An Analysis Of Leading Characters’s Personality In Robert Louis Stevenson’s Novel: Strange Case Of DR. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde

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AN ANALYSIS OF LEADING CHARACTERS’S PERSONALITY IN ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON’S NOVEL: STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL

AND MR. HYDE

A THESIS

BY : NURHASANAH REG. NO. 090705002

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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AN ANALYSIS OF LEADING CHARACTERS’S PERSONALITY IN ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON’S NOVEL: STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE

A THESIS

BY :

NURHASANAH Reg. No. 090705002

Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,

Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum

19571002 198601 2 003 19630216 198903 1 003

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara ( USU ) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum

19541117 198003 1 002 19504191 98102 2 001

Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

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The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 25 July 2013

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatra Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA

NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners:

H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum

Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. hum Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M Pd.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah SWT, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, for giving the writer guidance, power, patience, and ability to finish this thesis.

First of all, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, and all the staff for their help during the period of study in this faculty.

In this opportunity I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor, Dra. Hj. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum and my co-supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum for their support and beneficial suggestion, and their willingness to share time in correcting this thesis throughout the preparation of this thesis and the period of doing this thesis.

I would like to thank to the Head of English Department Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the Secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this thesis. I also would like to thank to all lecturers who have given so much knowledge throughout my academic years. I also give thanks to Bang Amran who always helps me in administrator matter.

My best, deepest appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved parents, H. Yulianto Agung Basuki and Kundarwati, who always pray, support, and advice

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me with their love. For my brother Fajar Aprilianto, S.T, thanks a lot for your support, I love you.

My special thank is dedicated to my best friend Sri Yunita and Viki Aprilita who always help and support me every time, for having great time together and spending our four years in sweet memories, love you and my lucky to know you friend. Also my friends Winda Widya Siregar, Zarlina, Siti Lestari N, Ade Adrina, Erna Januarini, Dewi Maya Sari, Sinta Puspita, Heni Purwasih, Triana Lestari, Armitha Sari, and M. Savrizal who gives me inspiration to finish my thesis, and to all my classmate in English Department who always spend our great times together.

A unique thanks is dedicated to my neighbour Bu Sandra, Bu Evi, Shesih, S.E, Indah Oktasya Sihombing, Yenny Novita, Lutfiah Syahbi Pohan and Alya Syahbi Pohan who always advice me in solving my problems, and spending time for me whenever and wherever I need them.

Finally, I hope this thesis will give advantage for the readers, especially for who are interested in studying the same field.

May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT are with us all forever. Aamiin.

Medan, 2013

Nurhasanah

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, NURHASANAH, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS. EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS, THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A PAPER BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.

NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : NURHASANAH

TITLE OF THIS THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF LEADING CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY IN ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON’S NOVEL: STRANGE CASE OF DR JEKYLL AND MR HYDE

QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION ON THE LIBRARIAN OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OF THE REPUBLIC INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Leading Character’s Personality in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Novel: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Di dalam skripsi ini terdapat analisis mengenai kepribadian yang terdapat dalam novel The Starange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde yang ditulis oleh Robert Louis Stevenson. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana Id, ego dan super ego mengambil alih dalam mengontrol kepribadian yang dilalui Jekyll sebagai karakter utama dalam novel yang kerap dikonrol oleh Id. Dimana dalam ‘membebaskan’ dirinya Jekyll telah melalui proses panjang untuk mempertahankan kepribadiannya. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode analisis deskriptif yang bertujuan menggambarkan bagaimana jika tubuh dibawah pengaruh Id, ego dan super ego yang dialami karakter utama dalam novel The Starange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Penggambaran ini memuat interpretasi yang kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan data yang ada pada novel.

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ABSTRACT

The title of this thesis is An Analysis of Leading Character’s Personality in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Novel: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In this thesis, there are analysis of the personality which are written in Stevenson’s novel “The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde”. The purpose of this analysis is for explaining how the id, ego, and super ego take control of Jekyll’s personality as the leading character of this novel which often controlled by the id. The method used in thesis is analysis descriptive method for explaining how is a body is controlled by id, ego, and super ego which happen on the leading character of this novel. This analyze is also interpreted by using the novel as the main source.

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TABEL OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….... i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………... iii

COPYRIGHT DECLRATAIO………. . iv

ABSTRACT ………. v

TABLE OF CONTENT……….. vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……… 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ………..……….. 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ………..………. 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ……….……… 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ……….………….. 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Literature………..…….………….….…... 6

2.2 Character………..……….………... 7

2.2.1 Types of Character... 7

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2.4 Description of Sigmund Freud’s Theory Personalit………... 11

2.5 The Conflict between Ego and Super Ego……….……..… 13

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data Collecting Procedure………..………. 16

3.2 Data Selecting Procedure……….………...………. 17

3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure………..……. 17

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

4.1 Dr.Jekyll’s Id Personality ………... 19 4.2 Dr.Jekyll’s Ego Personality…...………... 26 4.3 Dr.Jekyll’s Super Ego Personality... 31

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion……….…..………... 34 5.2 Suggestion……….….……….. 34

REFERENCES APPENDICES

i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of Novel

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is an interpretation of man’s life by using language as its medium. According to (Robert, 1993: 1) literature is writing which expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings, and attitudes toward life. Some theorists also give the definition that literature is like the other arts, can give as new ways of looking at the world and finding significance through the daily use of language in its more commonplaces has concealed.

Literature is very important to read, because so many advantages we get by reading literature. The advantages are to appreciate why individuals are the way they are, to explore cultures and beliefs, to help us see ourselves as other do, to learn better ways to behave, and it is an important part of our education. Like history is one part and math is one part and literature is one part. (Norman, 1984:12 The language of literature).

Prose, poetry, and drama are three genres in literature. Prose is a fiction narrative kind of writing. In general, are called novel. Novel may contain passages with the type of imagery and word – selection generally associated with poetry. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings (Martha, 2008: 5

Understanding Poetry by William Wordsworth). Drama is the story, which is intended to be acted on the stage. All of these works of imagination of the capacity for invention of the writers ‘world.

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In this thesis, the writer uses novel as a source of data, Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. Novel contains many aspects that reflected based on the human life. This aspects commonly concern with emotion, feeling, problems, conflicts, etc. The elements that build up novel are plot, characters, theme, setting and language style. The most important elements of the novel are plot and characters. Talking about the characters of a literary work means talking about their quality of mind or behaviors or personalities.

In doing analysis the writer gives the definition of novel from some expert such us, Richard Taylor (1981: 46) says, a novel is a normally a quite a length of complexity which attempt to reflect and express their idea about something based on their experience or people’s experience around their life. Human experience in life may influence the whole life of human including the way of life. It is natural that every character of people in this world always has big desire in our self.

Every novel should have characters as its element. A character is a person who acts in the story. Human usually dominates characters in a novel and every human has their own personality. The personality will lead the character to act their mind, attitude, and behavioral.

Leading character is the centered individual very dominant. As an individual, the leading focused personality. Leading character emerged as long side the etraordinary character, a character that might be called prototypical. The prototypical character is not a stereotypical but a fully rounded, three dimensional character.

