4.5 1.46 State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture – FAO

The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 20 The overall growth in aquaculture production remains relatively strong owing to the increasing demand for food fish among most producing countries. However, aquaculture output by some industrialized regional major producers, most notably the United States of America, Spain, France, Italy, Japan and the Republic of Korea, has fallen in recent years. A decline in finfish production is common to all these countries, while mollusc production has also decreased in some of them. The availability of fish imported from other countries where production costs are relatively low is seen as a major reason for such production falls. The resulting fish supply gap in the aforementioned countries has been one of the drivers encouraging production expansion in other countries with a strong focus on export-oriented species. World food fish aquaculture production expanded at an average annual rate of 6.2 percent in the period 2000–2012, more slowly than in the periods 1980–1990 10.8 percent and 1990–2000 9.5 percent. Between 1980 and 2012, world aquaculture production volume increased at an average rate of 8.6 percent per year. World food fish aquaculture production more than doubled from 32.4 million tonnes in 2000 to 66.6 million tonnes in 2012. Table 6 Aquaculture production by region: quantity and percentage of world total production Selected groups and countries 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Africa tonnes 81 015 110 292 399 688 646 182 1 286 591 1 485 367 percentage

0.62 0.45

1.23 1.46

2.18 2.23

North Africa tonnes 63 831 75 316 343 986 545 217 928 530 1 030 675 percentage 0.49 0.31 1.06 1.23 1.57 1.55 Sub-Saharan Africa tonnes 17 184 34 976 55 702 100 965 358 062 454 691 percentage 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.23 0.61 0.68 Americas tonnes 548 479 919 571 1 423 433 2 176 740 2 581 089 3 187 319 percentage

4.19 3.77

4.39 4.91

4.37 4.78

Caribbean tonnes 12 169 28 260 39 704 29 790 37 301 28 736 percentage 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.04 Latin America tonnes 179 367 412 650 799 234 1 478 443 1 885 965 2 565 107 percentage 1.37 1.69 2.47 3.34 3.19 3.85 North America tonnes 356 943 478 661 584 495 668 507 657 823 593 476 percentage 2.73 1.96 1.80 1.51 1.11 0.89 Asia tonnes 10 801 531 21 677 062 28 420 611 39 185 417 52 436 025 58 895 736 percentage

82.61 88.90

87.67 88.46

88.82 88.39

China tonnes 6 482 402 15 855 653 21 522 095 28 120 690 36 734 215 41 108 306 percentage 49.58 65.03 66.39 63.48 62.22 61.69 Central and Western Asia tonnes 72 164 65 602 122 828 190 654 259 781 311 133 percentage 0.55 0.27 0.38 0.43 0.44 0.47 Southern and Eastern Asia excluding China tonnes 4 246 965 5 755 807 6 775 688 10 874 073 15 442 028 17 476 296 percentage 32.48 23.61 20.90 24.55 26.16 26.23 europe tonnes 1 601 649 1 581 359 2 052 567 2 137 340 2 548 094 2 880 641 percentage

12.25 6.49

6.33 4.83

4.32 4.32 European Union Member Organization 28 tonnes 1 033 857 1 182 098 1 400 667 1 269 958 1 280 236 1 259 971 percentage 7.91 4.85 4.32 2.87 2.17 1.89 Other European countries tonnes 567 792 399 261 651 900 867 382 1 267 858 1 620 670 percentage 4.34 1.64 2.01 1.96 2.15 2.43 oceania tonnes 42 005 94 238 121 482 151 466 185 617 184 191 percentage

