FRENCH MULTI-TRACK CULTURAL DIPLOMACY TO INDONESIA THROUGH PRIVATE SECTORS

FRENCH MULTI-TRACK CULTURAL

DIPLOMACY TO INDONESIA THROUGH

PRIVATE SECTORS

(STUDY CASE: PRINTEMPS FRANCAIS IN INDONESIA 2012 - 2016)

Abstract

France is one of the most modern countries in the world, with vast development and technology as well cultural heritage they possessed. The emergence of cultural diplomacy is taken account by many developed countries such as France. This research will try to elaborate concept of cultural diplomacy, multi-track diplomacy and national interest to answer question why French government maximize private sectors to support the multi-track diplomacy in Indonesia in case of Printemps Francais 2012 to 2016. Method that will use in this research is qualitative methods where the data use is primary and secondary data. Secondary data is collected from books, journal, literature, and information from Internet that related to the topic. Primary data obtained from in-purposive sampling through in-depth interview with related person in the field. The results show that French government needs support on the budget to implement Printemps Francais so it maximize the involvement of private sectors. Printemps Francais also become the medium to facilitate French product in Indonesia.

Keywords: Multitrack cultural diplomacy, national interests, printemps francais, private sectors

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This first chapter will begin with background of the problem by elaborating briefly France information and its bilateral relations with Indonesia. It follows with the French institution that manages relation in Indonesia, especially in culture and education program. This chapter will describe Printemps Francais as part of program runs by Institut Francais that regarded as tools of its cultural diplomacy. Later on, this chapter will mention research question that limits the range of the research that comes up based on the background explained before. Literature review that use to developed topic discussed in this research will be mentioned later, as well as theoretical framework, contribution of the research, range of the research, research methods and data collection, and last is the structure of the research.

A. Background

France is known for its diverse culture, good economy, as well as welfare of its citizen. According to focus-economics.com, in 2015 Growth Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of France is 33,990 Euros and its economic growth is increasing from 2012 where it was only 0.0 percent to 1.2 percent also in 2015.1 Paris, the capital city of France is well known for its fashion and architecture. One of its famous

1

France Economic Outlook, retrieved on June 10, 2016, taken from Focus Economics: http://www.focus-economics.com/countries/france,

landmarks is the Eiffel Tower that standing tall in the heart of Paris. Not only famous with its fashion industry, France also known for its architecture fines arts, as well as performing arts. There are many artists reside in France such as Monet, Renoir, Delacroix, and many others.2 France is a country rich in cultural heritage and culture played a big part in shaping the nation.

After the end of Second World War, the world shifted drastically to the era where hard power is no longer the main subject played and issued by most countries. The existence of hard power within international realm is not disappeared once for all but there is an emergence of soft power taken a big role in creating world political condition.3 This shifted of world politics enforce the role of soft power diplomacy to be taken account, not again become the kick-side of hard power diplomacy like military and economic based diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy is set of actions which exercise the exchange of values, ideas, traditions and other parts of culture or identity, in order to strengthen relations, cooperation in socio-political aspects, promote and achieve national interest and many other purposes.4 Among countries within European Union, France is one of the countries that actively promote

2

Famous French Painters, taken from The Famous People: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/french-painters.php 3

Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, Ramesh Thakur, “The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy”, 2013, Oxford University Press

4

Cultural Diplomacy Definition, retrieved on June 10, 2016, taken from Institute of Cultural Diplomacy:

themselves through cultural exchange.5 Cultural activities use by French government to promote their ideas, values, and cultures to others.

France, as one of members of European Union, try to maintain its relations with other members of regional organization in Asia, one of them is Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN). France sees Indonesia as one of leading actors within Southeast Asia region. France and Indonesia relations already started since the colonization era, even though it was not significant like Netherlands and Portuguese. The relations during colonization was indirect relations where in early 19th century when Netherlands lost war in Napoleonic wars, its possession belong to France as well as in East Indies.6 France revolution and its government system inspired Indonesia legal system.7 In 2011, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and President Nicholas Sarkozy agreed on strategic partnership after Indonesia’s President visited France in 2009.8 France and Indonesia relations in economic sector are visible in which many France companies operating in Indonesia such as Total, Carrefour, Michelin and Air France.

5

France & The Promotion of French Worldwide, Cultural and French Language Policy, retrieved August 17, 2016, taken from:

http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/FR_promotion_du_francais_version_ anglaise_cle4df411.pdf, retrieved August 17, 2016

6

Asvi Warman Adam, “The French and the British in Java1806-1815”, Britannica, taken from: https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia 7

Timothy Lindsey, “Indonesia, Law and Society”, 2008, Federation Press 8

Erwida Maulia, “RI, France agree on ‘unlimited’ strategic partnership”, 2009, Jakarta Post, taken from Press Reader:

Bilateral relations between France and Indonesia also occur in other sectors like culture.

France has many successful histories in keeping or creating good relations with once enemy now partner countries through cultural diplomacy, one of them was German. German and France were known as ferocious enemy, involved in many bloody wars and conflicts. The cultural understanding between both countries was starting by the signing of Elysee Treaties in 1960.9 The importance of language exchange between two countries become the beginning of better relations between them; they started to create an effort to increase number of school children to learn about each other languages.10 From this example, France is seen to understand the importance of cultural exchange in creating, developing, and maintaining its relations to others. Moreover, it gives better chance for France to achieve its national interest.

The role of cultural diplomacy is not only seen as good steps for successful relations between France and other countries, but it is also realized by many countries around the world such as United States of America, South Korea with its spread of k-pop, and more. For example is the United States diplomacy in education which now known as Fulbright scholarship. This scholarship is at the beginning proposed by

9

The Franco-German Treaty of Friendship, taken from:

http://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/e186f474-22ac-4360-bc1d-d923d8ecadc4

10 ibid

Senator J. William Fulbright in 1945. The bill included the use of profit from war property to create and promote international goodwill in the exchange of students in education, science, and cultures.11 He saw the benefits of creating good images of the States. This program has been implemented from the beginning of 1950s until today.

Another advance cultural diplomacy implementation is done by South Korea. South Korea is one of the new emerging countries in Asia and the world with its culture dispersion as well as economic development in technological industry. South Korean culture is spread through addicted Korean drama or shortens as K-drama and do not forget the musical influences it brings to the rest of the world.12 The benefits of music industry to South Korea economy is, for example, the income of famous k-pop idol agency is around 630 million dollar in year, not only adding the national income it also become the effective tools to promote South Korean culture.13

From some of cases mentioned earlier, France is advanced in cultural diplomacy area as good as United States or South Korea. France has sets of strategy and also agencies that

11

History of Fulbright, taken from Fulbright: http://us.fulbrightonline.org/about/history 12

Anais Faure, “K-Culture Diplomacy: From Sao Paulo to Tehran”, May 2016, taken from The Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2016/05/k-culture-diplomacy-from-sao-paulo-to-tehran/

13

Zack O’Malley Greenburg, “Big Bang Theory: How K-Pop’s Top Act Earned $44 Million In a Year”, July 2016, taken from Forbes:

http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/07/06/bigbang-theory-how-k-pops-top-act-earned-44-million-in-a-year/#76fefbf47252

involved in its cultural diplomacy. Institut Francais d’Indonesie is institution that manage cooperation network in Indonesia on culture and linguistic sectors. Institut Francais d’Indonesie (IFI) is located is several cities in Indonesia, Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, as well as Bali. IFI is a consolidation of Service for Cooperation and Culture (Le Service de Cooperation et d’Action Culturelle (SCAC)) of French Embassy with French Cultural Centers (Centre de Culturelle Francais (CCF)).14 In short, IFI is a French agency that manages the cooperation between France and its host country. IFI Indonesia is a cooperation agency that conducts cooperation in education and culture between France and Indonesia.15

