Akilan and B. Chittibabu

42 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 Evaluation of anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at different times of the day on male handball players

N. Akilan and B. Chittibabu

Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram – 608 002 Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to compare anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at different times of the day on male handball players. To achieve the purpose 29 male handball players were selected from Department of physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University. Anaerobic capacity and fatigue index was measured by Running based anaerobic sprint test RAST. The data was collected at four different times of the day at 07:00, 12:00, 17:00 and 22:00 hours. The collected data was analysed using One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA for comparisons of mean values between four different times of the day. When F is significant pair wise bonferroni comparison was applied to know the difference between different times of the day. The result of the study showed significant difference in anaerobic capacity at different times of the day F = 5.27, p = 0.002. However, fatigue index showed no significant difference at different times of the day F = 1.456, p = 0.23. It identified that greater anaerobic capacity elicited during 17:00 hours and decline in power output remained unaltered. Keywords: Fatigue index, Handball, Time of the day, RAST Introduction Most individuals consider that their athletic prowess is best in the late afternoon and early evening, and this is the time period when best performances and even world records are most often likely to be set in competitions. External factors may be in part responsible, the world records set in track and field events in the evening reflecting the times at which Grand Prix events and major championships are held in front of large crowds and the media. However, recent reviews have considered the evidence that sports performance shows a diurnal rhythm that is, in part at least, due to the activities of a “body clock” Chittibabu 2013. Exercise performance displays a diurnal daytime rhythm with higher values in the late afternoon around 1600 –2000 hours than in the morning soon after waking around 0700 –1000 hours. In athletes maximal anaerobic power output Souissi, et al. 2007 and show diurnal variation. When rhythmic changes have been characterised from at least six measures obtained at equally spaced intervals throughout the 24 h, the peaks in performance are located from about 15:30 to 20:30 hours, with amplitudes ranging from 2 to 11 of the daily mean summarised in Reilly et al. 2007. The diurnal increase in central body temperature may exert a beneficial passive warm-up that may enhance metabolic reactions, increase the extensibility of connective tissue, reduce muscle viscosity, and increase conduction velocity of action potentials Shephard, 1984. Fatigue index is the rate at which power output declines which displays greater decline during morning hours Chittibabu 2013. The purpose of the present study was to compare anaerobic capacity and fatigue index at different times of the day on male handball players. Methods Subject Twenty nine 29 male handball players were selected from Department of physical Education and Sports Sciences, Annamalai University. There age ranged between 18 to 25 years. The data was collected at two different times of the day at 07:00, 12:00, 17:00 and 22:00 hours. Variables and test The test consists of six times 35m discontinuous sprints. Each sprint represents a maximal effort with 10 seconds allowed between each sprint for the turnaround. The time for each sprint was used as the criterion score during the RAST. The timing was recorded using stop watch. The fastest time FT, total sprint time to complete the 6×35-m sprints TT and sprint decrement SD as fatigue index were calculated by dividing the sum of the sprinting times for 6 sprints by the best possible total score and then multiplying by 100. According to Fitzsimons, et al., 1993 total sprint time TT to complete the 6×35-m sprints and sprint decrement as fatigue index FI were considered as RSA variables. Similarly, anaerobic capacity was measured by the formula: Anaerobic capacity = Weight × Distance ² ÷ Time ³ Statistical technique The collected data was analysed using One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA was used for comparisons of mean values between four different times of the day. When F is significant pair wise bonferroni comparison was applied to know the difference between different times of the day. The α value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance. 43 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 Results The present study reveals that there is a significant difference on anaerobic capacity F = 5.27, p = 0.002 and no difference in fatigue index F = 1.456, p = 0. 