Furthermore, this thesis focused on term of character personality in Dr.Jekyll

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characters. The writer choose this novel because in the novel, there are people as a leading characters, namely, Dr.Jekyll. The doctor's belief that within each human being there exist forces of good and evil leads to his experiments that try to separate the two. Although presented as a scientific experiment, Jekyll undertook this task to allow himself a release from the respectable guise of Dr. Jekyll.

To analyze his character personality, the writer tries to apply Sigmund Freud’s personality theory. According to Freud, we are born with our id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desire and that sometimes being implusive or selfish can hurt us in the end. It is the ego’s job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. The superego is the moral part us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. The three aspects are controlled by desire or libido (Ann Birch and Tony Malim,1988).

It is also the reason why the writer use Sigmund Freud’s theory, as an object analysis because the writer thought it is applicable to analysis this novel, and especially to analyze his characters personality in this novel.

1.2 Problem of the Study

During the process of analysis, it is important for us to make or to find some problem that are going to be analyze in that novel, and also by finding the problems, the writer tries to make good description about the object of analysis itself.

Based on explanation, the writer would like to concern the writer’s thesis in the characters Dr Jekyll, which formulated into:

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1. How is Dr.Jekyll’s Id described in the novel as the leading character ? 2. How is Dr.Jekyll’s Ego described in the novel as the leading character ? 3. How is Dr.Jekyll’s Super-ego described in the novel as the leading

character ?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of this thesis tends to answer the questions or the problems of study and it would be very useless if a study is made by having no targets. Therefore, the aims of this study are:

1. To identify Dr.Jekyll’s Id as portrayed in the novel.

2. To identify Dr.Jekyll’s Ego as portrayed in the novel.

3. To identify Dr.Jekyll’s Super-ego as portrayed in the novel.

In this thesis, the writer wants to show to the readers about the human character especially Dr.Jekyll as seen from the point of view of character throgh the

novel Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde writte

1.4 Scope of the Study

In order to avoid a very wide and unfocused study as character is a very vast topic, it is obviously necessary for the writer to do the limitation to scope this study because it is impossible for the writer to discuss all in detail.

Actually in this novel there so many characters who acted this story, but here the writer would like to analysis characters personality of the leading characters namely, Dr.Jekyll. In this thesis, the writer make a scope of analysis is confined the

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based on Sigmund Freud’s theory (1949). Freud contains that the personality consist of three major structures, the id, ego, and super-ego.

1.5 Significance of Analysis

The significance an analysis of the character in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

written by Robert Louis Stevenson are describes view on the relation between literature and psychology in term Sigmund Freud’s theory. Trough referring Sigmund Freud’s theory in analyzing characters personality and human mind or psychology in the main character of this novel, the writer hopes that this analysis can be as primary source and useful for those you want to study literary work in relation to psychology. Also will enrich our knowledge and can become a valuable reference for the readers and writer herself.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature

The world literature is frequently used in very general sense of the work to refer the whole body of writing in a culture regardless of his purpose. In this sense both informative writing, such as books on history or geography and imaginative writing belong to the realm of the literature.

Literature sprang up from the imaginative mind of people who have the talent to create the stories, they created it from their experience in their life, and they made it become a literary work as a reflection of a real life, we can see all social problems in the real life through the literary work.

One genre of literary work is the novel. Novel present as a documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact, that the novel look at people in society. In fact, the people in the novel, was the character even it major or minor character, protagonist and antagonist character. A lot of novel have and use to look for the young people as the main character in a story, because as a young man, the people felt that they could to be most to face odds as usually and character in novel dominated by people. The writer thought that novel also as a mirror of our life, because the entire story in the novel took from the real life of human by the professional authors or a people who have a talent to write novel, it can be called novelist or authors.

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2.2 Character

The people in the novel are referred as a character, character in novels have been specially created by authors. When authors create characters, they select some aspect of ordinary people, develop some of those aspects whilst playing down others, and put them together as they please. The result is not an ordinary person but a fictional character that only exists in the words of novel.

In some novel there are characters that are known from the inside and the outside but who, nevertheless, are not as rich, varied or original. They are characters who have a much more limited life. Their authors have given them a few characteristics, but they do not develop or change very much, and consequently they rarely surprise the reader.

Character is very important in real-made creation of literary works such as novel, drama or even some of poems. The nature of character presentation brings a positive impact for readers to find out what is going on and what it is for. Since, the character mirrors quality of person. It can be traced to generalize opinion for man in general.

2.2.1 Types of Character

The British novelist and critic E.M. Forster in his critical work aspect of the novel, calls the two major types “round” and “flat”.

Round Characters

The round character usually the major figure in a story profit from experience and undergoes a change and alternations, which may be shown in (1) an action or

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actions (2) the realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation previous decision, (3) the acceptance of a new condition, or (4) the discovery of unrecognized truths.

Because round they usually play a major role in a story, round characters are often called the hero or heroin. Many major characters are anything but heroic, however, and it is therefore preferable to use the more neutral word protagonist, and exhibits the ability to adapt to new circumstance. To the degree that round, characters are both individual and sometimes unpredictable, and because they undergo changer or growth, they are dynamic. The round characters also known as the major character because they play a major role in a story of novel.

Flat Characters

In contrast, flat character does not grow. They remain the same because they may be stupid, incentive, or lacking in knowledge or insight. They are static because they end where they begin. However, flat characters are not therefore worthless, for they usually highlight the development of the round characters. Usually, flat characters are minor (e,g. Relatives, acquaintances, functionaries), although not all-minor character is necessary flat.

Sometime flat character are prominent in certain types of literature, such cowboy, police, and detective story, where the focus is less on character than on performance. These kinds of character might be lively and engaging, even though they do not develop or change. They must be strong and clever enough to perform recurring tasks like solving a crime, overcoming a villain, or finding a treasure. The term stock character refers to characters in this repeating situation. To the degree that

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stock characters have many common traits, they are reprehensive of their class, or group.

Type of character according to Plato based on Psychology;

1. Make sense

2. Wish or desire

3. Natural appetite

Ewald give the limitation characters as the totalities from the conditions and how the psyche toward the stimulus.

Theoretically, he makes it different namely:

1. Character since new born

Character since newborn (Angeborener character, genotypes character, namely aspect), which represent the basic of the character, and genotypes character is very tight the relation with psychologies condition, namely, the qualities of centre of nerve structure.

2. Character that we get

The character which had received (Erworbener Character, phenotypes character), namely the character which have influenced by the environments, experience and education. From the explanation of the character, which related with personality or character in psychology, we have known that character not only acted in fiction but also in psychology.

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2.3 The Characteristics of Victorian Novel

Since the novel that will be analyzed is from Victorian era, it should be better if we know the characteristic of the Victorian era novel. There is a web site addressed in that the literature of the Victorian age entered in a new period after the romantic revival. The literature of this era expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross realism. Though, the Victorian Age produced two great poets Tennyson and Browning, the age is also remarkable for the excellence of its prose.

The discoveries of science have particular effects upon the literature of the age. If you study all the great writers of this period, you will mark four general characteristics:

1. Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests. It becomes a powerful instrument for human progress.