Printemps Francais is annual program held by France government within the framework of Institut Francais programs. This festival that celebrate and held every year is not only in Indonesia, but also in other countries where Institut Francais located such as Srilanka, Laos, and Hongkong. Printemps Francais celebration is including performing arts from various French artists that having performance in several cities in Indonesia, French and Indonesian artists collaboration, workshop, and discussion. In 2016, Printemps Francais already held in Indonesia for 12 times. The opening ceremony of

Printemps Francais 2016 held in Jogjakarta on 28th April 2016 with the performance by French leading puppet theatre group

14

About IFI, taken from IFI: http://www.ifi-id.com/presentasi 15

Les Remouleurs which collaborate with Indonesian artist.16

Printemps Francais that held every year from 2004 to the recent festival in 2016 must have certain results to the bilateral relations between France and Indonesia. There must be reason why this spring festival is still ongoing since 12 years ago and with many French companies supporting the budget of the festival. Printemps Francais is self-sufficient festival where the budget is mainly came from partnership. Even though it was governmental organization, IFI, that organized the Printemps Francais need to cooperate with private sectors in order to create a better cultural exchange during the festival. Printemps Francais is a cultural diplomacy implement by French government under Institut Francais, which the exercise of the festival is requiring a broad support and work of various level of parties. Private sectors have a great role in term of supporting the Printemps Francais in Indonesia.

B. Purpose of Research

The writer has several purposes by conducting this research on French Cultural Diplomacy to Indonesia through

Printemps Francais:

1) The research aim to understand how France government construct the cultural diplomacy in brief, and the festival of

Printemps Francais as their diplomacy instrument not only

16

Indonesia Francais Institute Launch Printemps Francais 2016 Festival, retrieved August 10, 2016, taken from Jakarta Globe:

http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/features/indonesia-francais-institute-launch-printemps-francais-2016-festival/

to Indonesia but also to other countries to maintain and develop their relationship.

2) To understand the importance of the cultural diplomacy through the festival in gaining France national interests in Indonesia.

3) To analyze the reasons in maximizing private sectors to support the Printemps Francais as one of its multi-track cultural diplomacy instrument in Indonesia.

C. Contribution of Research

This research aims to contribute on several aspects:

1) This research will be contributing on the evaluation for French government towards the importance of the cultural exchange within the Spring Festival.

2) To contribute as lessons for Indonesian government in managing its cultural diplomacy towards other countries. 3) This research contributes as well in broadening the ideas of

multi-track cultural diplomacy as one of effective tools in creating a better relationship among countries.

D. Research Question

Based on the background of the research explained in the previous section of this chapter, the research question is “Why French government maximize private sectors to support the multi-track cultural diplomacy to Indonesia?”

E. Literature Review

There are some literature and academic paperwork, which discussed the topic of cultural diplomacy and specifically France cultural diplomacy. These literatures are helping the writer to create and develop idea or topic of this research. 1) Review on French Science and Cultural Diplomacy by Phillipe Lane

First literature is the book review of Phillipe Lane entited French Scientific and Cultural Diplomacy written in 2013. In this book, Phillipe Lane explained about many parts of French cultural diplomacy. Describing the history and evolution of French cultural policy throughout time starts the content of the book. Gino Raymond writes the book review of Lane from University of Bristol. Raymond review on Lane’s is part of French Studies: A Quarterly Review, volume 68, Number 3, and published on July 2014. According to Raymond, Lane’s book has given the highlight on the importance of cultural fields to pursuit advantage in the competitive world’s stage. Furthermore, it said that the explanation and analysis done by Lane on French cultural policy from top-down scheme would attract complementary analysis from bottom-top scheme. This review is useful for the research on French cultural diplomacy to Indonesia because it will give images or description on French cultural policy.

2) Undergraduate Research of Fitria Afriyanti

Undergraduate thesis with titled Diplomasi Kebudayaan Perancis di Indonesia Melalui Institut Francais D’Indonesie (IFI) Tahun 2012-2013 (French Cultural Diplomacy in Indonesia through Institut Francais D’Indonesie (IFI) in 2012 – 2013) talked about the role of IFI in promoting the french cultural diplomacy within several programs held by this institute. Cultural diplomacy of France has two priority, education and influences. Based on the research done by the Afriyanti, French government exercise its cultural diplomacy under Counselor of Cooperation and Culture of French Embassy in Indonesia through Institut Francais D’Indonesie.

French government has several ways to implement its cultural diplomacy such financial autonomy, infrastructure, and sending French artist to Indonesia. To implement the steps to exercised cultural diplomacy in Indonesia, later on, IFI implement several programs related to the large image of the French cultural diplomacy. The first cultural program held every year is Les Printemps Francais, which is Spring Festival that tries to promote French culture through cultural events and also there is screening of French films. France is well known for its filming industry, this way; France tries to show its capability in film industry and creating link and relations with Indonesian film maker. Second program runs by IFI is education program where under IFI itself there is Campus France, which manage promotion to Indonesian

student to study in France. This program is believed to be one of the effective ways to spread French language and culture through mobility of students, teachers, and lecturer from and to Indonesia. The last program is science cooperation. Under IFI, there are some programs that established to connect to education facilities. French Corner and Joint Research Programs are programs for science and reserach related topic.

Based on Afriyanti’s research there are quite problems and barriers regarding the imlementation of programs manage by IFI. Despite, all the odds face by IFI in establishing french cultural dilplomacy, there are succeed stories of all the effort done by IFI, one of them is there are increasing number of audience to the program held by IFI as well as the number of student and researcher that cooperate with France university and also student and researcher that applied French as their additional languages.

From this research, the writer could analyze the process done by France government through Institut Francais D’Indonesie that acts as the agency in Indonesia, which manages cooperation in culture, education, and science. This research also could become references in describing cooperation implemented by France in education and cultural sectors.

3) Undergraduate Research of Dian Rachmawati

Undergraduate paper of Dian Rachmawati entitled

Festival Film Cannes 2006 sebagai Diplomasi Kebudayaan Perancis (Cannes Film Festival 2006 as French Cultural Diplomacy) written on 2007 discussed about diplomacy done by France through film festival, which is the most known film festival, Cannes. The writer of this research created hypothesis on the topic of France Cannes Film Festival, which are the implementation of French cultural diplomacy through Cannes Film Festival is categorized as exhibition form of cultural diplomacy. Based on this research the purpose of French cultural diplomacy is to increase or improve its France economic welfare by tourism.

The writer analysis stated that the background of this form of cultural diplomacy is one of them the tourism sectors of France. Tourism is one of main economic sectors. Cannes is one of the tourist destinations in France. The film festival becomes one of the attractions in Cannes every year, not only attracted local tourist from Europe but also to foreign people that involved in film industry. From the research done by Rachmawati, it could be seen that France government has executed many cultural diplomacy forms to increase and develop its economic interest; one of them is Cannes Film Festival. This research will give other perspective and forms of cultural diplomacy done by France. Indonesia, indeed, influence by this cultural diplomacy, there are many young and talented filmmakers try to

contribute in this prestigious film festival. This type of cultural diplomacy is not only beneficial for France but also for Indonesia, through this festival Indonesia young artist could participate and at the same times creating an images of Indonesia film industry development. Prenjak, short movie, which produced by Indonesian filmmaker, recently won an award in Cannes Film Festival 2016 on Leica Cine Discovery Prize, this example, is showing the impact of French cultural diplomacy through Film Festival.17

4) The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century by Richard T. Arndt

The book written by Richard T. Arndt discussed about United States cultural diplomacy from the early times where first World War to the recent years. Richard T. Arndt, the writer of the book is pursued his career in United States Information Agency (USIA) for almost quarter of century. On this book, Andt could describe and explains well about United States cultural diplomacy or public diplomacy because he is been in the office before. This book explains phenomenon, which related to American cultural diplomacy such as the birth of USIA, President’s period, as well as Fulbright which one of American cultural diplomacy tools. From the book by Andt, the writer could get wider images on how cultural diplomacy may take place in different

