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CHAPTER II REVIEW OFLITERATURE
2.1. Definitionof Linguistics
Creativityof manisreflectedthroughlanguage. Itisman’snatureto
create,innovateinordertosimplifyhislifeandshowhisexistence.Now,itis moreobviousthateveryequipment,probleminhumanlifewouldneverbesolved
orinventediflanguagewereneverexistedinthiscycleoflife.Realizing how importantthefunctionoflanguageforsociallife,many
expertshavedone experimentstoknowwhatelementsare
involvedintheprocessofmaking a languagewheretwoormorepeople
can understandeachother.Asithasbeen knownthatlinguisticsisastudyaboutlanguage.Tohaveagoodunderstanding
aboutinguistics,therearesomedefinitionsofitandthewriter wouldliketoquote
it.deSaussure1986:9defines that:“Linguistics
is thescientificstudyof
language.”Meanwhile,theotherstatesthat: “Linguisticsisthestudyofthese knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how it
isacquired, how it isused in theproduction and comprehension ofmessages,how itchanges over time.”http:linguistics.ucsc.edu. These definitionsshedlighton
thisanalysiswherelinguisticsgivesinformation indetail
all things
aboutlanguage.Linguisticsis about aspectswhichsupport language formation and what
mechanism they use
to bear meaningfulutteranceor
expressionsothattheycanfulfilltheirwillsincethisisthebasicreasonthey sharewhat
theyhavewithin them.
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Thereisprocessthatmustbeundergonesothatitcanbecatogorizedas language. All thosephasesare summarized in linguisticsand the writer will
explainitbyinsertingthe main stepsof languageformation.
2.2. Subfieldsof Linguistics
Languageisacombinationofsmallestelementfoundinitandeachof themhasasignificantrole todeterminea meaning thatuser wantsstating.Every
elementorlexicaliteminlanguageisexplicatedparticularinlinguistics.The writer
would like to put iton thispoint inorder to guide thisanalysisinto theright destination.BasedonKreidler1998:18therearesix phasestaken tocategorizeit as
alanguage. Thesearesixsubfields of linguistics thathaveessentialprocess of languageformation:
-Phonetics:Thestudyandclassificationofthenatureofspeechsounds,
primarilyits structure, articulation andperception. Phoneticshasthree mainsubfields:
articulatory phoneticscorrelationbetweenspeechorgans andtheproductionof speech,acousticphoneticspropertiesof human speech
sound waves, and auditoryphoneticsspeech perception. Voicing:[s]versus[z]
•sue[su:w]versuszoo [zu:w]
-Phonology:Theanalysis anddescriptionofhow
meaningfulsounds combineinto functionalpatternsin speechproduction of alanguage.
• housesing. noun [haws]
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• houseverb [hawz] • housesplur. noun [hawzz]
-Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureofindividualwordsandofthe smallest
meaningfulunitsalong withtheirpossiblecombinationstoform lexicalitems. • missile:‘ICBM’
• anti-tank-missile:‘missile targettingtanks’ • anti-aircraft-missle:‘missile targettingaircraft’
• anti-missile-missile:‘missile targettingICBMs’
-Syntax:Thestudy ofthegrammaticalrelationsbetweenwords,howthey
combineintolargerunitsandtherules thatmustbeobeyedtoform
sentences. Tobedistinguishedfrom
morphology,whichappliestounits smallerthan
theword. • Isawthewoman with the telescope.
• Iforgothowgood beer tastes.
-Semantics:Thestudy ofthemeaningofpartsofwords,phrases, sentences
and textswiththeaimto explainhowsequencesof language coincidewith their meanings when articulated in particular environments.
• Wescreened the candidates. • Isawher duck.
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• [huwzan frst] Who’son first?Hu’son first.
-Pragmatics:Thestudyofthewaysinwhichasituationinfluencesthe meaning
andunderstanding ofspokenlanguageornon-verbal communication. Q:IsRobertsaRepublican?
A:IsthePopeCatholic? Whatcanbelearnedfromthis quotationis this is phaseorstepsomeoneis going
toundergowhenheorshewantstostarttocommunicatewithotherpeople orontheotherword,
itcanbesaidthat learner
willneverbeable toperceivea
sentenceorutteranceifheskipsoneofthephases.Thisisthereasonthewriter putsthequotations.Fromtheelaboration above,it can bedrawna conclusion that
syntaxisclosely relatedtothisanalysisbecausethissubfieldconcentrateson combination of wordsto produceameaningfulsentence and structure.
2.3. Syntax