23 among different times of day See Table 1. It is inferred that anaerobic capacity fluctuates within a day in male handball players. Since the F ratio is significant Bonferroni pairwise comparisons was made and presented in Table 2. Table - 1 One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA on anaerobic capacity and fatigue index Variables Source of Variation SS df MS F Sig Within Ss Anaerobic capacity A Different times of Day 30761.86 3 10253.953 5.27 0.002 A × Ss w. error 163440.15 84 1945.716 Fatigue index A Different times of Day 32.787 3 10.929 1.456 0.23 A × Ss w. error 630.319 84 7.504 The pair wise comparison showed a significant difference between 07:00 - 17:00, 12:00 – 17:00 and 17:00 – 22:00 hour on anaerobic capacity at 0.05 level of confidence. The anaerobic capacity found to alter about 10.61 07:00 - 17:00, 8.54 12:00 – 17:00, 11.45 17:00 – 22:00 respectively. Anaerobic capacity of handball players at different times of the day is presented in Figure 2. Table 2 Pairwise comparison of anaerobic capacity among different times of the day

07:00 12:00

17:00 22:00

Mean Difference Std. Error Sig a 358.96 365.80 -6.841 12.693 1.000 358.96 397.07 -38.117 12.950 .039 358.96 356.25 2.707 13.283 1.000 365.80 397.07 -31.276 8.451 .006 365.80 356.25 9.548 9.960 1.000 397.07 356.25 40.824 11.368 .007 Based on estimated marginal means The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni. The anaerobic capacity was measured at four different times in male handball players. Among it peaked at 17:00 hours with 397.07±102.85 watts see Figure 1. Similarly, fatigue Index rate at which power declines was measured at four different times in male handball players. Among at 07:00 hours decline of speed is greater than other three times with 6.597±3.87 wattssec see Figure 2. Figure 1 Anaerobic capacity of handball players at different times of the day 44 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 Figure 2 Fatigue Index of handball players at different times of the day Discussion Anaerobic power or capacity is applicable to many sports and sports skills, and maximizing this ability is a top priority for athletes. In this study running based anaerobic sprint test RAST showed time of day effect and this was confirmed by the works of Racinais et al. 2005. Maximal exercise of short duration demonstrates circadian rhythmicity closely in phase and shape to that of core temperature. This similarity applies to anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity Reilly Down 1992. In the current study, the core temperature was not measured is a limitation. The study by Chittibabu 2009 found that tympanic temperature peaks in the evening. In the present study anaerobic capacity showed significant time of day effect which peaked at 17:00 hr. Hill et al. 1992 in their study they confirm the time of day effect of anaerobic capacity. The results of our study were similar to the results of Atkinson and Reilly 1996 and Atkinson et al. 2005. According to Drust et al. 2005, a general parallelism exists between rhythms of physical performance and core temperature. This parallelism is seen in many studies which have been carried out under normal conditions. A casual link between physical performance and core temperature has often been assumed, as a rise in temperature promotes the activity of muscles and nerves, metabolism, and the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Aldemir et al. 2000 stated that during the early morning exercise the body clock causes the endogenous clock-driven component of core temperature to be increased at this time, therefore subjects were in a heat gain mode, and the thermoregulatory mechanisms were directed more towards heat conservation than heat loss. As a result, the heat load produced by the exercise induced a quicker increase of core temperature and a less rapid dissipation of the heat load by dilation of the vascular beds of the limbs Aldemir et al. 2000. During the late afternoon, by contrast, a balance between the heat loss and heat gain modes was present since the endogenous component of core temperature was near