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8.1 Composition of waste
Waste from industrialized countries
Characteristics:
high content of packaging made of paper, plastic, glass and metal
Moisture Content: Low Density: Low
Waste from developing countries
Characteristics: large amounts of inerts such as sand, ash, dust and stones and high moisture levels because of the
high usage of fresh fruit and vegetables. Moisture Content: High
Density: High
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8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial
Municipal waste includes: - bulky waste e.g. white goods, old furniture, mattresses;
- yard waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content of litter containers.
- market cleansing waste, if managed as waste
It includes waste originating from: - households
- commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions schools, hospitals, government buildings
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8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial
Industrial waste includes:
Waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines.
Industrial waste may be not hazardous or toxic, such as waste fiber produced by agriculture and logging and may be
hazardous.
Precisely, Industrial waste is the unwanted materials produced in or eliminated from an industrial operation and categorized
under a variety of headings, such as liquid wastes, sludge, solid wastes and hazardous wastes.
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Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or
other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment. UNEP
Definition will decide whether or not a waste should be controlled this is important for the generator as well
as the regulator
8.3 Hazardous Waste
Definition
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Exposure Routes
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Classification of Hazardous Waste
• Lists
e.g. Basel Convention, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list
• Source origin
e.g. processes: Chemical manufacturers
• Characteristics
e.g. toxicity, reactivity
• Properties -chemical, physical and biological-
e.g. inorganic, organic, oily, sludges
• Constituents
e.g. mercury compounds mercury chloride, mercury nitrate
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Methods of Waste Classification: by Lists
EU European Waste Catalogue; US EPA list e.g. Basel Convention Annex I
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Some types of waste associated with different industries and activities
Chemical manufacturers
Chemical process wastes Acids and alkalis
Spent solvents Reactive wastes
Discarded commercial chemical products
Construction industry
Paint wastes Spent solvents
Strong acids and bases
Vehicle maintenance shops
Paint wastes Used oils
Spent solvents Acids and alkalis
Furniture and wood manufacturing and
refinishing
Spent solvents Paint wastes
Methods of Waste Classification: by Origin
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Methods of Waste Classification: by chemical, biological and physical properties
• Inorganic wastes
e.g. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewater from electroplating
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