c Classroom opportunities. It means that teachers have opportunity to use
song in the classroom if the song is related to the material they are going to teach.
d The music. Teachers must pay attention to the music of the song they will
use in the class, whether the music is too loud or to slow, whether it will disturb the other class or not.
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The most important of all is that teachers have to use the song which they like, the students like, and the song that fits to the material. It is all done to achieve the
objective of learning easier.
C. Memory
People have memory in their brain to be used to keep any information they have received and any events they have experienced. If an event or information is
important and has good impression for them, they can easily remember it. Meanwhile, if a particular event or information does not have any meaningful
impression, it means that people are difficult to recall it.
1. Definition of Memory
The word memory refers to the ability to remember things or period of time that somebody is able to remember events.
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John W. Santrock clearly stated in his book “Educational Psychology” that:
Memory is the retention of information over time. It involves three processes. First is encoding. It is a process by which
people get information into memory. The second process is storage. It is the process of retaining information that has been
encoded into memory storage. The third process is retrieval. It
20
Dale T. Griffee, Songs in Action, New York: Prentince Hall, 1992. pp. 6-8.
21
A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 833.
is the process of taking information out of storage.
22
Furthermore, Drs. Sumadi Suryabrata defined memory as the ability to receive, keep, and produce impressions.
23
Dr. Jo Iddon and Dr. Huw Williams in their book Memory Boosters stated that “memory is a process by which a brain keeps all information about
the world”.
24
Moreover, Jack C. Adams defined memory as a learned capability which is measured by retention test to know its persistence.
25
Concluding all the definitions above, memory is a place to store any experiences, impressions, and events in which those can be recalled through
the process of memory retention. The retention of information in memory involves three processes. Those are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
2. Types of Memory
Generally, there are two kinds of memory that can help people to remember many things they have experienced in the past time:
1. Short-Term Memory
Short- term memory is defined as a kind of memory which is used to keep things that have just been presented in a couple of moments ago.
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The capacity of Short- term memory in keeping information is extremely limited.
It stores only the newest information received. Meanwhile the old one is lost
22
John W. Santrock, Educational Psychology, New York: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., 2004. pp. 248-261.
23
Drs. Sumadi Suryabrata, B.A., M.A., Ed.S., Ph.D, Psikologi Pendidikan, Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2010. p. 44.
24
Dr. Jo Iddon and Dr. Huw Williams, Memory Boosters, London: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, 2005. pp. 6 8.
25
Jack C. Adams, Human Memory, America: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1967. p. 7.
26
Jack C. Adams, Human Memory … p. 11.
and replaced by new incoming information. As it is stated by Santrock that “short-term memory is a limited capacity memory system in which
information is retained for as long as thirty seconds, unless the information is rehearsed”.
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Loss of information on short-term memory is generally caused by several factors:
a. The lack of stimulus that can force people to remember information
they want to.
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In other words, people can easily forget information if they don’t have any reason or will to remember or retain it.
b. The nature of the information that is wanted to be recalled.
29
Something that has meaningful impression for a particular person is usually easier to recall. Meanwhile, something which is not
meaningful for a person is easy to forget. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that short-term
memory is a kind of memory which has limited capacity in keeping information for a longer time. If it is not rehearsed, it can store information
only in thirty seconds after its original presentation.
2. Long- Term Memory