17

Agnes Anya, “Indonesian short movie Prenjak wins award at Cannes”, May 16, 2016, taken from The Jakarta Post:

http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/05/20/indonesian-short-movie-prenjak-wins-award-at-cannes.html

situation of a state. Scheme of cultural diplomacy might differ from one state to another state as the definition of cultural diplomacy might be different as well based on how the state also defines its national interests. This book is giving a new perspective on perceiving the role of states in shaping the cultural diplomacy by explaining president’s period and how the cultural diplomacy is implemented. 5) Research Paper on La Diplomatie Culturelle Francaise: La

culture face à de nouveaux enjeux? by Gerbault Loïc

Research paper by Gerbault Loïc entitled “La

Diplomatie Culturelle Francaise: La culture face à de nouveaux enjeux?” or in English is “French Cultural Diplomacy: Culture Face New Challenges?” discussed about challenges faces by French cultural diplomacy with the development of globalization as well as new economic challenge of China. The research is divided into three chapters, the first chapter talks about French cultural representation abroad; this chapter discussed the French cultural histories from values and principles inherited from past, and also French cultural network development and evolution. The second chapter explained about the instrumentalization of cultural promotion abroad by the state. This chapter mainly discussed the bureaucratic aspects in creating and accommodating French cultural diplomacy attempts. The last chapter is talking about the globalization and French culture and institution position in global arena. It

also highlight the emergence of new economic of China. This paper gives perspective based on French point of view. 6) Article The Neglected Aspects of Cultural Diplomacy by

John Brown

Article written by John Brown that entitled The Neglected Aspects of Cultural Diplomacy published on Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy edited by Nancy Show and Phillip M. Taylor in 2009 is talked about one of aspects that have been ignored by United States government on their public diplomacy. This article argues that United States neglect the aspects of cultural diplomacy which is art (arts here included music, literature and painting) in its diplomacy. Brown compared United States with other countries such as France, German, and Japan whom actively use arts as part of their cultural diplomacy. This article could give other perspective on the use of arts in diplomacy as Brown mentioned that there are three reasons why arts is importance to U.S. diplomacy; 1) Arts is a response to the desires of overseas public, 2) it provides context on American cultures, and 3) arts diplomacy will give public unique and memorable experience.

7) Notions of popular culture in cultural policy: a comparative history of France and Britain by David Looseley

The article written by David Looseley tries to compare the history of France and Britain cultural policy. He argued that the France might have little advance towards the

intercultural aspects rather than Britain. Even though France and Britain most likely has quite the same condition towards their historical background, but Looseley closed his remarks by saying that Britain might learn from a nation across the Channel.18

8) North Korea: The Potential Application of Multi-track Diplomacy to Conflict Resolution and Peace Building

The paper by Randall Cuthbert talked about the multi-track diplomacy in general and applied the nine-multi-track of diplomacy to the peace building and conflict resolution in North Korea.19 The paper talked about the conflict of North Korea and South Korea and applied the nine-tracks to the possible situation of the conflict. It gives a great view on how the tracks use to explain and demonstrate two states relations. In this research, the tracks will explain the cultural diplomacy done by French, and it will focus on some of the tracks of multi-track diplomacy.

From all the literature explained above, those researches are relate and compare to French Multi-track Cultural Diplomacy to Indonesia through Private Sectors, the study

18

David Looseley, “Notions of Popular Culture in Cultural Policy: A Comparative History of France and Britain”, 2011, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 17:4, pp.365-379, DOI: 10.1080/10286632.2010.541907 19

Randall Cuthbert, “North Korea: The Potential Application of Multi-track Diplomacy to Conflict Resolution and Peace Building”, 2005, taken from Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy: http://imtd.imtdeast.org/papers/OP-16.pdf

case of Printemps Francais in Indonesia 2012 - 2016, it will concluded on the table below.

Literature Review Summary No. Research Title Author Review

1. Review on French Science and Cultural Diplomacy

Gino Raymond

This review seen the analysis done by Phillipe Lane is based on top-bottom scheme. This review could highlight the French cultural policy, which is going to be analyzing in this research. 2. French Cultural

Diplomacy in Indonesia through Institut Francais D’Indonesie (IFI) in 2012 – 2013

Fitria Afriyanti

French implemented its cultural diplomacy through one of institution named Institut Francais D’Indonesie, institution under French embassy. This paper could give a brief review on role of Institut Francais.

3. Cannes Film Festival 2006 as French Cultural Diplomacy

Dian Rachmawat

i

French cultural diplomacy is taking many forms in its implementation. Film festival held by France is not only beneficial in increasing and developing France economy in tourism sectors but also creating sequence of effects to Indonesia.

4. The First Resort of Kings

Richard T. Arndt

The book explains the cultural diplomacy of United States through many stages of leadership as well as national and global situation where the cultural diplomacy was implemented. The book gives the writer different perspective on how states background and national condition create a distinct differences when it come to the exercised of cultural diplomacy.

5. Research Paper on

La Diplomatie Culturelle Francaise: La culture face à de nouveaux enjeux?

Gerbault Loïc

The research paper, which is originally written in French, describes the French cultural diplomacy from its history, bureaucratic mechanisms as well as challenges it faces nowadays. This research paper gives comprehensive data and information towards French cultural diplomacy in French point of view.

6. The Neglected Aspects of Cultural Diplomacy

John Brown

In the article, he argued that the art is neglected aspect in U.S. cultural diplomacy. This article contributed in analysis the form of Printemps Francais activities, which included arts. 7. Notions of popular

culture in cultural policy: a

comparative history of France and Britain

David Looseley

This article compares the historical timeline of France and Britain cultural policy. This article contributes to this research by giving explanation about French cultural policy, even not in extra details.

8. North Korea: The Potential Application of Multi-track Diplomacy to Conflict Resolution and Peace Building

Randall Cuthbert

The article explained the possibility application of the nine-tracks to solve conflict of North Korea and South Korea. The thesis will use some of the track to explain the Printemps Francais

done by France.

F. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer and understand the problem stated in the research question before, the writer will use several concepts and theories

1) Cultural diplomacy

Before heading directly to the explanation of cultural diplomacy, firstly the writer will explain briefly about diplomacy and culture itself. Diplomacy is set of communication systems between countries in international system which purpose is to create agreement through negotiation or tacit understanding.20 The words diplomacy itself derived from Greek words “diploma” which is union of “diploun” which means fold and “ma” which means an object.21 The main function of diplomacy is to protect and expand national interest.22 According to Harold Nicholson, Diplomacy is international relations management through negotiation, where the relations adjusted and managed by ambassadors.23 While according to Hans J. Morgenthau, diplomacy is promoting national interests of a state in peaceful ways.24

20

G.R Berridge, “Diplomacy: Theory and Practice”, 2010, Palgrave Macmillan 21

Sally Marks, Chas .W. Freeman, “Diplomacy”, 2016, taken from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy

22

S.L. Roy, “Diplomacy”, 1984, New Delhi: Sterling, 23

Sir Harold Nicholson, “Diplomacy”, 1988, Study of Ersity 24

J. Peter Pham, “What Is in the National Interest? Hans Morgenthau’s Realist Vision and American Foreign Policy”, 2008, American Foreign Policy Interest, 30: 256-265

It can be conclude that, diplomacy is set of mechanism, which within it includes the creation of agreement, negotiation between actors that carried out in order to exercise foreign policy of a country. At the beginning of nation-state, diplomacy is done by state officials that appointed by head of government. As the technology develop where national border of states become blurred by the increasing use of World Wide Web, the emergence of non-formal actors that carried out diplomacy is increasing. Diplomacy is not only carried out by formal diplomatic agents chose by government, other official and private people also conduct it.