2. Moral Purpose: The Victorian literature seems to deviate from "art for art's sake" and asserts its moral purpose. Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, Ruskin - all were the teachers of England with the faith in their moral message to instruct the world.

3. Idealism: It is often considered as an age of doubt and pessimism. The influence of science is felt here. The whole age seems to be caught in the conception of man in relation to the universe with the idea of evolution.

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4. Though, the age is characterized as practical and materialistic, most of the writers exalt a purely ideal life. It is an idealistic age where the great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood are emphasized by poets, essayists and novelists of the age.

2.4 Description of Sigmund Freud’s Theory Personality

The psychoanalytic to personality was created and articulated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and elaborated by others. Freud’s was the first major theory of psychological development; he attempted not only to account for the origins of traits and other behavior but also to provide a complete explanation of psychological functioning. This approach actually had its beginnings as a theory of mental illness based on Freud’s analysis of his patient’s cases.

Freud conceptualized the mind or the psyche, as consisting of their levels of consciousness: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The conscious mind consists of what we are aware of any time. Consciousness however is only the tip of the iceberg to use Freud metaphor. Freud described cognitive functioning as taking place beneath the surface of consciousness. The preconscious consist of the part of the mind which people are not aware but which can be brought to consciousness without much effort-for example, if they are asked what they did to summers ago. The unconscious embodies the part of the mind that cannot be brought directly to consciousness. Within the unconscious lie the basic instinct and drivers, particularly those that motivate aggression and sex. Freud conceptualized the psyche as having a fixed amount of psychic energy, the dynamic source of all motivation, the sexual part of which is called libido. Freud divided the psyche into three parts:

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the id, the ego, and super ego. While the id is unconscious, the ego, and superego span all three levels of awareness.

The id: The original reservoir of psychic energy and is present from birth. Aggressive, sexual, and other impulses from the id always demand immediate gratification. Thus, the id is said to operate on the pleasure principle, continually pressing for the immediate discharge of any bodily tension. One want the id reduces tension is to created an image of what it wants. This image, which cannot be distinguished from reality, is known as wish fulfillment, but wish fulfilling mental image themselves cannot reduce tension. After all, hungry people cannot eat images. The failure of the id to deal with reality opens the way for the ego.

The ego: The ego comes into existence to deal with the objective, outside world and to satisfy the id’s wishes and instinctive demands. For example, it seeks food when the id calls for appeasement of hunger drivers. The ego eventually becomes capable of self-reflection and disserves the name Freud gave it: ego, or self. Until self-reflection occurs there is no “I” but only a mass of undifferentiated strivings. The ego obeys the reality principle in contrast to the id’s pleasure principle. The reality principle, because it has to deal with the objective, “real” world, aims to suspend the pleasure principle until satisfaction-food in this example is found. The ego is thus the executive personality. It controls actions and chooses outcomes. A person with a week ago may be dominated by the wish fulfilling fantasies of the id and fail to deal effectively with objective reality, spending instead a disproportionate amount of time in fantasy and daydreaming.

The super ego: The super ego is concerned with morality, with what is right and what is wrong. It consist of two distinct parts: the ego-ideal and the conscience.

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The ego ideal’s primary interest pertains to what I sight and virtuous. It holds up an image of ideals behavior and perfection and says “yes” to morality dood thing. Conscience, on the other hand, watches primarily over what is bad. It says “no” to wishes that are morally wrong. Indeed, it attempts to censor impulses from the id and prevent them entering the consciousness of the ego.

According to Freud, we are born with our id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the child cries. When the child needs to be changed, the id cries.

2.5 The Conflict between Ego and Id

Internal conflict between Ego and Id is cause by a person trying to disown his or her dark side or Id which is the aspect of ourselves that we have repressed or rejected because we have come to believe that it is unacceptable to those around us.

In order for us to adapt to and become part of society, we each must create an ego. Ego development depends on our repressing what is wrong or bad in us, while we identify with what is perceived and reinforced as good by our parents, siblings, caretakers, and other important sources of love and support. This helps us to eliminate the anxiety caused by our fear of our parents’ rejection and to gain the approval of those we care most about. This process of growing an ego continues throughout the first half of life and is modified by external influences and experiences as each of us moves out into the world.

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The Id as the dark side, is a natural by-product of the ego building process. Because of the necessarily one-sided nature of ego development, the neglected, rejected, and unacceptable qualities in a person accumulate in the unconscious psyche and take form as an inferior personality—the personal Shadow. This disowned part of the self eventually becomes a mirror image of the ego. We disown that which does not fit into our developing picture of who we are, thus creating a Id.

What is disowned, however, does not go away. It lives on within each person—out of sight, out of mind, but nevertheless real—an unconscious alter ego hiding just below the threshold of awareness. Those who feel they had to disown or repress many aspects of themselves in order to be accepted by their parents or society in general will have very large Id.

Ego and Id are therefore in an age-old battle, well known in mythology and literature—opposing twins or brothers, one good, the other evil—symbolic representations of the ego and alter ego in psychological development. Taken together, these twins, or opposites, form a whole. In the same way, when the ego assimilates the disowned self, a person moves toward wholeness.

Furthermore, the id and ego balance also influence by internal conflict of self. The most common conflict, experienced by most people at some time in their lives, is the conflict between the public self and the private self. The public self is the persona we show to the world—the social self. The social self is the side that is concerned with how others perceive us, what impression we make on others, what others think of us. The private self includes our innermost thoughts and feelings, our personal opinion of ourselves, our beliefs about ourselves, and our self-talk. Oftentimes, our private and public selves are at odds with each other. We exhibit one set of behaviors when we are in public and another when we are in private. Or we

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may feel good about ourselves when we are alone with our own thoughts and feelings but feel insecure and even critical of ourselves when we are with other people. The reverse can also be true—we can appear self-confident when we are in public but privately agonize over our self-worth when we are alone with ourselves.

We all have a public self—which we portray to others in order to look good or to meet their expectations. Yet some people create a public self that is so radically different from their private or real self that those who know them only superficially would be shocked if they were to get to know the real (private) person.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this thesis, the writer applies the library research by searching and collecting references that contain and support the topic from library and internet for accomplishing this analysis. The writer collects some relevant information from difference books.

In order to analyze the character of Dr. Jekyll, the writer used extrinsic approach. The writer related this thesis to psychology as well for the writer knows that psychology is the study of mind and behavior and it will help the writer to find out the answer that formulated in the objective of this study by applying the psychoanalytic theories and the general concept of character to support the ideas. In doing this thesis the writer uses some steps as follows:

3.1. Data Collecting Procedure

Firstly, the writer did the collecting data. The writer read the novel to get the information and to understand about the topic that will be analyzed in this thesis and to find out the character as reflected through the characters of Dr. Jekyll in Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel. The writer underlined and collected the important things from te novel such as the information about the characteristic Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

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3.2 Data Selecting Procedure

Secondly, the writer did the selecting data. All the information that has been collected were being selected and only the most significant or related data were left in order to be used in doing the analysis of the thesis.

3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure

Thirdly, the writer did the analyzed the data. In analyzing this thesis, the writer uses descriptive method. This method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data and then giving the interpretation and explanation.

