Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Further, table 1 clearly shows that aerobic capacity between the groups was significant, as obtained F ratio of 10.68 is greater than the required table value of 4.210 at
= 0.05 for the df of 1 and 27, indicating that after adjusting pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups on adjusted post test scores on aerobic capacity. The findings of the
study shows that higher aerobic capacity was recorded in handball specific repeated sprint training M = 56.71 when compared to control group M = 50.88. Thus, it is concluded that eight weeks of handball specific repeated sprint training significantly
increased aerobic capacity by 11.79 than control group. The changes in aerobic capacity are presented graphically in figure 2.
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Figure 2 Graphical representation of the data on aerobic capacity
Discussion In the present study handball specific repeated sprint training protocols elicited improvements in aerobic capacity. In
this regard, recent studies using sprint training have reported significant increases in both anaerobic and aerobic power Ferrauti, Kinner Fernandez-Fernandez 2011, which can be related to increases in glycolytic Linossier et al. 1997 and oxidative
enzyme activities Burgomaster, Heigenhauser Gibala 2006; Burgomaster et al. 2008; Burgomaster et al. 2005, muscle buffering capacity Bishop et al. 2009; Dawson et al. 1998; Edge et al. 2006, andor ionic regulation Burgomaster et al. 2008;
Rodas et al. 2000. The improvement in aerobic fitness after the handball specific repeated sprint training protocol is consistent with the findings of previous studies using sprint-based training protocols Dawson et al. 1998; Ferrari-Bravo et al. 2007; Hazzell
et al. 2010; MacDougall et al. 1998; Rodas et al. 2000. The present results support the conclusions of Gibala et al. 2004 that handball specific repeated sprint training might be a time-efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations and
maintenance of skill ability in handball players. Conclusion
It is concluded that handball specific repeated sprint training programs might be appropriate to optimize the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in handball players. In terms of practicability, it seems that handball specific repeated sprint training
might be a time efficient training strategy in enhancing aerobic adaptations, given the better adaptations i.e., handball specific endurance and skill.
References
[1] Bishop, D., Edge, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Thomas, C., and Schneiker, K. 2009. High-intensity exercise decreases muscle buffer capacity via a decrease in protein buffering in human skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch, 458: 929
–936. [2] Bobbert, M.F. and Van Ingen Schenau, G.J. 1988. Coordination in vertical jumping. J Biomech, 21:249-62.
[3] Burgomaster, K.A., Heigenhauser, G.J., and Gibala, M.J. 2006. Effect of short term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol, 100: 2041
–2047. [4] Burgomaster, K.A., Howarth, K.R., Phillips, S.M., Rakobowchuk, M., MacDonald, M.J., McGee, S.L., and Gibala,
M.J. 2008. Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol, 586: 151
–160. [5] Burgomaster, K.A., Hughes, S.C., Heigenhauser, G.J., Bradwell, S.N., and Gibala, M.J. 2005. Six sessions of sprint
interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol, 98: 1985
–1199. [6] Dawson, B., Fitzsimons, M., Green, S., Goodman, C., Carey, M., and Cole, K. 1998. Changes in performance, muscle
metabolites, enzymes and fibre types after short sprint training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 78: 163 –169.
[7] Edge, J., Bishop, D., Hill-Haas, S., Dawson, B., and Goodman, C. 2006. Comparison of muscle buffer capacity and repeated-sprint ability of untrained, endurance-trained and team-sport athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol, 96: 225
–234. 47
48 49
50 51
52 53
54 55
56 57
Pre Post
m l
kgm in
Handball Specific Repeated Sprint training Contraol Group
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[8] Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Zimek, R., Wiewelhove, T., and Ferrauti, A. 2012. High-intensity interval training vs. repeated-sprint training in tennis. J Strength Cond Res, 261: 53
–62. [9] Ferrari-Bravo, D., Impellizzeri, F.M., Rampinini, E., Castagna, C., Bishop, D., and Wisloff, U. 2007. Sprint vs.
interval training in football. Int J Sports Med, 29: 668 –674.
[10] Ferrauti, A., Kinner, V., and Fernandez-Fernandez, J. 2011. The hit and turn tennis test: An acoustically controlled endurance test for tennis players. J Sports Sci, 29: 485
–494. [11] Gibala, M.J. and McGee, S.L. 2008. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: A little pain
for a lot of gain?. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 36: 58 –63.
[12] Hazzell, T.J., MacPherson, R.E., Gravelle, B.M., and Lemon, P.W. 2010. 10 or 30-s sprint interval training bouts enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110: 153
–160. [13] Linossier, M.T., Dormios, D., Geyssant, A., and Denis, C. 1997. Performance and fibre characteristics of human
skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 75: 491
–498. [14] MacDougall, J.D., Hicks, A.L., MacDonald, J.R., McKelvie, R.S., Green, H.J., and Smith, K.M. 1998. Muscle
performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol, 84: 2138 –2142.
[15] Rodas, G., Ventura, J.L., Cadefau, J.A., Cusso`, R., and Parra, J. 2000. A short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Eur J Appl Physiol, 82: 480
–486.