After getting the brief explanation of the definition of diplomacy, in this research the need to understand culture itself is necessary. According to Lederach, culture is knowledge and scheme shared by group of people in situation where people perceive, interpret, express, and responds to the social situation or condition around them.25 Culture is exceedingly broad term to be define in one definition, this characteristic also influence the definition of cultural diplomacy itself. Culture includes literature, arts, customs, traditions, history, music, and also social relationship.26 In this research, the culture that discussed will

25

John Paul Lederach, “Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation across Cultures”, 1995, Syracause, NY: Syracause University Press. p.9

26

Ronit Appel, Assaf Irony, Steven Schmerz, Ayela Ziv, “Cultural Diplomacy: An Important but Neglected Tool in Promoting Israel’s Public Image” , May

includes in form of culture that portrayed in Printemps Francais which considered as cultural exchange festival where French and Indonesian culture round up. It can be seen that with several cultural adjustment could increase the possibility of effective persuasion.27 Printemps Francais

uses some cultural adjustment within its framework; such as considerate the cultural background of the host country, in this matter is Indonesia.

In the book written by Richard T. Arndt entitled The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in Twentieth Century, he argues that the cultural diplomacy is absorb little funds, as he compared to the U.S. aircraft.28 His argument before stated that the cultural diplomacy is giving advantage in creating image with quite minimum budget rather than military policy that cost billions. In the Concise Review on the basic of cultural diplomacy, it can be concluded that cultural diplomacy is:

2008, The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy Strategy, Argov fellows Program in Leadership and Diplomacy. 27

Kelton Rhoads, “The Culture Variable in the Influence Equation” on Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, 2009, New York: Routledge, pp. 166

28

Richard T, Arndt, “Three Resorts of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in Twentieth Century”, 2005, Washington: Potomac Books

Cultural diplomacy is a domain of diplomacy concerned with establishing, developing, and sustaining relations with foreign states by way of culture, art, and education. It is also a proactive process of external projection in which nation’s institutions, value system, and unique cultural personality are promoted at a bilateral and multilateral level.29

Joseph Nye in his article The Changing Nature of World Power, made distinction between hard and soft power. He explained that soft power is the ability to persuade through, culture, values and ideas.30 He explained further that power; especially soft power comes from attraction. Attraction use by politicians, groups, and states in form of intangible assets such as culture as mentioned before.31 Moreover as Nye stated in his book Soft Power: the Means to Success in World Politics in 2004, there are three sources of state soft power, which is culture, political values, and its foreign policy.32

In other words, cultural diplomacy is mobilization of soft power since the use of culture as one of power’s sources in influencing other. Soft power use by France in order to persuade others through attractive attribute she possess, in

29

Concise review of the basics of cultural diplomacy, taken from

http://textus.diplomacy.edu/textusBin/BViewers/oview/culturaldiplomacy/oview. asp

30

Joseph Nye, “The Changing Nature of World Power”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, pp. 177-192, The Academy of Political Science 31

ibid 32

Joseph S. Nye, “Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics”, 2004, New York: Public Affairs

this topic is culture. The use of culture as manifestation of its soft power can be seen in the cultural diplomacy done by France. Culture is one of sources of soft power which it has its own attraction. Cultural diplomacy is indeed using culture as its material in establishing diplomatic relations with aimed states. Giving situation, when someone is adoring culture, they will follow even spread culture they have been looking up to.

There are two important things in cultural diplomacy as explained in Diplomasi Kebudayaan book by Tulus Warsito and Wahyuni Kartikasari, which is micro and macro diplomacy. Micro diplomacy is connected to the culture exploitation to support the implementation of foreign policy. While, macro diplomacy is where cultural diplomacy should involving power and political prestige, economy and military that are possessed by developed countries that create unbalance condition between states that create condition where cultural diplomacy could be implemented in.33 In the implementation of French cultural diplomacy in form of Printemps Francais includes on the definition of micro diplomacy as explained in Warsito and Kartikasari books. Printemps Francais use and exploit cultures in form of performing arts, and other type of arts in purpose to support France’s foreign policy.

33

Tulus Warsito, Wahyuni Kartikasari, “Diplomasi Kebudayaan Konsep dan Relevansi bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia”, 2007, Yogyakarta: Ombak

Cultural diplomacy concerns three aspects of national interests, which are cultural identity, political aspects in form of soft power, and creative economy.34 France cultural identity is transferring into its cultural diplomacy through Spring Festival, which organized, by Institut Francais D’Indonesie.

Scheme of Actors and Target of Cultural Diplomacy

Figure 1.1 Scheme of Actors and Targets of Cultural Diplomacy35

As seen on the figure above, cultural diplomacy through

Printemps Francais will be explained as the action of both government and society in order to achieve its national interests. Government is supporting institution and society in set of bureaucracy and regulation in exercising the

34

Hyungseok Kang, “Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: International Cultural Politics of Soft Power and Cretaive Economy”, 2013, taken from:

http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011- 08-loam/Reframing-Cultural-Diplomacy-International-Cultural-Politics-of-Soft-Power-and-the-Creative-Economy-Hyungseok-Kang.pdf

35

Tulus Warsito, Wahyuni Kartikasari, “Diplomasi Kebudayaan Konsep dan Relevansi bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia”, 2007, Yogyakarta: Ombak

Society Cultural

National

Power

Country

National Government

Society Country

National Government

diplomacy. Government and society exercise and maximized their national power in form of culture within cultural strategy. Printemps Francais that held annually includes not only France government and its official institution but also organization, business corporations, researchers, as well artists taking and playing role in making and running this certain type of diplomacy. By using this model, the writer will also try to analyze the role of private sectors as well as other actor’s part in carrying out Printemps Francais as part of France’s multi-track cultural diplomacy to Indonesia.

Relations Between Situation, Form, Aims, and Means of Cultural Diplomacy

No. Situation Form Aim Means

1. Peace - Exhibition

- Competition - Mission Exchange - Negotiation - Conferences

- Recognition - Hegemony - Friendship - Adaptation

- Tourism - Sport - Education - Trades - Arts

2. Crisis _- Propaganda

- Mission Exchange

- Persuasion - Adaptation - Threat

- Politic - Diplomatic - High-level mission - Public Opinion 3. Conflict - Terror

- Penetration - Mission Exchange - Boycott - Negotiation

- Threat - Subversion - Persuasion - Recognition

- Public Opinion - Trade - Paramilitary - Third Party Formal Forum

4. War - Competition

- Terror - Penetration - Propaganda - Embargo - Boycott - Blockade

- Domination - Hegemony - Threat - Subversion - Recognition - Conquer

- Military - Paramilitary - Smuggling - Public Opinion - Trade - Supply of Consumption goods (weapons)

Table 1.2. Relations between Situation, Form, Aim, and Means of Cultural Diplomacy36

As the figure above describe the forms of cultural diplomacy in many situations from peace, crisis, conflict and war. The cultural diplomacy of France will be categorized on the form exhibition. Unlike the cultural diplomacy done

36

Tulus Warsito, Wahyuni Kartikasari, “Diplomasi Kebudayaan: Konsep dan Relevansi Bagi Negara Berkembang, Studi Kasus Indonesi, 2007, Yogyakart: Ombak

by United States during Cold War which might categorize into condition of war where the form of its cultural diplomacy might fall into propaganda group. Table above gives a highlight on type of cultural diplomacy done by

France government to Indonesia through Printemps

Francais. Moreover, on article written by Clarke, he argues there are four categories of actors that he considered making value with cultural products, which he later described as cultural producers and consumer.37 The four actors will be described on the table below:

Actors which giving meaning to Cultural Products

No. Name Functions

1. Policy-makers Funding priorities, set policy goals

2. ‘Agents’

Implementing cultural diplomacy policy

For example: British Council

3. Cultural

Practitioners

Implementing cultural diplomacy policy through their artistic works

4. Individual Engaging to the cultural products

Table 1.3. Actors which giving meaning with cultural products38

In the explanation of private sectors involvement in the multi-track cultural diplomacy effort done by French during Printemps Francais held in Indonesia, the table above would help to explain the position of private sectors in the cultural diplomacy done by France.