The descriptive analysis method is a method which describes facts which are followed by analysis. This method is not only to describe the facts, but also to give adequate understandings and explanations towards the facts (Ratna, 2004:53 Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penalitian Sastra). However, analysis has referred to the meaning not only to elaborate but also to provide an understanding and the clarification sufficiently.

The writer analyzed all the selected data in order to achieve the aims that had been formulated in the objective of this thesis and finally the writer can design the conclusion for this thesis.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

Human is the best sample to analysis the personality because human have complicated personality where they can be an ‘evil’ in one time and can be an ‘angle’ for another time. Moreover, those can be happening in very short time. Here, the writer has found a novel that telling a story of those complicated personality as a dualism personality in a novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson entitled “Strange Case of Mr. Jekyll and Dr. Hyde”.

Investigating of this strange case is guided by Mr. Utterson here described as the leading character that investigates the strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has finally found the truth of the case by Mr. Jekyll full statement of the case. In Jekyll’s statement, he describes all of the case, the reason, all of that strangeness. Dr. Jekyll starts his confession by speaking of himself, Henry Jekyll, and how long he has been questioning the duality because he says that we are not truly one, “man is not truly one, but truly two.” (48). He says that he was driven to reflect deeply and inveterately on that hard law of life, which lies at the root of religion and is one of the most plentiful springs of distress. This is supported by Engel which says Jekyll and Hyde syndrome becomes a form of emotional abuse. In fact, most emotional abusers exhibit some form of the Jekyll and Hyde syndrome. Emotional abuse has taken the place of sexual abuse and domestic violence as the most talked about form of abuse, both in the media and in recovery circles. Perhaps this is because in many ways it is the last frontier in terms of facing how abuse permeates and shapes our culture. (Engel: 2007: 3)

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In this chapter, the writer will analysis the personality of Jekyll as Jekyll and Hyde by using Freud’s theory to analyze Id, Ego and Super-Ego of their personality. Here are the analyses:

4.1Dr. Jekyll’s Id Personality

Id is individual urge or instinct that is needed to be fulfilled. In this novel, Mr. Hyde can be considering as the person that always follow his id as primary instinct. Mr. Hyde represents the other side of Dr. Jekyll as a dark side where he keeps making a violent. Hyde as the second personality of Jekyll is described with his evil attitude and tends to doing cruel actions. Hyde is more following his id as the basic attitude of human to pleasure himself. This is proven by many cruel actions he has done written in this novel. The first cruel action he makes is by trampling a child. Here, Mr. Enfield is described as narrator telling Hyde’s cruel action, describe his action:

“Well, sir, the two ran into one another naturally enough at the corner; and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the child's body and left her screaming on the ground. It sounds nothing to hear, but it was hellish to see. It wasn't like a man; it was like some damned Juggernaut. (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 5)

Normally, a child is to be loved and people always have mercy to the child. But Hyde tramples the child and left het screaming on the ground are look sadist for human nature action. He trod the child down and passes on regardless of her scream. Mr. Enfield even describes Hyde is really like Satan with his hateful faces and black sneering coolness. It’s also described that his action is a juggernaut. Literally, juggernaut can be translated as large and powerful force and institution that cannot

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be controlled. Juggernaut is also need the other ‘victim’. In this story, the juggernaut is also supported by Hyde’s next action to the second victim which he breaks out all of his victim bound and such a cruel action. In this accident, a maid is described as narrator that sees Hyde’s action by her window.

The old gentleman took a step back, with the air of one very much surprised and a trifle hurt; and at that Mr. Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway. At the horror of these sights and sounds, the maid fainted. (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 23)

The victim of this accident is Sir Danvers Carew. The maid, as the witness of the Sir Danvers Carew’s murder, describes the accident. The maid watches the man and observes and being losing all sensibility and faints when seeing Hyde begins to pummel the Carew. What the Hyde does to Mr. Carew is a sadist action for general person especially because the victim’s bones are audibly shattered. Mostly, human with his consciousness cannot do that due to afraid of feeling guilty and humanism value but Mr. Hyde can do that. After doing the cruelty with the child, Hyde is doing the other cruel action with Carew support that the character of Mr. Hyde represents Id his action is a means to satisfy Jekyll own desire which he can’t fulfill by himself as his first character.

“The pleasures which I made haste to seek in my disguise were, as I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in the hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn toward the monstrous.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 66)

From the quote above, implicitly it is saying that Hyde enjoys committing the violence and feels a rush of excitement and satisfaction. Through this imagery of

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senseless violence against innocent victims, it expresses the depravity and pure evil of Hyde. The word ‘monstrous’ is also written because after that accident, Jekyll fail to control his ambition as Hyde and make a new violent again. He says it because he is tempting to do the cruel action again to satisfy his thirst of doing cruel thing. He says that “I felt younger, lighter, happier in body;” (Page 63) when he is doing cruel action like a self pleasure and self interest to do it again and again. Jekyll cannot make any scandal because if he does that, he will make his name stink from one end of London. Jekyll also admit the pleasure he get by doing such a cruel action he do when he is being Hyde.

“It was on this side that my new power tempted me until I fell in slavery. I had but to drink the cup, to doff at once the body of the noted professor, and to assume, like a thick cloak, that of Edward Hyde.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 65)

Jekyll makes his second character can be considered as the creator who should control his second self as the creature, ironically, Jekyll says he falls in ‘slavery’. This is because when he totally follows his id, he forgets the horror and sadistic action he made juts for getting pleasure. This is also controlled by the ambition. Timothy Judge, a professor of management at the University of Notre Dame's Mendoza College of Business says that despite their many accomplishments, ambitious people are only slightly happier than their less-ambitious counterparts, and they actually live somewhat shorter lives. Here is Jekyll describe his other self:

“At that time my virtue slumbered; my evil, kept awake by ambition, was alert and swift to seize the occasion; and the thing that was projected was Edward Hyde.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 65)

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From the quote above, Jekyll mentions about the ambition. Ambition can be good if the owner of the ambition can manage it well. But, here the one that live the ambition is an evil so it makes the ambition is totally bad. If an evil has ambition, he will always do the evil way, too for getting the pleasure especially because the virtue slumbered. Ambition can monopolize the self and let the evil take all control. He even knows that his second self is evil and worse but he can’t dwell on his first character and Hyde is able to monopolize his body. Terry Eagleton points out in On Evil about id: “The less sense it makes, the more evil it is. Evil has no relations to anything beyond itself, such as a cause. If [they] did what they did because of boredom or bad housing or parental neglect, then … what they did was forced upon them by their circumstances”(3). Moreover, Jekyll also admits the sensation he gets by being Hyde:

“There was something strange in my sensations, something indescribably new and, from its very novelty, incredibly sweet. I felt younger, lighter, happier in body; within I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 63)

His sensation by being Hyde is the sensation he says as something indescribable and incredibly sweet. By saying that the sensation is as a solution of the bonds of obligation show that when he is under control of his ego, there is no rule can control him anymore, no more obligations. This shows that obligation is perfectly needed to control the id though too much obligations make people feel tie up to do something as himself and need ‘someone’ else to do what he truly want to do based on his libido and at that time, Id is taking part to seek pleasure for fulfill the libido.