its peak as a result; heat-loss mechanisms were engaged more readily. An interaction between the circadian rhythm of core temperature and changes in temperature produced by activity has been found in studies in mice and humans. Since the mechanisms for producing the circadian rhythm of core temperature and protecting the body against a heat load are very similar in humans, there is an interaction between the two. As a result of this, some aspects of thermoregulation varies at different times of the 24 h clock Aldemir et al. 2000. Anaerobic testing provides information on an athletes peak power PP, mean power and capacity to maintain a workout load, and the rate of decline in power, also referred to a fatigue index FI during a competitive challenge Lin et al. 2006 . The finding of this study was that there was no significant time of day effect was noticed. Romain et al. 2009 identified time of day effect on anaerobic capacity and fatigue index. The study by Fry et al. 2006 noted a decreased rate of fatigue following vitamin supplementation. In this study there was no significant alteration in fatigue index. The time of day effect was significant in fatigue index were morning showed greater FI than afternoon, evening and night. Lin et al. 2006 in their study they stated that high peak and mean power and low fatigue index among athletes. In this study the handball players showed grater anaerobic capacity at evening than morning so the FI found to be greater in evening. Conclusion The anaerobic capacity exhibit clear rhythm and displays peak during 17:00 hours but the rate of decline in speed does not display rhythm. The coaches and players should be aware that the high intensity interval training for handball player may be administered during evening which produces pronounced effect during matches that are played during evening. 45 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 References [1] Aldemir, H., Atkinson, G., Cable, T., et al. 2000. A comparison of the immediate effects of moderate exercise in the early morning and late afternoon on core temperature and cutaneous thermoregulatory mechanisms. Chronobiol Int, 17: 197- 207. [2] Atkinson G, Reilly T. Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports Med. 1996 Apr;214:292-312. [3] Atkinson, G., Holder, A., Robertson, C., et al. 2005. Effects of melatonin on the thermoregulatory responses to intermittent exercise. J Pineal Res, 39: 353-9. [4] Chittibabu, B. 2013. Evaluation of fatigue index at different times of the day on male handball players. International journal of current advanced research, 11: 53-54. [5] Chittibabu, B. and Ravindran, G. 2009. Daytime melatonin administration in young adults on core temperature, Indian Journal for Research in Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 44: 5 – 9. [6] Drust, B., Waterhouse, J., Atkinson, G., Reilly, T. 2005. Circadian rhythms in sports performance: an update. Chronobiol Int, 22: 21-44. [7] Fry, C.A., Bloomer, J.R., Falvo, J.M., Moore, A.C., et al. 2006. Effect of liquid multivitaminminerals supplement on anaerobic exercise performance. Res Sports Med, 141: 53-64. [8] Hill, D.W., Borden, D.O., Darnaby, K.M., Hendricks, D.N., Hill, C.M. 1992. Effect of time of day on aerobic and anaerobic responses to high intensity exercise. Can. J. Sport Sci, 17, 316 –319. [9] Lin, W.L., Yen, K.T., Doris Lu, C.Y., et al. 2006. Anaerobic capacity of elite Taiwanese taekwondo athletes, Science Sports, 21: 291-293. [10] Racinais, S., Connes, P., Bishop, D., Blonc, S., Hue, O. 2005. Morning versus evening power output and repeated- sprint ability. Chronobiol Int, 226: 1029-39. [11] Reilly T, Down A. Investigation of circadian rhythms in anaerobic power and capacity of the legs. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1992 Dec;324:343-7. [12] Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., Edwards, B. et al. 2007. Coping with jet-lag: a position statement for the European College of Sport Science. Eur J Sport Sci, 7: 1 –7. [13] Romain, L., Gauthier, A., Bessot, N., et al. 2009. Time-of-day effects on fatigue during a sustained anaerobic test in well-trained cyclist. Chronobiology International, 268: 1622-1635. [14] Shephard, R.J. 1984. Sleep, biorhythms and human performance. Sports Med, 1: 11 –37. [15] Souissi, N., Bessot, N., Chamari, K., Gauthier, A., Sesboüé, B., Davenne, D. 2007. Effect of time of day on aerobic contibution to the 30-s Wingate test performance. Chronobiol. Int, 24: 739 –748. 