Conflict REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

is the part of plot of story. It means conflicts that happen in story are arranged and connected to make how the story is developed from beginning to the end of story. Conflicts in literary work must not like fighting in real world. According to Perrine 1984: 42: “Conflicts-a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or will. Characters may be pitted against some other person or group of persons conflict of person against person; they may be in conflict with some external force- physical nature, society, or “fate” conflict of person against environment; or they may be in conflict with some elements in their own natures conflict of person against himself or herself. The conflict may be physical, mental, emotional, or moral.” Based on this explanation, conflicts can be divided into external conflicts and internal conflicts. External conflicts are situations, conditions, things, or events that come from the outside of characters. This kind of conflicts may happen as the effects of what the characters have done in story. It can lead the characters to have internal conflict and sometimes can change the personality of the characters in the end of the story. External conflict in literary work does not mean like war, battle, or fight in real word. It may simply like debate between two persons who have different idea or will. It may also simply like the struggle of a person who lives in isolated island. Person against person, person against environment and person against nature are three kinds of external conflict that characters face in literary work. The conflict in which characters against their own nature, is called internal conflict. It forces the characters to face problems arose within themselves. This may happen because of the external conflict, guilty or the clash between characters’ will or desires and reality. Internal conflict commonly relates to characters motive, feeling or desires of characters and implicitly pictured by the author. Story which present characters’ high motives or desires will have more intense internal conflict than external conflict. This conflict affects characters both emotionally and mentally. Effects of internal conflict may be greater than external conflict. Characters which cannot solve his internal conflict will end up in depression. Characters may experience single conflict or multiple conflicts. Single conflict means that characters only face one kind of conflict whether against person, nature, environment, or against their own nature. It is easy to identify if character only face single conflict than multiple conflict. Characters which face multiple conflicts will experience several kinds of conflict at same time, whether they aware of being involve or not. Perrine 1984: 42 assets that: In some stories the conflict is single, clear-cut, and easily identifiable. In others it is multiple, various, and subtle. A person may be in conflict with other persons, with social norms or nature, and with himself or herself, all at the same time, and sometimes may be involved in conflict without being aware of it. But, according to Perrine 1984: 42 excellent interpretive fiction has been written utilizing all four of these major kinds of conflict.

3.3. Settings

Another important element of literary work is settings. Settings are created to help readers know where and when that story happens in literary work. Next, readers will easily have imagination about how is the situation and condition in literary work in certain time and place. Readers also know about what happens in certain time of literary work. Based on Klarer setting is chosen as a complement to story. Set tings’ appearance is to support action, and character of the literary work. According to Klarer 1999: 26: Authors hardly ever choose a setting for its own sake, but rather embed a story in a particular context of time and place in order to support action, characters, and narrative perspective from an additional level. Based on Hudson, novel have to clearly tell when and where the action of characters takes place and what characters do and suffer in certain time and place. As stated by Hudson 1913: 171: Fourthly, the action must take place, and the characters must do and suffer, somewhere and at some time; and thus we have a scene and a time of action. Then, Klarer reinforced the idea of settings of Hudson. Based on Klarer, setting is a term denotes to place, time and social surrounding the text develops. Klarer 1999: 25 asserts: The term “setting” denotes the location, historical period, and social surroundings in which the action of a text develops. There are three kinds of settings, setting of place, setting of social, and setting of time. Setting of place or also known as scene describes where the actions or events take place. It tells to the reader what characters do and how the characters suffer in certain situation at certain place. As stated by Hudson 1913: 171: Fourthly, the action must take place, and the characters must do and suffer, somewhere and at some time; and thus we have a scene and a time of action.