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“…something still kept insisting that I was not where I was, that I had not wakened where I seemed to be, but in the little room in Soho where I was accustomed to sleep in the body of Edward Hyde. I smiled to myself, and in my psychological way, began lazily to inquire into the elements of this illusion, occasionally, even as I did so, dropping back into a comfortable morning doze.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 67)

Soho is the place where Hyde lives. Jekyll houses himself as Jekyll and Hyde in separate place. This is important for him to keep these two versions of himself in different places for making his life would be relieves of all that’s unbearable. Soho is described like a distinct of some city in a nightmare under the changing glimpse with its muddy ways. Furthermore, living in Soho has support the existence of Hyde as dark side. Yet, thought living in unpleasing place, as Hyde, Jekyll can enjoy it by adding a comfortable morning doze and smiled to himself.

Moreover, having succeeded to separate the identities being two persons, there are exact differences of the expectation the balance between id and super ego. One is his old self as Jekyll and the second is someone he calls Hyde. His theory is not totally true because the first self is still him with his own nature and the second one is described as full evil.

“Hence, although I had now two characters as well as two appearances, one was wholly evil, and the other was still the old Henry Jekyll, that incongruous compound of whose reformation and improvement I had already learned to despair. The movement was thus wholly toward the worse.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 65)

This is rather screwy because if one side is totally evil which means follow the id, the other side should be the angel which means follow the super ego. But, the

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one is successfully exist with his evil nature and the second not. It looks like people cannot be totally having the full goodness in his life. For actual they are one but divided into two character. If one if exist, the other one should be ‘sleep’. But, one of one action he made to fulfill his libido as Hyde makes him become enjoy the Hyde an d incorporate with it:

“All things therefore seemed to point to this; that I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 69)

Here is one of the proofs that his id is stronger. This also may because that when he is able to fulfill his pleasure to complete his id, he become corporate with the id. Ironically, since the id and ego of Jekyll’s personality continuously taking part time by time, it means that when Id keep taking part, the ego lose its part. At the time that’s happened, Jekyll become losing his original self as Jekyll and incorporate being Hyde. The nice thing is that Jekyll admits that his second is worse. Yet, he doesn’t seem take full care of it. It may show that if someone get the pleasure to fulfill his libido, he will not care full of what he has done, no matter it is a good one or a bad one as long as he get his pleasure.

Dr. Lanyon, who have seen the transformation of Jekyll being Hyde saying that he have seen devilish little of the man such unscientific balderdash would have estranged Damon and Pithiest (12). Wikipedia states that in legend of Damon and Pythias (or Phintias) symbolizes trust and loyalty in a true friendship. The use of the Damon-and-Pythias idiom would seem to indicate that, whether the difference was on a point of science or something else, it was not "only" some trivial difference. Here may Lanyon mention that what Jekyll has done with his

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research is not only a trivial because it’s kind of revolutionary of scientific, yet since it’s only a unscientific balderdash, it become totally useless. Here, we can see the effect of the it by seeing that Jekyll is slowly losing his original and better self. By seeing the cruelty of the Hyde with the little child and Sir Carew, it can be understood those are because of the Id. Here is the more description how is those can be happening and the reason:

“This familiar that I called out of my own soul, and sent forth alone to do his good pleasure, was a being inherently malign and villainous; his every act and thought centered on self; drinking pleasure with bestial avidity from any degree of torture to another; relentless like a man of stone.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 66)

From the above quotation, it can be concluded that the Id is centered on self. The author trough Jekyll saying that Hyde is his own soul may as message to people that actually the basic personality of the people is the Id, yet because Id keep doing such a cruelty things, that’s why ego needed to balance it. Actually, there is nothing wrong about focusing on self because people can get their truly identity but if someone keep centering his activity on self, may make him is not able to see the others by only seeking pleasure for himself. Here, it makes Hyde is drinking pleasure with bestial avidity from any degree of torture to another. That’s why there are accident of the little child and Sir Carew. And the cruelty of his action because he is relentless like a man of stone where stone has no feeling.

Jekyll is almost true about his theory by saying ‘…these polar twins should be continuously struggling’ although in the many scene of the story is showing that Hyde is the one who monopolize of their -Hyde and Jekyll- original body. The drug

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is Jekyll use to transform himself being Hyde and vice versa is unstable and mostly Hyde ‘wins’ this unstableness.

“Yes, I had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, I had awakened Edward Hyde. How was this to be explained? (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 68)

Quotation above shows that when someone keeps following his id to get pleasure, the Id will take control of the body out of conscious of the self for getting pleasure where unstableness of Id and Ego will be won by Id because whenever Jekyll let down his self control, he finds his another nature reveal again as Mr. Hyde. Here may because when people sleep, they are under unconscious and the Id is being able to take control of the body.

Mr. Hyde is easily recognize as the id because he is seeking instant pleasure, having an aggressive instinct, and having no moral or social mores that need be followed. He takes pleasure in violence and similar to the death instinct ultimately leads to his own destruction. In ending of this novel, Jekyll decide to suicide and not let Hyde free but and before die he turn being Hyde until dead. This is like a simple message that human, that consists of id, ego and super ego, as if addicted for always follow his id or as if saying that once people get pleasure and let the id control him, the id will keep monopolize the self to always fulfill his willing to get pleasure of it. It is reflected of Jekyll story where he sleep as Jekyll and wake up as Hyde for saying that in our unconscious of our action, human will automatically follow his id.

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4.2Dr. Jekyll’s Ego Personality

Ego is part of object that a person wanted to fulfill or satisfy. Ego is made for making the Id and Super-Ego balance to take over control the body. The ego negotiates with the id in order to get it what it wants without costing it too much. Here, Jekyll is able to being deal with his ego especially after he is under control of Hyde and his id. The first cruelty Hyde doing is to the child but when he turns himself being Jekyll again, he realizes its cruelty. He feels anger about what he has done.

“An act of cruelty to a child aroused against me the anger of a passer-by, whom I recognized the other day in the person of your kinsman; the doctor and the child's family joined him; there were moments when I feared for my life; (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 67)

From the quotation above, it seems like there is no apologize of Jekyll after doing it because he is not worried about the child anymore but worried about himself. It can consider as the basic ego of human because after getting conscious of being in control of the id, Jekyll is still in control of his ego to think what will happen to him for next. He fears of his own life so he still only thinks about the best for himself. He gives ten pounds in gold and a cheque for the balance for the child family to solve the problem. Yet, Jekyll can’t totally be blamed because at least, he knows he already does something wrong. For doing the best for himself, he even make testament to his lawyer, Mr. Utterson, if he disappearance or unexplained absence, Hyde will get all of his possession. It show that Jekyll may already know what will happen to him or he is very enjoy his doing as Hyde and want to keep being Hyde longer and longer. But, if he isn’t being Jekyll anymore, he will not have any right for Jekyll’s possession.