37

David Clarke, “Theorizing the role of cultural products in cultural diplomacy from a Cultural Studies perspective”, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2016, 22:2,147-163, DOI: 10.1080/10286632.2014.958481

38 ibid

Additionally, to understand further about French multi-track cultural diplomacy, the explanation of multi-multi-track cultural diplomacy is needed. Multi-track diplomacy is another form of diplomacy that develops in 1980s. 39 Joseph V. Montville, like any other conflict resolution researcher and practitioner, he worried about Track One diplomacy failures. Later, he mentioned the term of Track Two diplomacy. 40 Track One diplomacy is an official or governmental diplomacy, where the communication and interaction are between the government officials such as President, Ministry of Commerce, or Ministry of Foreign Affairs.41 So, Track Two diplomacy is the unofficial diplomacy done by non-governmental parties. Track One diplomacy, during 1990s, believed incapable to solve the intra-state conflict or protect the international cooperation. Joseph V. Montville argued that the interpersonal approach is essential to support the government effort.42 In the Mapendere article, he explained Track Two diplomacy have strength compared to Track One diplomacy such as; 1) the parties do not constrain by the political or constitutional

39

Jeffrey Mapendere, Track One and a Half Diplomacy and the Complementary of Tracks, Culture of Peace Online Journal 2, pp. 66 – 81. Taken from:

http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/TrackOneandaHalfDiplo macy_Mapendere.pdf

40

Jeffrey Mapendere, Track One and a Half Diplomacy and the Complementary of Tracks, Culture of Peace Online Journal 2, pp. 66 – 81. Taken from:

http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/TrackOneandaHalfDiplo macy_Mapendere.pdf

41

What is Multi-Track Diplomacy, taken from Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy: http://imtd.org/multi-track-diplomacy

42 ibid

power, so that they could express their stand point, 2) they do not fear of losing their constituencies because they are the constituent, 3) it gives platform for people to understand what peace means for them in their society and environment, 4) Track Two diplomacy identified as an effective instrument pre-violent condition as well as post-violent, 5) it operate in grass-root and middle level of leadership that exist within the direct contact of conflict, and the last is 6) do not affected by electoral cycles.43

Multi-Track Diplomacy Diagram

Figure 1.2 Multi-track diplomacy diagrams44

43

Jeffrey Mapendere, Track One and a Half Diplomacy and the Complementary of Tracks, Culture of Peace Online Journal 2, pp. 66 – 81. Taken from:

http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/TrackOneandaHalfDiplo macy_Mapendere.pdf

44 ibid

In the development of Track Two diplomacy, Dr. Louise Diamond, observed that Track Two diplomacy was not sufficient enough to cover all the complexity under the unofficial diplomacy.45 United States Ambassador, John W. McDonald expanded the Track Two diplomacy into four separated parts; conflict resolution officials, business, private citizen, and media.46 In 1991, Track Two diplomacy expanded more into nine different tracks by added four other

tracks. Dr. Diamond and Ambassador McDonald

differentiate the tracks into religion, activism, research, training, education, and philanthropy, as can be seen on the figure above. Each of the nine tracks in diagram above is not the only entity that operates by itself but rather interconnected system where each of the tracks are influencing and supporting the diplomacy effort.

45

What is Multi-Track Diplomacy, taken from Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy: http://imtd.org/multi-track-diplomacy

46 ibid

All the nine tracks will be explain below:

Nine Tracks of Multi-track Diplomacy

Tracks Explanation

One Government, Peacemaking through official diplomacy done by government officials.

Two Non-government or Professional, Peacemaking through Conflict Resolution. This track attempts to analyze and manage international conflict by non-state actors.

Three Business, Peacemaking through Commerce. Peace building through economic opportunities.

Four Private Citizen, peacemaking through Personal Involvement. Individual involvement in peacemaking activities such as exchange programs, voluntary in organization, also special interest group.

Five Research, Training, Education, peacemaking through Learning. These tracks combine three aspects, research, training program, and education.

Six Activism, peacemaking through advocacy. Involved peace and environmental activism on issues such as human rights, also social economic justice.

Seven Religion, peacemaking through Faith in action. Examines the beliefs activities is not connected to violent and pacifism.

Eight Funding, peacemaking through Providing Resources. Provide support for other tracks activities.

Nine Communications and Media, peacemaking through Information. Public opinion shaped and expressed by film, printing paper, radio, and others.

Table 1. 4. Nine Tracks of Multi-track Diplomacy taken from Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy.47

The involvement of Private Sectors in the cultural diplomacy by France that reflects in the program of Institut Francais D’Indonesie, Printemps Francais, will be demonstrate by multi-track diplomacy concept defined above. Private sectors and other actors that involved in the

47

implementation of Printemps Francais will be illustrate using the model above and how each of the aspects inter-related to one another. To summarize, multi-track cultural diplomacy is category of multi-track diplomacy that focus on the cultural exchange which will be use to explain several tracks that responsible or associate to the implementation of

Institut Francais’s program, Printemps Francais.

2) National Interests

In order to understand the foreign policy of France by doing cultural diplomacy in forms of cultural festival called

Printemps Francais, the writer decided to elaborate the reasons behind this action. To elaborate France cultural diplomacy, the writer also use national interests concept to analysis more deeply on this topic. Using the national interest concept, there is a need to understand the meaning of interest beforehand.

National interest is commonly known concepts in international politics. There is no exact agreement on definition to explain and understand national interests. For one state to other state, the national interest definition might differ but it will refer into certain ideals that state wanted to achieve or simply the priorities each states has related to their national interest. National interest is the aim of states that exercised in their foreign policy. In this research, it will try to observe on the national interest of France that becomes the driving forces in creating certain cultural diplomacy to

Indonesia. The concept of national interest has two factors, first is the necessity or its existence is demanded rationally, and second is the national interest is changeable and decided based on the situation where it is formulate.48

Miroslav Nincic introduced three categories of basic assumptions that need to be understood regarding the National Interest concept49:

a) The Interest should be vital in its nature, so that its achievement become main priorities for society and government.

b) Those interests should be related to international environment in which the attempt to achieve national interest influenced by international situation

c) National interests should cover beyond individual, group, or governmental institution’s interests. So it becomes concern of the society as a whole

G. Hypothesis

Based on the literature review on the topic discussed in this research as well as theoretical framework that use to explain and analyze the topic, there are several hypotheses can be drawn the reasons why French maximizing the private sector

48

China National Interest-ch1.pdf 49

Aleksius Jemadu, “Politik Global dalam Teori dan Praktek”, 2008, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

to support multi-track cultural diplomacy in form of Printemps Francais:

- France maximizes private sectors involvement in the

implementation of Printemps Francais because the needs of funding support.

- France government maximizes private sectors so that it

could facilitate French industrial products as well as cultural creation of its people.

- Through Printemps Francais within the multi-track

cultural diplomacy scheme, it could attract visitors to France, which could increase number of foreigner, who come to France whether as tourist or student.

H. Research Method

To conduct analysis on the French multi-track cultural diplomacy through private sectors study case of Printemps Francais in Indonesia from 2012 to 2016, the research method use in this research is qualitative methods. This research use deductive methods where theories described first and then the hypothesis is drawn later. Data use in this research is primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected through purposive sampling by doing in-depth interview, in which the interviewee is from Institut Francais d’Indonesie. Secondary data is collected through observation and research from books, journals, articles, and other information regarding the topic in the Internet. Secondary data will transform into descriptive text,

which gives further explanation on the topics. The research is using library research, in which the secondary data mentioned before use to understand fact about the topics.

I. Range of Research

French cultural diplomacy is still general topic to discuss about. In this research, range of research will be specifically analyzing the multi-track cultural diplomacy through private sectors. By creating limit to the research it will focus the research analysis. To even more limit the research, this research only observe the Printemps Francais that held in Indonesia from 2012 to 2016 as the study case. This research is also limit the research only in cultural diplomacy concept multi-track cultural diplomacy and national interest as theory basis in analyzing the phenomenon of French cultural diplomacy to Indonesia.