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A Comparative Study on selected psychomotor abilities between male baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler
Baljinder Singh Bal
1 ,
Ranjeet Singh Sandhu
2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,143005 India
2
Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar,143005, India
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to find out the significant differences of selected Psychomotor Abilities between male Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler .A group of thirty N=30 male subjects aged between 18-28 years, who participated in
intercollege competitions organized by the Department of Sports, Guru Nanak Dev University, volunteered to participate in this study were selected for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to attain the objectives of the study. All the
subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were further divided into two groups of 15each i.e., N
1
=15; pitcher and N
2
=15; fast bowler. The„t‟ test was applied to find out the significant differences between male Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler. To test the
hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant differences between Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler on the sub-variables i.e. speed, agility and Cardiovascular Endurance. However, no significant differences
were noticed with regard to the sub-variables i.e. strength and static balance. KEY WORDS: Pitcher, Fast bowler, Speed, Strength, Agility, endurance and static balance.
INTRODUCTION Cricket and baseball are the best-known members of a family of related bat-and-ball games. Despite their similarities, the two
sports also have many differences in play and in strategy. Even though cricket is one of the oldest organized sports, there are very few studies on the physical demands of the game Woolmer Noakes, 2008; Christie King, 2008; Christie et al., 2008.
Batting and bowling are intermittent in nature with the demands placed on the players being dictated by the type of match being played. Due to this stop-start nature of cricket and baseball, accurate assessments are often difficult and as such, research is
sparse Bartlett, 2003 and as a consequence, there are few scientifically sound training programmes for cricketers. In fact, the idea that cricketers need to be well trained is a relatively new one Woolmer Noakes, 2008. One of the first studies which
attempted to assess the energy cost of cricket calculated that the mean energy expenditure of cricketers, during a five-match test series, was 86.4 kcal.m2.h-
1 Fletcher, 1955. Fletcher‟s data suggested that the energy demands of cricket are only slightly more than that required to stand Christie et al., 2008 which led to the understanding that cricket was physically undemanding
requiring more skill than “fitness” Noakes Durandt, 2000. Exercises in all forms of life change the atmosphere, attitude and bring the performances into excellent rhythm to enhance of better performances on and off the field. No doubt physical fitness
especially aqua aerobics and aerobic dances keep the better performances on the board. Base Ball Players have to have of good strength in their arms to pitch and throwing to the bases. A Batter needs lots of strength to hits the ball to the home run. The
Batter needs to connect the pitcher pitching the ball to hit a home run. Basically one needs to have good reflexes; good vision of eye builds up good flexibility and reflection. Research on the physiological demands of bowling is sparse with the only studies
available being those which included some physiological measures when assessing other aspects of these games. A key element of fast bowling is ball-release speed or peak bowling speed Vpeak. Ball-release speed in fast bowlers is influenced by various
anthropometric, morphological, and kinematic factors. For example, higher ball release speeds in senior bowlers has been attributed to longer limb lengths and higher approach speeds than in junior bowlers.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects:
Thirty N=30 male subjects aged between 18-28 years were selected for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to attain the objectives of the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study,
gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were further divided into two groups of 15 each i.e., N
1
=15; pitcher and N
2
=15; fast bowler.
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Table: 1 Selection of variables Variables
Tests Criterion Measure
Speed 30 meter dash
Recorded to the nearest 1100
th
Second
Strength Push ups
Total number of push-ups performed
Agility Illinois Agility Test
Recorded to the nearest 1100
th
Second Cardiovascular Endurance
800 meter run Recorded to the nearest minutes seconds
Static Balance Stork Balance Stand Test
Recorded to the nearest 1100
th
Second METHODOLOGY
50 Meter Dash was administered to determine acceleration and speed. The score is the t i m e recorded to the nearest 1100
th
of a second. Push ups test was administered to determine strength. The score is the Total number of push-ups performed by the
subjects. Illinois agility test was administered to test the running agility. The score is recorded to the nearest 110
th
of a second. Stork balance stand test was administered to assess the ability to balance on the ball of the foot. The score is the total time
recorded in seconds. 800 meter run test was too administered to determine cardiovascular endurance. The score is the t i m e recorded to the nearest 1100
th
of a second.
