An Analysis Of Leading Characters’s Personality In Robert Louis Stevenson’s Novel: Strange Case Of DR. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
The world literature is frequently used in very general sense of the work to refer the whole body of writing in a culture regardless of his purpose. In this sense both informative writing, such as books on history or geography and imaginative writing belong to the realm of the literature.
Literature sprang up from the imaginative mind of people who have the talent to create the stories, they created it from their experience in their life, and they made it become a literary work as a reflection of a real life, we can see all social problems in the real life through the literary work.
One genre of literary work is the novel. Novel present as a documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact, that the novel look at people in society. In fact, the people in the novel, was the character even it major or minor character, protagonist and antagonist character. A lot of novel have and use to look for the young people as the main character in a story, because as a young man, the people felt that they could to be most to face odds as usually and character in novel dominated by people. The writer thought that novel also as a mirror of our life, because the entire story in the novel took from the real life of human by the professional authors or a people who have a talent to write novel, it can be called novelist or authors.
2.2 Character
The people in the novel are referred as a character, character in novels have been specially created by authors. When authors create characters, they select some aspect of ordinary people, develop some of those aspects whilst playing down others, and put them together as they please. The result is not an ordinary person but a fictional character that only exists in the words of novel.
In some novel there are characters that are known from the inside and the outside but who, nevertheless, are not as rich, varied or original. They are characters who have a much more limited life. Their authors have given them a few characteristics, but they do not develop or change very much, and consequently they rarely surprise the reader.
Character is very important in real-made creation of literary works such as novel, drama or even some of poems. The nature of character presentation brings a positive impact for readers to find out what is going on and what it is for. Since, the character mirrors quality of person. It can be traced to generalize opinion for man in general.
2.2.1 Types of Character
The British novelist and critic E.M. Forster in his critical work aspect of the novel, calls the two major types “round” and “flat”.
Round Characters
The round character usually the major figure in a story profit from experience and undergoes a change and alternations, which may be shown in (1) an action or actions (2) the realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation previous decision, (3) the acceptance of a new condition, or (4) the discovery of unrecognized truths.
Because round they usually play a major role in a story, round characters are often called the hero or heroin. Many major characters are anything but heroic, however, and it is therefore preferable to use the more neutral word protagonist, and exhibits the ability to adapt to new circumstance. To the degree that round, characters are both individual and sometimes unpredictable, and because they undergo changer or growth, they are dynamic. The round characters also known as the major character because they play a major role in a story of novel.
Flat Characters
In contrast, flat character does not grow. They remain the same because they may be stupid, incentive, or lacking in knowledge or insight. They are static because they end where they begin. However, flat characters are not therefore worthless, for they usually highlight the development of the round characters. Usually, flat characters are minor (e,g. Relatives, acquaintances, functionaries), although not all- minor character is necessary flat.
Sometime flat character are prominent in certain types of literature, such cowboy, police, and detective story, where the focus is less on character than on performance. These kinds of character might be lively and engaging, even though they do not develop or change. They must be strong and clever enough to perform recurring tasks like solving a crime, overcoming a villain, or finding a treasure. The term stock character refers to characters in this repeating situation. To the degree that stock characters have many common traits, they are reprehensive of their class, or group.
Type of character according to Plato based on Psychology; 1.
Make sense 2. Wish or desire 3. Natural appetite
Ewald give the limitation characters as the totalities from the conditions and how the psyche toward the stimulus.
Theoretically, he makes it different namely: 1.
Character since new born
Character since newborn (Angeborener character, genotypes character, namely aspect), which represent the basic of the character, and genotypes character is very tight the relation with psychologies condition, namely, the qualities of centre of nerve structure.
2. Character that we get
The character which had received (Erworbener Character, phenotypes character), namely the character which have influenced by the environments, experience and education. From the explanation of the character, which related with personality or character in psychology, we have known that character not only acted in fiction but also in psychology.
2.3 The Characteristics of Victorian Novel
Since the novel that will be analyzed is from Victorian era, it should be better if we know the characteristic of the Victorian era novel. There is a web site addressed in writes about the characteristic of Victorian novel by saying that the literature of the Victorian age entered in a new period after the romantic revival. The literature of this era expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross realism. Though, the Victorian Age produced two great poets Tennyson and Browning, the age is also remarkable for the excellence of its prose.
The discoveries of science have particular effects upon the literature of the age. If you study all the great writers of this period, you will mark four general characteristics: 1.
Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests. It becomes a powerful instrument for human progress.
2. Moral Purpose: The Victorian literature seems to deviate from "art for art's sake" and asserts its moral purpose. Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, Ruskin - all were the teachers of England with the faith in their moral message to instruct the world.
3. Idealism: It is often considered as an age of doubt and pessimism. The influence of science is felt here. The whole age seems to be caught in the conception of man in relation to the universe with the idea of evolution.
4. Though, the age is characterized as practical and materialistic, most of the writers exalt a purely ideal life. It is an idealistic age where the great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood are emphasized by poets, essayists and novelists of the age.
2.4 Description of Sigmund Freud’s Theory Personality
The psychoanalytic to personality was created and articulated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and elaborated by others. Freud’s was the first major theory of psychological development; he attempted not only to account for the origins of traits and other behavior but also to provide a complete explanation of psychological functioning. This approach actually had its beginnings as a theory of mental illness based on Freud’s analysis of his patient’s cases.