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“…all his possessions were to pass into the hands of his "friend and benefactor Edward Hyde," but that in case of Dr. Jekyll's "disappearance or unexplained absence for any period exceeding three calendar months," (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:

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He writes ‘disappearance’ and ‘unexplained absence’ because none of people know that he has divided himself being two people. Here is why dualism of Jekyll and Hyde is called strange case. He is as if has planning for being Hyde for any period. Jekyll is rich people and he want to keep being rich as Hyde is showing his ego to keep claim his possession. He even show his ego by saying that Edward Hyde can get all of Jekyll’s possession without any further delay and free from any burthen or obligation beyond the payment of a few small sums to the members of the doctor's household. This make him being richer because he can get all of his possession no matter as whom he live and being free of obligation as Hyde ay show that he has more interest for living as Hyde to seek his own pleasure and fulfill his libido. He admits it by saying that he has great interest of Hyde and makes Utterson promises that he will bear with Hyde and give Hyde his right.

After the murder case of Carew, as one of Utterson client too, Utterson comes to Jekyll house to ask about Hyde since Carew is his client, so is Jekyll, Utterson want to know what he is actually doing that strange case. But Jekyll doesn’t say anything about Hyde. He even promises that Hyde will not be heard again.

"Utterson, I swear to God," cried the doctor, "I swear to God I will never set eyes on him again. I bind my honour to you that I am done with him in this world. It is all at an end. And indeed he does not want my help; you do not know him as I do; he is safe, he is quite safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of." (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 28)

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From that quotation, Jekyll keeps repeating that he won’t be seeing Hyde anymore due to his own horror about what he has done. Yet, he says Hyde is safe may only to make sure that him as first and second self is safe. This shows that after getting his conscious and contemplation, and no longer influenced by Id, he become more aware of his action, what should not you do and his life. Jekyll do this because of his ego so save himself, he says that was not only a crime, it has been a tragic folly. He is quite done with Hyde because of thinking of his own character. This is because Crew is a man with high in public estimation and he afraid this case will be exposed. This case is happening because Jekyll want to fulfill his pleasure and keep his good name in society due to his social position. Again, public takes control of someone ambition and personality.

“And indeed the worst of my faults was a certain impatient gaiety of disposition, such as has made the happiness of many, but such as I found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more than commonly grave countenance before the public.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 60)

There are many cases where the main problem is that someone is not able to reveal himself due to stress of public opinion. It seems like society limit someone activity. Here, Jekyll is being Hyde due to internal conflict of self between the public self and the private self. His public self, what he shows to the public, is well known as a doctor with a position in social, that’s why he cannot make any scandal although deep down inside he also wants to fulfill his pleasure as private self. Linehan (2003: 205-206) also mentions this self conflict by saying that here Jekyll is impatient of disposition may because he can take no moral responsibility for any of his actions when he is being someone else, “the particular nature of Jekyll’s appetite for

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pleasure, sexual or otherwise, may matter far less than the fact that by living a double life to avoid moral accountability, he shuts the door of his soul to conscience.

Moreover, by being Hyde he has been losing himself and he makes confession about it to Utterson:

"I wish you to judge for me entirely," was the reply. "I have lost confidence in myself." (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 29)

This quotation tells that always following the Id can make people lost his confidence of himself. That’s because he may no longer know who actually himself is. In this case, Jekyll has lost confidence of himself due to unbalance of his personality part where Hyde has done many wrong things and Jekyll can’t undo what Hyde has done. Yet, he is wishing Mr. Utterson to judge him entirely may for making justification that he is not totally false. He still suggest Mr. Utterson to understand why he does it, the reason, and the entire story about what he have done seem like his ego taking part.

The development of the ego, however, is only the first step in the Laconia socialization process. The second step consists in castration: the acceptance of the oedipal prohibition which implements the Law, understood as the fundamental principles of human social relations. This final step constitutes the resolution of the Oedipus complex and allows entry into the symbolic order. Whereas the protagonist in stories of identical alter egos refuses to accept the identification with his specula image which is necessary for the development of the ego, stories of split personalities can be construed as portraying a protagonist who will not fully accept the Laconia castration that is a requirement for assuming a social identity. Basically this means

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that the second type of doppelganger narrative is about what happens when one does not accept the basic restrictions and limitations of the social order and the human condition.

4.3Dr. Jekyll’s Super Ego Personality

Super Ego is concerned with morality, with what is right and what is wrong. It consist of two distinct parts: the ego-ideal and the conscience. Super-Ego is mind that rules Id and Ego or mind that makes final decision toward a person’s action. Due to overdose of the potion, it makes him realize that he does not know who he is anymore that he refers himself as the third person view which can be considered as the super ego.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s relationship is described in the last chapter of the book - “Henry Jekyll’s full statement of the case” where he gives a personal statement of how and why this strange case came to be. That chapter is written as the narration on how Dr. Jekyll tells about himself, about his relation and about whom Hyde actually is. Having seeing the unstable of the changing body process between Hyde and Jekyll which Hyde often monopolize the body, Jekyll make a confession that he has lost himself and starting the confession as the their person. He makes judgment for Jekyll and Hyde for their action. He began to reflect seriously the issues and possibilities his double existence. All his has done giving him perspective that he has slowly losing the way of holding his original self as Jekyll and being incorporate with his second self as Hyde.

The unstable power of the drug makes him have to choose which self will be stayed with him between Jekyll and Hyde where he says that Jekyll has more than a

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father's interest and Hyde has more than a son's indifference. He knows he has to choose because Jekyll and Hyde because both of them have memory for themselves but he still has many things for consideration:

“The bargain might appear unequal; but there was still another consideration in the scales; for while Jekyll would suffer smartingly in the fires of abstinence, Hyde would be not even conscious of all that he had lost.” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 69)

Actually, he prefers the character Jekyll because Jekyll is a discontented doctor and surrounded by friend who controlled by the ego, although he has also enjoyed the pleasures as a resolute farewell to libel Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde try as Hyde who controlled by Id. But the drug which not always equally displayed make him being spying the danger of the balance of his nature will be permanently overthrown. His moral make him to make a decision:

“It must have been this, I suppose, that stirred in my soul that tempest of impatience with which I listened to the civilities of my unhappy victim; I declare, at least, before God, no man morally sane could have been guilty of that crime upon so pitiful a provocation;” (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: 70)

Bound of terror he get is added by terror of unstable the drug he uses. While Id and Ego of Hyde and Jekyll trying to take control of his body, he become having voluntarily stripped of himself for those balancing instinct. Considering that Hyde has moral insensibility and insensate readiness to evil and he is no longer able to control Hyde’s action and having self terror of his action make him take decision to end his action by bringing the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end.

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By seeing the ending of the story, there is conclusion that when someone keep following his Id, it will keep rest with him for long live. The dividing of the characters between Hyde with his evil character and Jekyll with his old nature show that human cannot be the super ego with angel nature easily but can be the id with evil nature easily.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5. 1 Conclusion

Having analyzed the structural personality of the character Hyde and Jekyll, Hyde and Jekyll are the same person. The writer has concluded that if Id is more dominant than ego and super ego, someone will be bad person, if ego is dominant than Id and super ego, someone will be normal person with normal personality and if super ego is more dominant that Id and ego, someone will be greater person.