J. Systematic Writing

Systematic writing of this research will be divided into five chapters, as follows:

Chapter I, Introduction, this chapter will outline the

background of research on why the problems is important and matter to discuss about. This chapter is also including purpose of the research, contribution of the research, literature review, theoretical framework, hypothesis, research method, and range of research, as well as the systematic writing of this research.

Chapter II, France and Its Bilateral Relations with Indonesia, this chapter will discuss briefly about France general information started with social and political dimension, economy, involvement in international organization and the main focus of this research is culture. This chapter will also discuss the France and its relation with Indonesia since colonization until this day issues between both countries.

Chapter III, Printemps Francais: French Cultural

Diplomacy, this chapter will analyze cultural exchange and diplomacy done by French government. Also, will explain

Institut Francais D’Indonesie and its role in French cultural diplomacy. Moreover, this chapter discusses the Printemps Francais as tools of French cultural diplomacy to Indonesia. Last is the private sectors that involved in the implementation of Printemps Francais would be explain in this chapter.

Chapter IV, Printemps Francais: Sweet Attempts on

Multi-track cultural diplomacy, this chapter will analyze the impact of this cultural diplomacy method to bilateral relations between France and Indonesia, it also analysis more about the role of private sectors in supporting French multi-track cultural diplomacy.

Chapter V, Conclusion, this chapter will conclude all

discussions from previous chapter. This chapter also included suggestions about the topic for future exercise of this method of cultural diplomacy whether for France, Indonesia, or others.

CHAPTER II

FRANCE AND ITS BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA

In this chapter the writer will discuss and explain briefly about the history of France and Indonesia relations from the beginning of Indonesia’s independence to the recent time. The explanation will be focus on several big topics between both countries. It is not only covered the bilateral relations between two countries but also it will give basic knowledge about France in general. The France overview will highlighted country profile, economy in general, as well as the cultural resources owned by France that become the main focus of this research.

A. France: Country’s General Information

France is one of modern countries in the world and it is located in Western Europe alongside with Netherlands, Germany, and Spain. France formal name is La Republique Francaise or The Republic of France. France revolution on 1780s marked as the shifting of France’s system from absolute monarchy to republic which purpose to uphold sovereignty and human rights.1 This one of the earliest countries entitled with republic system of government that upholds the slogan of

http://www.history.com/topics/french-liberte, egalite, and fraternite, which means consecutively liberty or freedom, equality, and fraternity.2

France capital city is Paris, the city of lights. Paris is the largest city of France; it covers around 100 km2 of land with population reached 2.2 million people.3 It has become the most populous urban area in European Union.4 The official language is French language that also spoke by almost 200 million people all around the world whether as their first or second language.5 It makes French language is ranked 14th as language spoken internationally.6

2 _{French National Motto, taken from Reference.com:}

https://www.reference.com/geography/france-s-national-motto-4a3797fc79240b69, retrieved September 25th 2016.

3 _{Paris, taken from Encyclopedia:}

http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/french-political-geography/paris Retrieved

September, 25th 2016.

4 _{Major Metropolitan Areas in Europe, taken from New Geography:}

http://www.newgeography.com/content/003879-major-metropolitan-areas-europe

, retrieved October 10th 2016

5

How many people speak French and countries that speak French, taken from France This Way: http://www.francethisway.com/info/french-language-speakers.php, retrieved August 16, 2016

6 _{The 50 most widely spoken language (2016), taken from:}

France Map in European Continent

Figure 2.1 Maps of France7

France’s Map

Figure 2.2 France maps8

The area of France is covered around 650, 000 km2 and positioned as the largest country in European Union and rank

7

How has History Affected People Western Europe, taken from Jrank: http://www.jrank.org/history/pages/8350/How-Has-History-Affected-People-Western-Europe.html, retrieved July 10, 2016

43th in the world.9 France is bordering with Atlantic Ocean in West, Germany, Italy and Switzerland in East, Mediterranean Sea, Monaco, Spain and Andorra in South.10 Besides, what have been mentioned about its border, France has coast with Mediterranean Sea to the South and English Channel in the North. France geographically consisted by large range of terrain and has varied of climate. One of the main mountain ranges is Pyrenees in the Southwest and Alps in the East. Those mountain ranges created a natural border with its bordering countries. France central rivers are Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhône.

Area of France noticed above is only covered the France Metropolitan, excluding France territory outside European continent. France territory is not only limited to its territory within Europe, but also other areas such as Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion, Wallis and Futuna, Polynesie Francaise, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Mayotte, Nouvelle Caledonie, and Terres Australes and Antarticques Francaise as seen on the figure above. That is all the general information about France. Moreover, this part of the chapter will also explain briefly about France socio-political dimension, its economy, involvement in international organizations, and last but not least is French culture.

9

50 Largest Countries in the World, taken from Geohive: http://www.geohive.com/earth/area_top50.aspx

10 _{Political Map of France, taken from Nations Online:}

http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/france-political-map.htm, retrieved August 16, 2016

1. Socio-Political Dimension of France

France is a quite diverse country. It is combination of many ethnicity and race, consists of its French origin, as well as migrant from Africa and Middle East. It is quite hard to define demographic of France ethnicity, because there is prohibition for French Republic to create distinction between citizens based on their ethnicity, racial, and religious background according to a law from 1872.11 Even though it is hard to determine the spread of ethnicity and race in France through government data, private polling has conduct many survey on this diversity.

According to World Population Review, in 2004, it

was estimated that the population of France

Metropolitan is 85% European origin, 10% North Africa, 3,5% Black, and 1,5% Asian.12 Marketing company named Solis conducted survey on minority in 2009, resulted on 5.23% Maghrebis, 2.94% Sub-Saharan Africa, and 0.71% Turkish. Like any other European countries, France also attract immigration, even in 2008 the number of born immigrants who have been living and reside in France was 19 % of total population in that year.

11 _ibid

France Population since 1990 - 2016

Year Population % Male

% Female

Density (Km2)

Density Rank

Growth Rate

World Rank 2016 64,668,129 48.7% 51.3% 118 71 0.42 % 22 2015 64,395,345 48.7% 51.3% 117 71 0.42 % 22 2010 62,961,136 48.7% 51.3% 114 70 0.49 % 21 2005 61,241,700 48.8% 51.2% 111 68 0.6 % 20 2000 59,387,183 48.9% 51.1% 108 67 0.55 % 20 1995 58,224,051 49% 51% 106 65 0.38 % 19 1990 56,943,299 49.1% 50.9% 103 65 0.5 % 17

Table 2.1 France Populations13

France’s Population Growth

Figure 2.3 France Population Growths14

France population growth is 0.45 percent’s and there are approximately 62,814,233 of France’s

13 _ibid 14

population by July 2014.15 As seen on the figure above, there is increasing number of population gradually from 1950 to 2014. However, in the end of 1990s, France population was approximately 58 millions people, it was considered low compared to other Western Europe countries.16 At that period, children allowance is given to the family in order to increase the number of people. France population density concentrated on the capital city, Paris as seen on the picture below. The rest of the dense population is on South France, and the rest is quite the same.

France’s Population Density

Figure 2.4 France Population Densities17

Even though France famous as secular countries with no religion attributes on their politics, 64 percent of

15 _{France Demographic Profile 2014, taken from Index Mundi:}

http://www.indexmundi.com/france/demographics_profile.html 16

France, taken from Countries and Their Culture: http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/France.html

population identified themselves as catholic. Muslim counted 7.5 percent of population, followed by Jewish, Buddhist, and Hindus.18 There are also million of people of practiced folk religion, other religions or unaffiliated with any of the religion.

