‘performing in terms of standard of excellence or, simply, as desire to be successful’ Murray, 1964: 99.
Richard, Elizabeth, and Robert in Introduction to Psychology, state that:
To understand the way a person’s behavior is organized, we must infer that behavior is guided by some purpose and that it leads to
some end state, which may be a goal or the satisfaction of some need. This dynamic property of behavior that give it organization over time
and that defines its end states is called motive, and the corresponding process is called motivation 1983: 367.
There are two theories that related to my studies, there are homeostasis
theory and social learning theory.
a. Homeostasis Theory
This theory states that human’s behavior happens because of disequilibrium unbalance within human. This theory is based on the needs,
which occur within human. Abraham Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force sets up a hierarchical theory of needs that can determine human’s motive 1970: 38-43.
They are: 1
Physiological Need They are biological needs such as oxygen, food water, warmthcoolness,
and protection from storms and so fort. These needs are the strongest because if deprived, the person could or would die.
2 Safety Need
They are felt by adults during emergencies, periods of disorganization in the social structure such as widespread rioting. They are felt more
frequently by children who often display signs of insecurity and their need to be safe.
3 Love, Affections and belongings Need
The needs to escape from loneliness and alienation and give and receive love, affection, and the sense of belonging.
4 Esteem Need
They are the need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self respect, and respect from others in order to feel satisfied, self self-confidence, and
valuable. If these need are not met, the persons feels inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.
5 Self-actualization Need
Maslow describes this need as an ongoing process. Self-actualizing people are involved in a cause outside their own skin. They are devoted; work at
something, something very precious to them-some calling or vocation, in the old sense, the priestly sense.
b. Social Learning Theory
Atkinson and Hilgard, in Introduction to Psychology state that ‘our behavior is learned through interaction with and observation of the environment.
The important part that influences our behavior is environment or circumstances that we live rather than instinct” 1983: 320.
Furthermore, they also say, “vicarious learning is learning by observation. Patterns of behavior are learned by observing the other people’s
behavior and also by learning the reinforcement” 1983: 320. We can learn emotion by observing other’s emotion. For example, a child will be afraid to go to
a doctor because he or she once watched a person suffering from pain after being injected by the doctor. It is clear that social learning emphasizes the role of
‘models’ in transmitting the behavior.
3. Theory of Love