Freud conceptualized the mind or the psyche, as consisting of their levels of consciousness: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The conscious mind consists of what we are aware of any time. Consciousness however is only the tip of the iceberg to use Freud metaphor. Freud described cognitive functioning as taking place beneath the surface of consciousness. The preconscious consist of the part of the mind which people are not aware but which can be brought to consciousness without much effort-for example, if they are asked what they did to summers ago. The unconscious embodies the part of the mind that cannot be brought directly to consciousness. Within the unconscious lie the basic instinct and drivers, particularly those that motivate aggression and sex. Freud conceptualized the psyche as having a fixed amount of psychic energy, the dynamic source of all motivation, the sexual part of which is called libido. Freud divided the psyche into three parts: the id, the ego, and super ego. While the id is unconscious, the ego, and superego span all three levels of awareness.
The id: The original reservoir of psychic energy and is present from birth.
Aggressive, sexual, and other impulses from the id always demand immediate gratification. Thus, the id is said to operate on the pleasure principle, continually pressing for the immediate discharge of any bodily tension. One want the id reduces tension is to created an image of what it wants. This image, which cannot be distinguished from reality, is known as wish fulfillment, but wish fulfilling mental image themselves cannot reduce tension. After all, hungry people cannot eat images.
The failure of the id to deal with reality opens the way for the ego.
The ego: The ego comes into existence to deal with the objective, outside
world and to satisfy the id’s wishes and instinctive demands. For example, it seeks food when the id calls for appeasement of hunger drivers. The ego eventually becomes capable of self-reflection and disserves the name Freud gave it: ego, or self. Until self-reflection occurs there is no “I” but only a mass of undifferentiated strivings. The ego obeys the reality principle in contrast to the id’s pleasure principle.
The reality principle, because it has to deal with the objective, “real” world, aims to suspend the pleasure principle until satisfaction-food in this example is found. The ego is thus the executive personality. It controls actions and chooses outcomes. A person with a week ago may be dominated by the wish fulfilling fantasies of the id and fail to deal effectively with objective reality, spending instead a disproportionate amount of time in fantasy and daydreaming.
The super ego: The super ego is concerned with morality, with what is right and what is wrong. It consist of two distinct parts: the ego-ideal and the conscience. The ego ideal’s primary interest pertains to what I sight and virtuous. It holds up an image of ideals behavior and perfection and says “yes” to morality dood thing.
Conscience, on the other hand, watches primarily over what is bad. It says “no” to wishes that are morally wrong. Indeed, it attempts to censor impulses from the id and prevent them entering the consciousness of the ego.
According to Freud, we are born with our id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the child cries. When the child needs to be changed, the id cries.
2.5 The Conflict between Ego and Id
Internal conflict between Ego and Id is cause by a person trying to disown his or her dark side or Id which is the aspect of ourselves that we have repressed or rejected because we have come to believe that it is unacceptable to those around us.
In order for us to adapt to and become part of society, we each must create an ego. Ego development depends on our repressing what is wrong or bad in us, while we identify with what is perceived and reinforced as good by our parents, siblings, caretakers, and other important sources of love and support. This helps us to eliminate the anxiety caused by our fear of our parents’ rejection and to gain the approval of those we care most about. This process of growing an ego continues throughout the first half of life and is modified by external influences and experiences as each of us moves out into the world.
The Id as the dark side, is a natural by-product of the ego building process. Because of the necessarily one-sided nature of ego development, the neglected, rejected, and unacceptable qualities in a person accumulate in the unconscious psyche and take form as an inferior personality—the personal Shadow. This disowned part of the self eventually becomes a mirror image of the ego. We disown that which does not fit into our developing picture of who we are, thus creating a Id.
What is disowned, however, does not go away. It lives on within each person—out of sight, out of mind, but nevertheless real—an unconscious alter ego hiding just below the threshold of awareness. Those who feel they had to disown or repress many aspects of themselves in order to be accepted by their parents or society in general will have very large Id.
Ego and Id are therefore in an age-old battle, well known in mythology and literature—opposing twins or brothers, one good, the other evil—symbolic representations of the ego and alter ego in psychological development. Taken together, these twins, or opposites, form a whole. In the same way, when the ego assimilates the disowned self, a person moves toward wholeness.
Furthermore, the id and ego balance also influence by internal conflict of self. The most common conflict, experienced by most people at some time in their lives, is the conflict between the public self and the private self. The public self is the persona we show to the world—the social self. The social self is the side that is concerned with how others perceive us, what impression we make on others, what others think of us. The private self includes our innermost thoughts and feelings, our personal opinion of ourselves, our beliefs about ourselves, and our self-talk.
Oftentimes, our private and public selves are at odds with each other. We exhibit one set of behaviors when we are in public and another when we are in private. Or we may feel good about ourselves when we are alone with our own thoughts and feelings but feel insecure and even critical of ourselves when we are with other people. The reverse can also be true—we can appear self-confident when we are in public but privately agonize over our self-worth when we are alone with ourselves.
We all have a public self—which we portray to others in order to look good or to meet their expectations. Yet some people create a public self that is so radically different from their private or real self that those who know them only superficially would be shocked if they were to get to know the real (private) person.