Conceptual Framework LITERATURE REVIEW

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D. Conceptual Framework

In this research, the New Criticism theory and Children‘s Literature theory taken from several books such as Bessler and Lukens is used. The researcher use New Criticism theory and Children‘s Literature theory to synchronize the same elements of literature which contains in the novel. These theories are also used as the basic understanding of the elements of literature in the literary works. Furthermore, to identify the themes, sub-themes, and types of themes in Bl ume‘s Are You There God? It’s Me Margaret, the reseacher employs Childrens‘ Literature theory by Rebecca J. Lukens. This concept is used to analyse the elements of literature in novel. It is considered as the appropriate concept because it can explain and gives the detail explanation about the elements of literature. The conceptual map of the theories used in this research can be seen in figure 1 below. Meanwhile, the main theories and indicators used in conducting this research are presented in the analytical construct in chapter III. 29 FRAMEWORK OF THINKING Figure 1 . Conceptual Framework New Criticism Children‘s Literature Elements of literature: character, plot setting, point of view, style Themes: types of themes, kinds of theme Kinds of themes: coming of age, religion, parenthood, family, friendship, identity, individual and society Types of themes: explicit, implicit Themes: sub-themes, types of themes and sub- themes Analysis of themes and sub-themes in the novel Are You There God? It’s Me Margaret by Judy Blume: 1. What are the main themes and the sub-themes of Blume‘s novel Are You There God? It’s Me Margaret? 2. How are types of themes and sub-themes embodied in Blume‘s novel Are You There God? It’s Me Margaret?

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

This research employed the descriptive-qualitative method, because tit emphasized on describing the phenomenon of the use of language in its context by inerpreting the data. As stated by Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 166-167, a qualitative research is a research that is based on people‘s interpretation of their own experience. Related to its purpose, the qualitative research is more about how to make description than prediction of the data. That is why a depth understanding of researcher‘s point of view is the goal of this research design. Hancock 2002: 2 states that a qualitative research is a type of research that tries to seek for the answers of several questions which start with: why? how? and in what way?. The objects of content analysis approach become clear whether it written or verbal texts, for example: books, essays, interviews, informal communication and any form of communicative language. It is also clear that this approach is aimed at identifying and making inferences of the text. In other words, the goal of this approach is to reveal the meaning of the text itself. The method used in this research was qualitative content analysis since the data are nonnumeric. The data taken for this research are used to show the themes, sub-themes, and the types of themes also to find out the themes contributions to children development. Thus, the analysis of the data the identification and 30