46 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF MALE BOXERS, WRESTLERS AND JUDOKAS N. Anilkumar Assistant professor, B.P.E Department, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala. Abstract: Most of the skill performances and execution of techniques in the sports such as boxing, wrestling and judo were based on the basic fitness components. The purpose of the study was to determine the existence of statistically significant difference on selected fitness components speed, agility, power, flexibility and endurance among boxers wrestlers and judokas. For this purpose, ninety sportsmen 30 boxers, 30 wrestlers, and 30 judokas were selected. Their age ranged between 18 to 23 years. The selected variables were assessed using 50 metres dash, shuttle run, jump and reach, sit and reach, and Harward step test. The data was analyzed by applying ANOVA and Scheffe S post hoc test. The result showed that there were significant difference in all the selected physical fitness components among boxers, wrestlers and judokas. The boxers showed a better capability in speed, agility and power, while the wrestlers were better in endurance and the judokas with greater flexibility. Keywords: Boxers, wrestlers, judokas, speed, agility, power, flexibility, endurance Introduction The fitness components are qualities that athletes must develop to physically prepare for sport competition. They are the building blocks of exercise and physical activity. Sports training programs are designed to build these components in the proper proportions that match the requirements of each sport. A basic definition of physical fitness is the ability to complete daily tasks with energy, reduce health risks due to inactivity, and be able to participate in a variety of physical activities. The 5 fitness components that are deemed health-related are: cardio, strength, endurance, flexibility, and body composition In addition, speed, agility, power, balance, and coordination have been identified as performance-related. All of these qualities exist to some degree in most sports, but developing certain combinations is important in any given sport. While definitions are assigned to qualities that represent what fitness is, it can be operational zed in different ways for each sport. In other words, fitness for one sport is somewhat different for another. In today‟s society sports and physical fitness play an important role in physical well-being. In this material world man does not get enough time for doing physical activity. Spectral concept of health emphasize that the health of an individual is not static it is a dynamic phenomenon and a process of continuous change. The physical dimension of health is probably the easiest to understand. The state of physical health implies the notion of perfect functioning of the body. Nowadays physical activities have a great role in maintaining better health. Meanwhile better health is only possible through doing some sort of physical activities. In this point of view, the combative sports like boxing, wrestling and judo are the good source of developing physical fitness and mental fitness. Comparing of selected physical fitness components of male boxers, wrestlers and judokas would reveal that significant difference exist as their physical fitness developed through participation in respective sports. Method Subjects and variables For the study total 90 males 30 boxers, 30 wrestlers, and 30 judoka‟s were selected. The age ranged between 18-23 years. The following variables were selected for the study 50 Meter dash, shuttle run, jump and reach, sit and reach and Harward step test. Statistical technique The data was analyzed by applying ANOVA. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level. Scheffe‟s post-hoc test was employed were “F‟ ratio found significant. Results The data on selected fitness components were analysed and tabulated in Table 1 through 3. The mean values on speed, agility, power, flexibility and endurance of boxers, wrestlers and judokas were given in Table 1. 