DATA ANALYSIS
Student‟s t-test for independent data was used to assess the between-group differences. The level of p≤0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
The results pertaining to significant difference, if any, between baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler were assessed using the Student‟s t test and the results are presented in tables-2:
Table: 2 Mean Standard Deviation, Standard Error of the Mean, t-value and p-value of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler. Variables
Mean SD
SEM t-
value p-value
Fast Bowler
Pitcher Fast
Bowler Pitcher
Fast Bowler
Pitcher Speed
4.23 4.49
0.18 0.22
0.05 0.06
3.42 0.0019
Strength 24.9
25.67 3.26
2.66 0.84
0.69 0.674
0.5055
Agility 15.4
15.81 0.36
0.31 0.09
0.08 3.65
0.00107
Cardiovascular Endurance
3.11 3.25
0.17 0.11
0.04 0.03
2.59 0.0152
Static Balance
25.07 25.93
1.98 2.43
0.51 0.63
1.07 0.2939
Significant at 0.05 level Degree of freedom=28 Speed
Table-2 presents the results of Baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler with regard to the variable selected Psychomotor Abilities. The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Speed as 4.23 and
0.18 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 4.49 and 0.22 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.05 and 0.06
respectively. The„t‟-value 3.42 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant P.05. It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on speed than
the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3. Strength
The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Strength as 24.9 and 3.26 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 25.67 and 2.66 respectively. The Mean Difference and
Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.84 and 0.674
respectively. The„t‟-value 0.674 as shown in the table above was found statistically insignificant P.05. It has been observed that Baseball pitcher have exhibited better on Strength than the cricket fast
bowler. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
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Agility The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Agility as 15.4 and 0.36
respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 15.81 and 0.31 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.09 and
0.08 respectively. The„t‟-value 3.65 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant P.05. It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly better on Agility
than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3. Cardiovascular Endurance
The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Cardiovascular Endurance as 3.11 and 0.17 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 3.25 and 0.11 respectively. The Mean
Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.04 and
0.03 respectively. The„t‟-value 2.59 as shown in the table above was found statistically significant P.05. It has been observed that cricket fast bowler have demonstrated significantly
better on Cardiovascular Endurance than the Baseball pitcher. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Static Balance The descriptive statistics shows the Mean and SD values of cricket fast bowler on the sub-variable Static Balance as 25.07
and 1.98 respectively. However, Baseball pitcher had Mean and SD values as 25.93 and 2.43 respectively. The Mean Difference and Standard Error Difference of Mean were 0.51 and 0.63
respectively. The„t‟-value 1.07 as shown in the table above was found statistically insignificant P.05. It has been observed that Baseball pitcher have shown better Static Balance than the cricket fast
bowler. The comparison of mean scores of both the groups has been presented graphically in figure-3.
Figure-3 Graphical representation of mean scores of baseball pitcher and cricket fast bowler on the variables i.e. Speed, strength, agility, cardiovascular endurance and static balance.
DISCUSSION CONCLUSION It is concluded from the above findings that The significant difference was found in the speed ability- 30m sprint test, the cricket
fast bowler group had better speed in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group .Because fast bowler dont have the luxury of standing in one spot to deliver the ball. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards 22m every delivery. The insignificant
difference was found in the strength ability- push up test, the baseball Pitcher had better shoulder strength in comparison to the cricket fast bowler. While comparing the mean value of strength, it was found that pitcher have better shoulder strength as
compared to fast bowler. The outcome of results might be due to the pitcher makes every pitch until a point where the coach replaces the tiring pitcher with a relief pitcher and a succession of pitchers may come into the game in sequence until it ends.
Pitcher use their full arm strength in the practice and competition while pitching resulting which pitcher had perform better on 5
10 15
20 25
30
Fast Bowler Pitcher
4.23 4.49
24.9 25.67
15.4 15.81
3.11 3.25
25.07 25.93
Speed Strength
Agility Endurance
Static Balance
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the push ups, while comparing the mean of fast bowler. In cricket, multiple bowlers begin the game, with those not actively bowling spending time as fielders. Bowlers alternate bowling
over‟s of six balls each, moving to fielding positions to rest before returning to bowl again later in the game. The significant difference was found in the agility- Illinois Agility Test the cricket fast
bowler group had better agility in comparison to the Baseball pitcher group. The significant difference was found in the Cardiovascular Endurance - 800 meter run Test the cricket fast bowler group had better Cardiovascular Endurance in comparison
to the Baseball pitcher group. Fast bowlers run in, on average, 25 yards 22m every delivery. In a day where a bowler sends down 15 over‟s with 6 balls in each over, theyve run 2250 yards 1980m. And its not just a jog; either-every ounce of energy
the bowler has goes into each delivery. The insignificant difference was found in the Static Balance - Stork Balance Stand Test the baseball Pitcher had better body Balance in comparison to the cricket fast bowler.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to sincere thank to the subjects, coaches and physical education teachers who cooperated and whole hearted
support in the completion of study. References:
[1] Woolmer, B. Noakes, TD. 2008. Art and Science of Cricket, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. [2] Christie, CJ. King, GA. 2008. Heart rate and perceived strain during batting in a warm and cool environment.
International Journal of Fitness, Vol.4, No., pp 33- 38. [3] Christie, CJ.; Todd, AI. King, GA. 2008. The energy cost of batting during a simulated batting work bout. Science
and Medicine in Sports and Exercise, Vol.11, pp 581-584. [4] Fletcher 1955. Calories and cricket. Lancet Vol.1, pp 1165-1166.
[5] Noakes, TD. Durandt, JJ. 2000. Physiological requirements of cricket. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol.18, pp 919- 929.
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ANALYSIS OF SELECTED HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AMONG SOUTH WEST ZONE
INTER UNIVERSITY MALE HANDBALL PLAYERS
C. Jayakumar, S. Rameshkanan and B. Chittibabu