0.32 0.39

0.37 0.34

0.31 0.28

world tonnes 13 074 679 24 382 522 32 417 781 44 297 145 59 037 416 66 633 253 Notes: Data exclude aquatic plants and non-food products. Data for 2012 for some countries are provisional and subject to revisions. For the purpose of this table, Cyprus, classified as part of Asia by FAO, is included under Europe as one of the 28 members of European Union Member Organization. Details about countries and territories included under georegions for statistics purposes by FAO are available at: http:unstats.un.orgunsdmethodsm49m49regin.htm World review of fisheries and aquaculture 21 By continent, annual aquaculture production growth was fastest in Africa 11.7 percent and Latin America and the Caribbean 10 percent in the first twelve years of the new millennium. When China is excluded, the expansion in farmed food fish production in the rest of Asia recorded an annual growth rate of 8.2 percent from 2000 to 2012, which is significantly higher than in the periods 1980–1990 6.8 percent and 1990–2000 4.8 percent. The annual growth rate in China, the single largest aquaculture producer, fell to an average of 5.5 percent in the period 2000–2012, less than half that of 1980–1990 17.3 percent and 1990–2000 12.7 percent. Europe and Oceania had the lowest average annual growth rates in the period 2000–2012 at 2.9 and 3.5 percent, respectively. In sharp contrast to other regions, production in North America started to shrink gradually from 2005 and, by 2012, was lower than in 2000, owing to the production fall in the United States of America. FAO has recorded statistics from 187 countries and territories worldwide with aquaculture production in 2012 and from 9 countries and territories with no production in 2012 but with production recorded previously. Of the 196 countries and territories with production statistics registered, 71 of them 36 percent did not respond to FAO’s aquaculture statistics questionnaire for the year 2012. The non-reporting countries include one of the world’s major producers in Asia and five major producers in Europe. The data from the reporting countries vary greatly in terms of completeness of coverage, quality and timeliness of reporting. It remains a challenge to obtain good- quality national data for a better and more detailed analysis of the status and trends in aquaculture worldwide. For example, in recent years, the number of countries from the European Union Member Organization intentionally blurring some statistical details in their national data reporting has increased owing to the confidentiality of the data in question. Production distribution Aquaculture development is imbalanced and its production distribution is uneven Table 6, with Asia accounting for about 88 percent of world aquaculture production by volume. Worldwide, 15 countries produced 92.7 percent of all farmed food fish in 2012 Table 7. Among them, Chile and Egypt became million-tonne producers in 2012. Brazil’s global ranking has improved significantly in recent years. In contrast, Thailand, after its record-high production of 1.4 million tonnes in 2009, saw its production fall to 1.3 million tonnes in 2010 and 1.2 million tonnes in 2011 and 2012, mainly owing to widespread flood damage in 2011 and the dive in shrimp yield as a consequence of early mortality syndrome see Box 11 on p. 213. Cut to just over half a million tonnes by the 2011 tsunami, Japan’s aquaculture production recovered slightly to more then 0.6 million tonnes in 2012. Production peaked at more than 0.6 million tonnes in both the United States of America and the Republic of Korea in 2004 and 2007, respectively. In 2012, their respective production levels were slightly more than 0.4 million tonnes and just less than 0.5 million tonnes. Farmed food fish production has been rising steadily among the other leading producers, except in Chile, where disease outbreaks in marine cage culture of Atlantic salmon hit production in 2009–2010 before recovery and further expansion in production in 2011–12. Among the leading producers, the major groups of species farmed and the farming systems vary greatly. India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Myanmar and Brazil rely very heavily on inland aquaculture of finfish while their potential for mariculture production of finfish remains largely untapped. Norwegian aquaculture, however, rests almost exclusively on finfish mariculture, particularly marine cage culture of Atlantic salmon, an increasingly popular species in the world market. Chilean aquaculture is similar to that of Norway but it also has a significant production of molluscs mostly mussels and finfish farmed in freshwater, and all farmed species are targeted at export markets. In Japan and the Republic of Korea, well over half of their respective food fish production is marine molluscs, and their farmed finfish production depends more on marine cage culture. Half of Thailand’s production is crustaceans, consisting mostly of internationally traded marine shrimp species. Indonesia has a relatively large proportion of finfish production The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 22 from mariculture, which depends primarily on coastal brackish-water ponds. It also has the world’s fourth-largest marine shrimp farming subsector. In the Philippines, finfish production overshadows that of crustaceans and molluscs. The country produces more finfish from mariculture than freshwater aquaculture, and about one-fourth of the mariculture-produced finfish, mostly milkfish, are harvested from cages in marine and brackish water. In Viet Nam, more than half of the finfish from inland aquaculture are Pangasius catfish, which are traded overseas. In addition, its crustacean culture subsector, including marine shrimps and giant freshwater prawn, is smaller only than that of China and Thailand. China is very diversified in terms of aquaculture species and farming systems, and its finfish culture in freshwater forms the staple supply of food fish for its domestic market. Its finfish mariculture subsector, especially marine cage culture, is comparatively weak, with only about 38 percent 395 000 tonnes being produced in marine cages. Inland aquaculture, mariculture and species groups farmed World aquaculture production can be categorized into inland aquaculture and mariculture. Inland aquaculture generally use freshwater, but some production operations use saline water in inland areas such as in Egypt and inland saline-alkali water such as in China. Mariculture includes production operations in the sea and intertidal zones as well as those operated with land-based onshore production facilities and structures. Global food fish productions from inland aquaculture and from mariculture were at the same level of 2.35 million tonnes in 1980 Figure 6. However, inland aquaculture growth has since outpaced mariculture growth, with average annual growth rates of 9.2 and 7.6 percent, respectively. As a result, inland aquaculture steadily increased its contribution to total farmed food fish production from 50 percent in 1980 to 63 percent in 2012. Table 7 Farmed food fish production by top 15 producers and main groups of farmed species in 2012 Producer Finfish Crustaceans Molluscs other species national total Share in world total Inland aquaculture Mariculture Tonnes Tonnes Percentage China 23 341 134 1 028 399 3 592 588 12 343 169 803 016 41 108 306 61.7 India 3 812 420 84 164 299 926 12 905 … 4 209 415 6.3 Viet Nam 2 091 200 51 000 513 100 400 000 30 200 3 085 500 4.6 Indonesia 2 097 407 582 077 387 698 … 477 3 067 660 4.6 Bangladesh 1 525 672 63 220 137 174 … … 1 726 066 2.6 Norway 85 1 319 033 … 2 001 … 1 321 119 2.0 Thailand 380 986 19 994 623 660 205 192 4 045 1 233 877 1.9 Chile 59 527 758 587 … 253 307 … 1 071 421 1.6 Egypt 1 016 629 … 1 109 … … 1 017 738 1.5 Myanmar 822 589 1 868 58 981 … 1 731 885 169 1.3 Philippines 310 042 361 722 72 822 46 308 … 790 894 1.2 Brazil 611 343 ... 74 415 20 699 1 005 707 461 1.1 Japan 33 957 250 472 1 596 345 914 1 108 633 047 1.0 Republic of Korea 14 099 76 307 2 838 373 488 17 672 484 404 0.7 United States of America 185 598 21 169 44 928 168 329 … 420 024 0.6 top 15 subtotal 36 302 688 4 618 012 5 810 835 14 171 312 859 254 61 762 101 92.7 Rest of world 2 296 562 933 893 635 983 999 426 5 288 4 871 152 7.3 world 38 599 250 5 551 905 6 446 818 15 170 738 864 542 66 633 253 100 Note: The symbol “…” means the production data are not available or the production volume is regarded as negligibly low.