47 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 Table 1: Mean scores on selected physical fitness components Variables Boxers Wrestlers Judoka‟s Speed 6.6796 7.127 7.0353 Agility 9.896 10.686 10.633 Power 20.4666 15.3 16.7666 Flexibility 24.2996 28.7176 30.0723 Endurance 68.1796 78.0866 74.8396 The data on selected fitness components was analysed for statistically significant difference among boxers, wrestlers and judokas using analysis of variance and it is given in Table 2. Table 2: ANOVA on selected physical fitness components Variables Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square „F‟ value Speed Between 3.3509 2 1.6754 11.8991 Within 12.2530 87 0.1408 Agility Between 11.7707 2 5.8503 35.8694 Within 14.1910 87 0.1631 Power Between 425.3466 2 212.6733 23.0380 Within 803.1330 87 9.2314 Flexibility Between 546.7799 2 273.3899 68.5720 Within 346.8619 87 3.9869 Endurance Between 1530.4725 2 765.2362 18.0347 Within 3691.5089 87 42.4311 Significant at F 0.05 level Table 2 states that there is a statistically significant difference on all the fitness components speed, agility, power, flexibility and endurance confined to this study, as the obtained F ratio was found to be greater than the required table value of 3.10 at 0.05 level of confidence. Since, significant difference exists, the post hoc test was applied to find out the paired mean difference among boxers, wrestlers and judokas on each of the fitness components selected in this study, and it is given in Table 3. Table 3: Scheffe‟s post-hoc test on selected physical fitness components Variables Boxers Wrestlers judokas MD CD Speed 6.6796 7.127 0.4474 0.23 6.6796 7.0353 0.3557 0.23 7.127 7.0353 0.0917 0.23 Agility 9.896 10.686 0.79 0.02 9.896 10.633 0.737 0.02 10.686 10.633 0.053 0.02 Power 20.4666 15.3 5.1616 1.94 20.4666 16.7666 3.7 1.94 15.3 16.7666 1.4666 1.94 Flexibility 24.2996 28.7176 4.418 0.65 24.2996 30.0723 5.7727 0.65 28.7176 30.0723 1.3547 0.65 Endurance 68.1796 78.0866 9.907 7.01 68.1796 74.8396 6.66 7.01 78.0866 74.8396 3.247 7.01 Table 3 reveals that boxers demonstrated significantly better speed, agility and power performance compared to wrestlers and judokas, in case of flexibility judokas have notably better flexibility than boxers and wrestlers. Wrestlers have considerably superior endurance capacity than boxers. Discussions In the present study boxers demonstrated significantly better speed, agility and power performance compared to wrestlers and judokas, in case of flexibility judokas have notably better flexibility than boxers and wrestlers. Wrestlers have considerably superior endurance capacity than boxers. Earlier studies of Jagiełło, Kalina, and Tkaczuk 2001; 2004 well documented the development of the motor capacity. It is worth to emphasize one more issue by comparing the sportsmen of 48 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 different sports. Only few studies made a comparison between different sports and revealed differences on fitness characteristics along the participation of different sports Daniels Thornton, 1990; Reynes Lorant, 2004, where Gernigon and Le Bars 2000 stressed the compatibility of a competitive context and task orientation in such studies. Consequently, future studies might take a closer look at the relationship between the characteristics of participants and the chosen sport. Conclusions On the basis of the findings it was concluded that participation in different sports cultivates physical fitness but at a very much varied context of such chosen sports. References [1] Bompa, T.O. 1999. Periodization; theory and methodology of training. Illinois; Human Kinetics publishers. [2] Brown, E.L. and Ferrigno, A.V. 2005. Training for speed, agility and quickness. Illinois, Human Kinetics. [3] Chapjan, S.H 1989. The Complete Book of Martial Arts. Hamlyan Publishing Group, London. [4] Daniels, K. and Thornton, E. 1990. An analysis of the relationship between hostility and training in the martial arts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 8: 95-101. [5] Gernigon, C. and Le Bars, H. 2000. Achievement goals in aikido and judo: a comparative study among beginner and experienced practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 122: 168-179. [6] Jagiełło, W., Kalina, R.M., Tkaczuk, W. 2001. Age peculiarities of speed and endurance development in young judo athletes. Biol Sport, 184: 281 –95 [7] Jagiełło, W., Kalina, R.M., Tkaczuk, W. 2004. Development of strength abilities in children and youth. Biol Sport, 194: 351 –68 [8] Johnson, B.L. and Nelson, J.K. 1982. Practical Measurements for evaluation in physical education. Delhi: The subject publication. [9] Reynes, E. and Lorant, J. 2004. Competitive martial arts and aggressiveness: a 2-yr. longitudinal study among young boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98: 103-115. 49 | International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports | Vol.2. No. 4 | December 2013 | ISSN 2277-5447 EFFECT OF ABDOMINAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON STRENGTH ENDURANCE AND EXPLOSIVE POWER OF WOMEN PLAYERS

N. PREM KUMAR