Describing about population will leads to political dimension of France. France today is constituted on the Fifth Republic, which established in 1958.19 France is presidential and constitutional or semi-presidential type of government. France has President as well as Prime Minister. France recent president, Francois Hollande, is the 24th President of France from Socialist Party. France’s Prime Minister is Manuel Valls. Both President and Prime Minister lead the executive branch. The system of government administration is divided into

several levels; nation, region, department,

arrondissement, canton, and commune.20 France in general is highly centralized governmental system, but since the decentralization act in 1982, more power distribute to the region and commune.21 France is consist of twenty-two regions and headed by prefect.

18 _{Religion in France Fast Facts, taken from Religion Facts:}

http://www.religionfacts.com/france 19

France, taken from Countries and Their Culture: http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/France.html 20 _ibid

21 ibid

The election is universal suffrage, where people choose the President as their head of states and later the President will choose the Prime Minister. France’s general election divided into two parts, first is Presidential election and second is parliament election. Presidential election consists of two stages of voting, firsts round is where all parties involved to promote their candidates, candidate that secure their position will continue to second stage of run-off election where the most voted will be the President.22 President election held every five years.

In the parliament, French has two chambers, The Senate and The National Assembly.23 National assembly and The Senate or the parliament is elected every five-year term. France is implementing multi parties system, there are approximately 14 political parties in France, on the last election on 2012; Socialist Party (PS) won 29, 4% of seat on the parliament, followed by Les Republicains (LR), Front Nationalism (FN), Front de

22 _{Manuel Alvarez-Rivera, “Presidential and Legislative Elections in France”,}

taken from Election Resources: http://www.electionresources.org/fr/ 23

French-American Foundation, “Your Guide to French Government”, taken from Frenchamerican.org:

Gauche (FG), Europe Ecology The Greens (EELV), and Nouveau Centre (NC).24

Political Parties in France

Table 2.2 Shows score from left (-100) to right (+100) given in the Comparative

Manifesto Project.25

2. Economic Sectors

France is developed economy with well-established private and state sector. As one of leading countries in European Union, France is positioned 6th in world economy ranks according to projection by International Monetary Fund (IMF) on 2015.26 France has experienced the “Thirty Glorious Years” of expansion and the impact to its industry was significant, between 1960 and 1973, the growth of France’s GDP was about 6% each year.27 Unfortunately, the oil crises

24 _{French Political Parties, taken from}

http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/france.html

25 _{France – Political Parties, taken from Norsk Senter for Forskningsdata:}

http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/france/parties.html, retrieved November 2, 2016

26

Projected GDP Ranking (2015-2020), taken from:

http://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php, retrieved October 14, 2016

27 _{France: Economy, taken from Britannica:}

created an unpredictable effect to France’s economy at that time.28. France applied mix economy system, where it mixed of capitalism and socialist economic systems.29 France has resources of coal, iron, bauxite, gypsum, timber, and also fish. Approximately 30% of France’s land is suitable for agriculture.30

France economic sector spreads into three big sectors, which are agriculture, industry and services. From the figure below, the distribution of each sectors contribution to the French economic, the highest contributor to France’s economy is service sectors. Services sectors contributed never less than 70% of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of France since 2004 until 2014. While, on the second place is Industrial sector around 19 percent, and the least is agricultural sector around 2.1 percent from GDP. The highest agricultural product produce by France is Wheat.31 Based on its history, the industrial area concentrated in

28 _{France, taken from Countries and Their Culture:}

http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/France.html

29 _{French economic system, taken Reference:}

https://www.reference.com/business-finance/kind-economic-system-france-6690d302214d227b#

30

France – Agriculture, taken from Nations Encyclopedia: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/France-AGRICULTURE.html

Paris, Lille, and Lyon where located in the Northeast and Eastern part of the country.32

Distribution of France’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Figure 2. 5 Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors

from 2004-201433

France’s industrial products are machinery and chemicals, automobiles and aircraft, electronics, textiles, food, and energy production.34 One of France economy sources is tourism destination. Around 79 million tourists visit France each year.35 This sector of economy contributes around 200 million of Euro average each

32 _ibid 33

France: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors from 2004 to 2014, taken from Statista:

https://www.statista.com/statistics/270352/distribution-of-gross-domestic-product-gdp-across-economic-sectors-in-france/

34

France: structure of Economy, taken from Economy Watch: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/france/structure-of-economy.html

35 _{France country overview, taken from EU Business:}

year as seen on the Figure 2.7 below. The rapid grow of tourism sector in France started approximately in 1960s.36 At first there was significant different between French people who go abroad for holiday with foreign tourist that came to France, especially in Paris and Mediterranean coast. 37

Tourism Economic Sectors Divisions

Figure 2.6 Tourism economic sector divisions38

36

France: Civil Service, taken from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Civil-service 37 _ibid

http://www.atolls-France GDP Report

Figure 2.7 France GDP Report from Trading Economics39

Economic sectors played as one of influencing aspect in one country. The implementation and practice of many activities within France is depending on its economic. This sector is closely related to socio-political and moreover the cultural aspects that become the highlighted theme in this thesis. French economy is well developed with many multi-national corporation operated abroad not to mention its industrial revolution also influence the world economic settings. The example of French company is Total that operates the petroleum-based business, automotive company such as Renault and Peugeot. Many famous fashion brands are from France, take for example Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Givenchy. The hotel chains from France also covered

39 _{France GDP Growth Rate, taken from Trading Economics:}

Fostering Cultural Exchange Through Performing Arts To Improve Communication Between Different Ethnic And Religion In Indonesia

Meyda Bestari

Graduate Student of International Relations Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Email: meyda.bestari@gmail.com Abstract

Indonesia is known with its diversity. There are many local dialects, local culture, and different religions live and grow in this country. In the recent years, there are many problems regarding to Indonesia’s diversity. One of them is action done by pressure group towards what they claimed as misguided beliefs through violence. It causes by miscommunication between actors of the communication. Visual and theatrical performances have been practiced in Indonesia since Wali era or even before it. It is one of the tools of communication that effective enough to spread cultural and religious values in society. It creates understanding between society without using violence and pressure.

This paper will use communication and soft power concept to answer question How to improve communication between different ethnics and religions in Indonesia? Methods use in this paper will be qualitative methods with library research. Data will be collected from book, journal, article, and information from internet that relevant with the topic. This paper believes that to improve social communication between different ethnic and religion in Indonesia, one of them is by fostering the cultural exchange between each ethnic and religion in the form of visual and theatrical performances. This method is not only could cope with friction among ethnics and religions, but also it gives positive alternative for young artists to channel their talent.

Keywords_{: Cultural exchange, diversity, performances, social communication,}

Introduction

Indonesia is a country with high diversity. There are many forms of culture, local languages, natural diversity, ethnics, and religion. Indonesia is a country that legitimized six religions; they are Islam, Christian, Catholic, Buddhist, Hindu, and Confucian. All of these religions are stated in its newest law, which is Presidential Decree No.6/2000 when

former president Abdurahman Wachid revoked on religion, belief and ethnic of Chinese.1 Besides different religion lives together in this country, based on Central Statistic Board, there are approximately 1, 000 ethnicity exists in Indonesia.2 It is a big number compare to other multicultural country like United States of America.

Diversity is a blessed to Indonesia; it could be one of attraction point for creating an image to global community. Yet, it is also a challenge for Indonesian. Diverse culture means each ethnic and religion will have its own way in life.

When two or more ethnics or religions happened to be in a same environment, it is inevitable that the debate between them will occur. Who does not know about ethnic clash in Kalimantan years ago between Madura and Dayak. It was a sad tragedy that even for ethnics besides the one that involved in the event cannot imagine how bad the impact of the tragedy to them.3 People tends to ignore the fact during the dispute, they tend to uphold their culture without trying to compromises to other’s culture. It is important to create understanding between groups in Indonesia. Small misunderstanding could lead into bigger problems that will drag even bigger crowd.