Ego is needed to make the super ego and ego being balance, though in this story seem as if that the body can be easily controlled by id for seeking the instants pleasure, the ego to stop ot by realizing what the has done and when the ego is no longer able to control the id, super ego take part to make Id comes to end.

5. 2 Suggestion

Literary work can represent the life and someone who analyze the literary work also can know what is the life. Especially about this novel, the author write about the story that main topic is about personality. By learning this novel, we can learn how if Id controls the body, the ego and super ego and its effect to the life. The writer suggests that we should learn the entire of literary work for getting the value and lesson from it.

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REFERENCES

Benjamin Netson, 1958. Freud and the 20th century.

Birch, Ann and Tony Malim, 1988. Developmental Psychology. The Macmillan Press ltd.

Bernad J. Paris. A Psychological Approach to Fiction. Bloomington and London: The Macmilan Press ltd.

Dr.Kartono Kartini, 2005. Teori Kepribadian. Bandung: Penerbit Mandar Maju.

Engel, Beverly, 2007. The Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome: what to do if someone in your life has a dual personality. United states of Amerika.

Koswara.E, 1991. Teori-teori Kepribadian. Bandung: PT Eresco.

Linehan, Katherine, 2003. Sex, Secrecy, and Self-Alienation in Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. New York and London: W.W.Norton & Company.

Norman, 1984. The Language of Literature. London: The Macmillan Press ltd.

Ratna, K.N. 2004, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Dempasar: Pustaka Pelajar.

Taylor, Rchard, 1981. Understanding the Elaments of Literature. London: The Macmillan Press ltd.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren, 1977. Theory of Literature. London: Pinguin Books, Ltd.

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 1992. Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde and Other Stories. London: David Cambell Publisher Ltd.october 2012. Literature.

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Suryabrata Sumadi, 2011. Psikologi Kepribadian. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

October 2012. Dr Jekyll-Mr Hyde. Retrieved from

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2012).

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange-Case-of-Dr-Jekyll-and-Mr-Hyde (October 2012).

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APPENDICES

i. Autho’s Biography and Works

Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson was born on 13th November 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He changed the spelling of his second name to Louis when he was about 18, and dropped the third when he was 23.

Throughout his childhood, he suffered chronic health problems that confined him to bed. The strongest influence during his childhood was that of his nurse, Allison Cunnigham, who often read aloud Pilgrim's Progress and The Old Testament, his most direct literary influences during this time. In 1867, he entered Edinburgh University as a science student, where it was tacitly understood that he would follow his father's footsteps and become a civil engineer. Robert, however, had much more of a romantic nature at heart and while obstentiously working for a science degree, he spent much of his time studying French Literature, Scottish history, and the works of Darwin and Spencer. When he confided to his father that he

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did not want to become an engineer and instead wished to pursue writing, his father was naturally upset. They settled on a compromise ? Robert would study for the Bar and if is literary ambitions failed, he would have a respectable profession to fall back on.

In order to fully understand the world in which Stevenson was raised, it is necessary to understand that there were two Edinburghs, both which played a part in molding his personality and outlook. On one hand was New Town, respectable, conventional, deeply religious, and polite. On the other was a much more bohemian Edinburgh, symbolized by brothels and shadiness. The juxtaposition of the two aspects in contrast to each other made a deep impression and strengthened his fascination with the duality of human nature, later providing the theme for The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

In the autumn of 1873, Stevenson was taken ill with nervous exhaustion and a severe chest condition, consequently, his doctor ordered him to take an extended rest abroad. For the next six months, he convalesced in the South of France, working on essays. On his return to Edinburgh, he spent much of his time writing book reviews and articles and experimenting with short stories. Slowly but surely, he earned a name for himself in journalism and his pieces began appearing in distinguished journals such as The Fortnightly Review. At this time, he met an American married woman, Fanny Vandergrift Osbourne, ten years his senior, whom was in Europe trying to escape her estranged husband's influence. For three years, Stevenson (still in ill health) continued his relationship with her and eventually followed her to San Francisco, where she obtained a divorce from her husband and married Stevenson in May 1880.

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During this time, he published his first book, An Inland Voyage in 1878, an engaging account of a canoeing holiday in Belgium. In August 1880, the Stevensons returned to England. The story of Stevenson life from this point forward is a story centered on a search of a climate where he could live without the fears of his failing health. He and his wife wintered in the South of France and lived in England from 1880-1887, and this time was marked by an active period of literary achievement. His first novel, Treasure Island, was published in 1883, followed by The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) and Kidnapped (1886). For the first time in his life, Stevenson had became a popular author.

Upon the death of his father in 1887, Robert Louis Stevenson decided to leave England and sailed for America, where he stayed for a year. In May 1888, accompanied by his wife, his step-son, and his mother, he set sails for the South Seas. Eventually, Stevenson was so enchanted by the life of the South Seas that in December 1889 he bought an estate in Apia, Samoa, convinced that he could never endure the harsh winters of his native Scotland or England. Apia was a perfect location because the climate was tropical but not wild, the people were friendly and hard working, and it possessed a good postal service. He lived at his 300 acre estate, Vailima, in the hills of Apia until his death five years later. The list of his writings for 1890-94 reveals an impressive range of activities. During this time, he completed two of his finest novellas, ?The Beach of Falesa' and The Ebb Tide, two novels, The Wrecker and Catriona, the short stories ?The Bottle Imp,' ?The Isle of voices' and ?the Waif Woman,' and the short pieces collected under the title of Fables. He also worked on a number of novels that he did not live to complete, including St. Ives, The Young Chevalier and Heathercat. He worked with enthusiasm on Weir of

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Hermiston until the day of his death, December 3, 1894. On that day, he dictated another installment of the novel, seemed in excellent spirits, and was talking to his wife in the evening when he felt a violent pain in his head and almost immediately lost consciousness.

So finally (in 1890), they took up residence in Samoa where he became very involved with the islanders, their way of life and their politics. He continued writing and was known to the Samoans as 'tusitala', that is, 'writer of tales'. Also he was able to enjoy a lot of outdoor activities, though nothing too strenuous. It was undoubtedly the happiest period of their lives but, unfortunately, was to last only 4 years.

He died, in the evening, on 3rd December 1894 in Samoa, aged 44. By his own wish he was buried there, on the summit of Mount Vaea. Fanny died 20 years later.

SELECTED LIST OF WORKS ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON

Novels

•

treasure, and Henley, he provided the earliest known title, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys".

•

set in the imaginary Germanic state of Grünewald.

•

understanding of the subconscious mind through its treatment of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality.

•

pursuit of his inheritance and his alliance wit

•

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• America, and India.

•

• David Balfour, is a sequel to Kidnapped, telling of Balfour's further adventures.

•

considered to have promised great artistic growth.

•

Unfinished at the time of Stevenson's death, the novel was completed by Short Story • • •

• South Sea Tales) (1893)

contains three longer stories.

•

The two matches, The sick man and the fireman, The devil and the innkeeper, The penitent, The yellow paint, The house of Eld, The four reformers, The man and his friend, The reader, The citizen and the traveller, The

distinguished stranger, The carthorse and the saddlehorse, The tadpole and the frog, something in it, Faith, half faith and no faith at all, The touchstone, The poor thing, The song of the morrow.

