Definitionof Linguistics Subfieldsof Linguistics

7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OFLITERATURE

2.1. Definitionof Linguistics

Creativityof manisreflectedthroughlanguage. Itisman’snatureto create,innovateinordertosimplifyhislifeandshowhisexistence.Now,itis moreobviousthateveryequipment,probleminhumanlifewouldneverbesolved orinventediflanguagewereneverexistedinthiscycleoflife.Realizing how importantthefunctionoflanguageforsociallife,many expertshavedone experimentstoknowwhatelementsare involvedintheprocessofmaking a languagewheretwoormorepeople can understandeachother.Asithasbeen knownthatlinguisticsisastudyaboutlanguage.Tohaveagoodunderstanding aboutinguistics,therearesomedefinitionsofitandthewriter wouldliketoquote it.deSaussure1986:9defines that:“Linguistics is thescientificstudyof language.”Meanwhile,theotherstatesthat: “Linguisticsisthestudyofthese knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how it isacquired, how it isused in theproduction and comprehension ofmessages,how itchanges over time.”http:linguistics.ucsc.edu. These definitionsshedlighton thisanalysiswherelinguisticsgivesinformation indetail all things aboutlanguage.Linguisticsis about aspectswhichsupport language formation and what mechanism they use to bear meaningfulutteranceor expressionsothattheycanfulfilltheirwillsincethisisthebasicreasonthey sharewhat theyhavewithin them. 8 Thereisprocessthatmustbeundergonesothatitcanbecatogorizedas language. All thosephasesare summarized in linguisticsand the writer will explainitbyinsertingthe main stepsof languageformation.

2.2. Subfieldsof Linguistics

Languageisacombinationofsmallestelementfoundinitandeachof themhasasignificantrole todeterminea meaning thatuser wantsstating.Every elementorlexicaliteminlanguageisexplicatedparticularinlinguistics.The writer would like to put iton thispoint inorder to guide thisanalysisinto theright destination.BasedonKreidler1998:18therearesix phasestaken tocategorizeit as alanguage. Thesearesixsubfields of linguistics thathaveessentialprocess of languageformation: -Phonetics:Thestudyandclassificationofthenatureofspeechsounds, primarilyits structure, articulation andperception. Phoneticshasthree mainsubfields: articulatory phoneticscorrelationbetweenspeechorgans andtheproductionof speech,acousticphoneticspropertiesof human speech sound waves, and auditoryphoneticsspeech perception. Voicing:[s]versus[z] •sue[su:w]versuszoo [zu:w] -Phonology:Theanalysis anddescriptionofhow meaningfulsounds combineinto functionalpatternsin speechproduction of alanguage. • housesing. noun [haws] 9 • houseverb [hawz] • housesplur. noun [hawzz] -Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureofindividualwordsandofthe smallest meaningfulunitsalong withtheirpossiblecombinationstoform lexicalitems. • missile:‘ICBM’ • anti-tank-missile:‘missile targettingtanks’ • anti-aircraft-missle:‘missile targettingaircraft’ • anti-missile-missile:‘missile targettingICBMs’ -Syntax:Thestudy ofthegrammaticalrelationsbetweenwords,howthey combineintolargerunitsandtherules thatmustbeobeyedtoform sentences. Tobedistinguishedfrom morphology,whichappliestounits smallerthan theword. • Isawthewoman with the telescope. • Iforgothowgood beer tastes. -Semantics:Thestudy ofthemeaningofpartsofwords,phrases, sentences and textswiththeaimto explainhowsequencesof language coincidewith their meanings when articulated in particular environments. • Wescreened the candidates. • Isawher duck. 10 • [huwzan frst] Who’son first?Hu’son first. -Pragmatics:Thestudyofthewaysinwhichasituationinfluencesthe meaning andunderstanding ofspokenlanguageornon-verbal communication. Q:IsRobertsaRepublican? A:IsthePopeCatholic? Whatcanbelearnedfromthis quotationis this is phaseorstepsomeoneis going toundergowhenheorshewantstostarttocommunicatewithotherpeople orontheotherword, itcanbesaidthat learner willneverbeable toperceivea sentenceorutteranceifheskipsoneofthephases.Thisisthereasonthewriter putsthequotations.Fromtheelaboration above,it can bedrawna conclusion that syntaxisclosely relatedtothisanalysisbecausethissubfieldconcentrateson combination of wordsto produceameaningfulsentence and structure.

2.3. Syntax