8 especially lexical and grammatical ambiguity in the newspaper. If they are
interested in conducting the same research, they can refer to this research and conduct the same research to get some confirmation and also to test the theory.
4. Readers
The researcher also hopes that the thesis can also give its significances to the readers. The researcher hopes that the paper can increase people’s awareness
in avoiding ambiguity, so that the interlocutor can understand the intended meaning said by the speakers well, and the misinterpretation will not occur.
F. Definition of Terms
Definition of terms is needed in order to give clear definition about the terms used in this paper. In this section, the writer is going to define some terms
which are used in this paper. 1.
Meaning The researcher see it is important to describe meaning in order to get the
clear understanding about it. However, there is no exact definition of what it really is. Linguists have their own understanding about it. Cruse 2000 describe it
by giving figure in which there are 4 elements. Those are speaker, transmitted signal, received signal, and receiver. Having a message to communicate, the
sender processes the message and encoding it, and finally produced the transmitted signal. The transmitted signal then travels through channels which
may have obstacles and noise before picked up by the receiver. However, the
9 receiver only get the received signal which has been modified by the noise and not
precisely the same as the speaker’s intended message. The message here is the metaphor of meaning which is transferred and modified from the speaker to the
hearer. He also says that there are three aspects of meaning, those are speakers’ meaning, hearers’ meaning and sign meaning.
2. Ambiguity
Since the paper mainly discusses about ambiguity, it is necessary to define the term ambiguity first. Ambiguity can be interpreted to a word, sentence, or
expressions that are having multiple meaning Fasold and Linton, 2006. There will be 2 types of ambiguity that are discussed in the study. The first one is lexical
ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity is referred to a word which has more than one meaning Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish, 2001, p. 237. Lexical
ambiguity has strong connection with polysemy and homonymy. The second ambiguity is structural ambiguity. Structural ambiguity happens because of the
relation of one word to other word or words Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish, 2001, p. 155. In the structural ambiguity, the phrase or the sentences
have more than one interpretation because of its relation to another word. For example the phrase nice man and woman can be interpreted in two ways. The first
one explain the man and woman who are nice, and the second one explain the man who is nice and a woman which might be neutral or not nice.
3. Tree Diagram
Structural ambiguity, however, can be solved and analyzed using tree diagram. Some experts may call it syntax tree or parse tree. However, the
10 researcher would name it tree diagram. Radford 2001 describes tree diagram as
“a way of representing the syntactic structure of a phrase or sentence.” p. 273. Tree diagram can be used to analyze clause, phrase, or sentence. In the tree
diagram, the clause, phrase, or sentence is analyzed based on its categories.
11
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