Poetry

•

their parents. Includes such favourites as "My Shadow" and "The

Lamplighter". Often thought to represent a positive reflection of the author's sickly childhood.

•

Scottish ghost story. • Ballads (1891)

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ii Summary of Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde

Robert Louis Stevensons novel, Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, has been called a “perpetual masterpiece of psychological terror that sprang from the deepest crevices of Stevenson’s own subconscious -- a nightmare from which his wife awakened him” (Lombardi). The phrase Jekyll and Hyde is synonymous with mans internal war between good and evil (Auclair). Stevensons story of the kindly scientist who drinks a potion that transforms him into a stunted, evil version of himself is a story of horror, which preceded modern psychology.

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory states that an individual’s personality is divided into three different parts the id, ego, and superego. The id consists of unethical, irrational, driving instincts for sexual gratification, aggression, and general physical and sensual pleasure. The superego represents the outer expectations forced on the personality by society and culture. The ego acts as the mediator between the impulses of the id and the superego. The ego allows the personality to cope with the inner and outer demands of its existence. The balance of these three parts determines a person’s personality (Stevenson 1). Freud’s theory explains that humans can be ruled by their hidden impulses and passions instead of their rational thoughts. The imbalance of the id, ego, and superego is reflected in the double life of Henry Jekyll.

In the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll discovers a way to separate his benevolent and malicious sides into two different individuals. While Henry Jekyll is an honest, respectable doctor Mr. Hyde is a younger but deformed man who indulges in filthy pleasures. Jekyll began experimenting in order to live a carefree lifestyle so he could fulfill his internal lusts and desires as Mr. Hyde without fear of tainting his own good name. Dr. Jekyll believes “…that man is not truly one, but two” and because of this he is able to live out his evil passions while maintaining his social stature (Stevenson 7).

Hyde’s aggressive instincts that caused him to trample a little girl and murder Sir Danvers Carew represent the id. Gradually, Hyde begins to dominate Jekyll to the point where he cannot control his transformations, and soon Jekyll feels guilty and responsible for Hyde’s actions. Jekyll represents the superego or conscious that causes guilt to enforce right and wrong. When Dr. Jekyll’s experiments fail, he is unable to separate the two different personalities. Since the ego’s function is to act as a mediator between the id and the superego its function is eliminated when Dr. Jekyll is incapable of controlling his

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(2)

So finally (in 1890), they took up residence in Samoa where he became very involved with the islanders, their way of life and their politics. He continued writing and was known to the Samoans as 'tusitala', that is, 'writer of tales'. Also he was able to enjoy a lot of outdoor activities, though nothing too strenuous. It was undoubtedly the happiest period of their lives but, unfortunately, was to last only 4 years.

He died, in the evening, on 3rd December 1894 in Samoa, aged 44. By his own wish he was buried there, on the summit of Mount Vaea. Fanny died 20 years later.

SELECTED LIST OF WORKS ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON

Novels

•

treasure, and Henley, he provided the earliest known title, "The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island: a Story for Boys".

•

set in the imaginary Germanic state of Grünewald.

•

understanding of the subconscious mind through its treatment of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality.

•

pursuit of his inheritance and his alliance wit

•

(3)

• America, and India.

•

• David Balfour, is a sequel to Kidnapped, telling of Balfour's further adventures.

•

considered to have promised great artistic growth.

•

Unfinished at the time of Stevenson's death, the novel was completed by

Short Story

•

• South Sea Tales) (1893)

contains three longer stories.

•

distinguished stranger, The carthorse and the saddlehorse, The tadpole and the frog, something in it, Faith, half faith and no faith at all, The touchstone, The poor thing, The song of the morrow.

Poetry

•

their parents. Includes such favourites as "My Shadow" and "The

Lamplighter". Often thought to represent a positive reflection of the author's sickly childhood.

•

Scottish ghost story.

• Ballads (1891)

•

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ii Summary of Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde

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transformations. If the ego does not exist, there is no separation between the id and the superego (Dury).

In some cases in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the id and the superego display the same characteristics. Freud once stated, “the normal man is not only far more immoral that he believes but also far more moral than he knows,” which implies that the unconscious id has its own principles, and therefore is not separate from one’s concious (Khan). There are many instances where Jekyll’s id does not escape his superego. Hyde shows traces of his conscious when he pays the family of the trampled girl for any damages he may have cause. His reaction to his violent behavior was characteristic of a Victorian gentleman. Hyde stated, “No gentleman but wishes to avoid a scene… name your figure” (Stevenson 10). He shows respect for others in society and pays off the girl’s family politely, which is uncharacteristic of a person that is controlled by the instincts of the id. Dr Jekyll displays characteristics of the id as he finds pleasure in the evil deeds of Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll stated, about his transformation,

I felt younger, lighter, happier in body; within I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul.

Dr. Jekyll has morals but he continues to allow Hyde, an individual lacking in moral and social skills, to carry out destructive acts. As Jekyll tries to control his id, the superego fails to counteract its desires and he cannot escape his self- destruction (Khan). In his final confession, Jekyll states, “My devil had long been cages, he came out roaring” (Stevenson ). In the double life of Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the id shows power over human personality. Dr. Jekyll cannot live his life resisting the unconscious desires of Hyde as well as his unacceptable behavior and evil nature. The more he wants to contain Hyde the more powerful Hyde becomes and the more he fights to emerge. Because Jekyll’s superego failed he cannot escape himself.

The personalities of Dr. Jekyll are dominated by the instincts of the id, which is always on the quest for pleasure and gratification of their needs. The id has a perception of its own, which controls the sinful behavior and feelings of Dr. Jekyll. The id can overcome the conscious thoughts and challenges the moral principles of the superego (Stevenson). In the personalities of Dr. Jekyll the ego is destroyed and cannot mediate between the id and the superego. Without the ego the concept of reality is lost and the id and superego are in direct conflict. (Stevenson). This conflict causes Dr. Jekyll to succumb to urges that leads to the destruction of his life; he can no longer control his transformations or Hyde’s

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actions. Instead he must surrender to the fact that Hyde is more powerful than he originally intended. Many individuals do not acknowledge signs of the id, but the id demands immediate satisfaction regardless of the circumstances and possible effects.

The personalities of the Dr. Jekyll reflect the unconscious desires and the continuous internal conflict between the id, ego, and superego. The three divisions of the mind are constantly trying to keep each other in check, for example one will neutralize its influence on behavior. Even though the superego resists the impulses of the id, it cannot hold back its demands for enjoyment. The id neutralizes and commands an individual to find out the hidden desires of the mind (Stevenson). The actions of Jekyll represent the deepest, darkest secrets of unconscious thought and how they manipulate the human mind. Henry Jekyll believes that he can create another human being to carry out his wicked urges.

The destruction of the ego affects a person’s ability to balance reason and passion. The dominance of passion over moral and social norms causes the downfall of Dr. Jekyll. Without a working conscience individuals cannot make their own decisions because they are driven by pure impulse. Humans receive more gratification from making a positive impact on society rather than living out desires that come from unconscious thought. Henry Jekyll strives to experience all the pleasures in life, but the with absence of genuine emotion and good intentions.

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