The purpose of this paper is to finding alternative for creating better understanding between ethnic and religion in Indonesia. This paper will be explained using communication and soft power concepts. Communication is action or process in which message in form of words, sounds, signs, or behaviors is being exchange or transfer to someone else.4 In other words, communication is an exchange of information between people. According to Shanon and Weaver model of communication, communication consists of sender, message, channel, noise and receiver.5 To answer question of How to improve communication between different ethnics and religions in Indonesia, the concept of communication use to understand and explain communication process between groups. It also will explain and describe how performing arts as channel between sender and receiver during the communication process.

1 _{Religions in Indonesia, taken from Ilmu Pengetahuan Umum:}

http://ilmupengetahuanumum.com/agama-agama-di-indonesia/ retrieved on Jul 10, 2016

2

Indonesia memiliki 1.128 suku bangsa, taken from JPNN: http://www.jpnn.com/berita.detail- 57455, retrieved July 12, 2016

3_{Behind the Central Kalimantan Violence, taken from Down to Earth: http://www.downtoearth-}

indonesia.org/story/behind-central-kalimantan-violence, 2001

4 _{Communication Definition, taken from Merriam Webster: http://www.merriam- webster}

.com/dictionary/communication

5 _{Shanon and Weaver Model of Communication, taken from Communication Theory:}

The next concept use to understand the research question above is the concept of soft power. Power is the ability to achieve purpose or goal by making others do something they would not do.6 Simply, power is skill to influence other to do something in order to get what we want. According to Joseph Nye, soft power is the ability in using attraction.7 This attraction is related to the intangible characteristic of people or group in form of personality, culture, and values. In this paper, the use of soft power is to achieve one’s goal, which is to make others understand or simply compromise upon one’s different culture. Cultural exchange is one of means in exercising soft power. This paper will focus on performing arts and how it will accommodate cultural exchange between different ethnic and religion in Indonesia.

Performing Arts As Tools To Improve Communication Between Ethnics And Religions

Performing arts has been practiced in many cultures and countries. Each of country has their roots and history regarding their performing arts. Indonesia has many traditional performances. It is culturally rich country. Wayang or puppet has been performed since long time ago, even before the independent of Indonesia as nation-state. This type of performance arts spread in Java Island.8 In addition, performing arts has been use in many forms of political, social, cultural relations among countries all over the globe. Cultural diplomacy done by countries to other countries is in order to create image and strengthening relations between them without the use of hard power that involving military personnel and also sanction.

Many countries around the globe have done soft power through cultural exchange. It is consider one of cost effective instrument in dealing with relations between countries.9 The effectiveness using soft power rather than hard power has been proved, take for example is France with Institut Francais D’Indonesie succeed to create better understanding to Indonesian through the exposure of arts and culture. There are increasing number of relations between France institution and universities in Indonesia

6

Joseph S. Nye, The Changing Nature of World Power, Political Science Quarterly, vol 105, No 2, pp.177-192, Academy of Political Science, 1990

7 _{Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Public Affairs, 2004}

8_{The History of Indonesian Puppet Theatre (Wayang), taken from Asian Art Museum:}

http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/history-indonesian- puppet-theater-wayang, retrieved July 10, 2016

9 _{Richard T. Andt, The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century,}

since 2013.10 This evidence shows that the use of cultural exchange between countries could achieve certain target without using force or violence. By creating and transferring images, values, ideas through performing arts such as contemporary dance by Kubilai Khan Investigation or L’oiseau by Les Remouleurs, Indonesian get the message about certain values and culture through the process of communication by watching the performances. This type of soft power application in relations between two states could also use within the state to create understanding between different groups in Indonesia. One of example how the use of performing arts in creating understanding between different ethnic and religion in Indonesia is like what has been doing by Kiai Kanjeng

musical group. This musical group is known with its music where Gamelan uses within the performance. Gamelan is traditional musical instrument from Indonesia. What makes this group different from others is that they are performing many kinds of music genre. This type of performing arts could be related to the topic of this paper because this music group performs in many places from small village in Indonesia to the foreign countries as well where many ethnics and religion involved within the dialog creating by Kiai Kanjeng.11 This group music is not only spreading and giving Islamic values in its performers but also connected it with modernization while at the same time avoiding judgment to other ethnic and religion.

Cultural exchange in form of performing arts is beneficial in creating conducive environment in Indonesia. It will give a healthy and fair condition to create dialog and understanding. In the process of communication, this performing arts act as channel from each ethnic and religion or groups to send their message or information to others without trying to forcing or pressuring each of them. In this modern era where information is rapidly spread through internet, people will grab the ideas or information without trying to filter it first. Modern society is being choked up by too many information that could lead to misunderstanding, especially for Indonesian where there are already so much differences and diversities within the society. Moreover, by fostering the performing arts in communication process between each group, it will create forum for different people to sit and even enjoy the performance and at the same time trying to digest information about others culture. Theatrical and visual performances could become effective channel within communication process between ethnics and religions in Indonesia. People tend to

10 _{France and Indonesia, taken from: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-}

files/indonesia/france-and-indonesia/, retrieved July 12, 2016

11 _{Kiai Kanjeng Minds, taken from Kiai Kanjeng: http://www.kiaikanjeng.com/minds/, retrieved July 13,}

understand other by things that closely related to their own experience. Despites, all the differences that people have, they will definitely having the same experiences and stories during their life in Indonesia.

Fostering the cultural exchange through performing arts, especially giving the chance to young generation to be involved in the process to create better communication between ethnic and religion in Indonesia could alter the friction as well as to support young artists to be developed. Government needs to create forum for young talented artists of performing arts to be involved actively in the effort to create better society. Communication process in performing arts will likely to decrease the noise while transferring the message to receiver. This alternative to overcome friction in Indonesia is not only effective to established understanding and compromise between Indonesian, but also it gives channel for young generation to transfer their knowledge and talent. Indonesia is depending on young generation to create development as well as creating society where the next generation could grow and develop within it.

Conclusion

Managing the differences in Indonesia, whether different ethnic and religion is not a simple task to be exercised. The friction between ethnic and religions happen because the lack of communication between them. To anticipate or even minimize friction between different groups in Indonesia, it is necessary to create a better understanding in society. The misunderstanding or even less of tolerance happens mostly because each of the group has little knowledge about others. To improve understanding, the use of cultural exchange in form of visual and theatrical performances is needed to be developed. Soft power in this kind of cultural exchange is not only effective, but also creating more positive impact to the society. By fostering the cultural exchange between groups in Indonesia through cultural exchange in form of performing arts could improve the communication between different ethnic and religion in Indonesia in peaceful, less violence way. Furthermore, it creates opportunity for young generation to involve in the process. This form of cultural exchange could create benefits not only to the society as a whole but also to the young generation in creating tolerance and more understanding society.

REFERENCES

Andt, Richard T., The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, Washington D.C. , Potomac Books, 2005

Behind the Central Kalimantan Violence, taken from Down to Earth:

http://www.downtoearth-indonesia.org/story/behind-central-kalimantan- violence, 2001

Communication Definition, taken from Merriam Webster: http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/communication

France and Indonesia, taken from: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country- files/indonesia/france-and-indonesia/, retrieved July 12, 2016

Indonesia memiliki 1.128 suku bangsa, taken from JPNN:

http://www.jpnn.com/berita.detail-57455, retrieved July 12, 2016

Kiai Kanjeng Minds, taken from Kiai Kanjeng: http://www.kiaikanjeng.com/minds/, retrieved July 13, 2016

Nye, Joseph S. 1990. The Changing Nature of World Power, Political Science Quarterly, vol 105, No 2, pp.177-192. Academy of Political Science

Nye, Joseph S. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. Religions in Indonesia, taken from Ilmu Pengetahuan Umum:

http://ilmupengetahuanumum.com/agama-agama-di-indonesia/ retrieved on July 10, 2016

Shanon and Weaver Model of Communication, taken from Communication Theory: http://communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of- communication/, retrieved July 14, 2016

The History of Indonesian Puppet Theatre (Wayang), taken from Asian Art Museum: http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background- information/history-indonesian-puppet-theater-wayang, retrieved July 10, 2016