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The last is m annerism. The author may describe a person‟s mannerism or
habits that may also tell the reader something about his character. Murphy, 1972 These are nine ways of the author‟s attempt to describe the character. I will
use several ways to describe the characteristics of Shigeru in Lian Hearn‟s Across
the Nightingale Floor. I choose several ways because some of the ways can be
ignored.
3. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature
Psychology has a relationship to literature. In Psychology, personality focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals.
Literature and psychology are similar or have the same analysis and focus on human behavior. Behavior is action that can be observed directly while mental
process is experience that cannot be observed directly, such as thought and feeling. A critic can look at the behaviors of characters and the interactions among
it in the novel under the modern psychological knowledge and when their behaviors confirm with what he or she knows about the subtleties of human mind,
he or she can use the theory as a mean of explicating and interpreting the work Daiches, D. 1981: 337-338
While in the book Psychology and its Allied Disciplines, Lindauer states that literature is best at describing the human condition in a dramatic form,
psychology has the strength in investigating human character or behavior in systematic ways 1984: 144. Both literature and psychology have one common
purpose that is to describe the human condition. Literature tries to depict the
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human condition to drama while psychology studies human characteristics systematically and scientifically.
Furthermore, a comment suggested by Benedetti is as follows:
The psychological traits in a play are the most essential category in term of the characterization. Psychological points of view refer to the search and analysis of
the inner workings of the mind such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always precede the action of the characters 1997:
130.
The quotation above shows the relationship between literature and psychology. In literature, psychology can be used to analyze the inner working of
the characters such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Thus, the psychological traits lead to the action of the characters.
Based on the theories explained by some experts above, the writer can conclude that psychology and literature have a relationship in analyzing the
person. Both of them cannot be separated from each other because psychology analyzes people who are initiated from the real life. Therefore, to explain the
psychological condition and also the behavior of Shigeru, the writer decided to use theory of psychology especially theory of motivation that is mainly supported
by Freud, Maslow, and Murray. These theories are the most suitable ones for this analysis because they cover the reasons behind the
character‟s behaviors.
4. Human Motivation
