An Analysis Of Moral Values Found In Harper Lee’s Novel To Kill A Mockingbird

AN ANALYSIS OF MORAL VALUES FOUND IN HARPER LEE’S NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

A THESIS

BY

RANCES TAMPUBOLON REG. NO 060705038

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise and grateful to the almighty God, and His son Jesus Christ who has given me health, chance and ability to finish this thesis in the proper time.

There are so many steps has been done by me to make this thesis complete and ready to presented as a thesis of the first graduate. I get so many helps, support and motivation from many people to process of doing this thesis, from the beginning until the end.

First, I would like to thanks to her supervisor and co-supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.hum and Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.hum for their guidance, support, advice and constructive comments during the writing of this thesis.

My sincere gratitude also goes to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A. , the head and the secretary of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.hum, and all the lectures, and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this university.

My special thanks to my beloved parents, M. Tampubolon and T. br Sihite, who have love me very much, have given me support and prayer. And my beloved brothers D.Tampubolon and his wife Mrs. Sundari, R.Tampubolon br Sinambela, Ronni Tampubolon, for giving me a great love, support, attention and material during my study. Furthermore, my great thanks are for all of my sisters R br Tampubolon and her husband R.Lumban Gaol, R br Tampubolon and her

husband Mr. Lubis who also support and pray for her. Thanks also for all of my nephews, thanks for your pray.

Special thanks also to my girlfriend, Hartati br Situmorang for giving me support, great love and attention during doing this thesis I will appreciate all of the time we spent together. I love you so much. Thanks for my closed friends Hendra Halomoan Simbolon, Dix Wendy Saragih, Efa Handayani, Wilda Yanti, Rindianti Irawan, Mawardi Saragih, Arwin Kurniawan, Harry Gullit, Juara Putra Sakti Pulungan, Alfa Reza Lubis, Zulfikar Hanafi, Yakub ’05, Nurul ’05 and Hadi Irawan ’07. I always remember the great moment we have spent together. Thanks too for all my friends in 2006 stamp from reg number 001-064.

ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Moral Values Found in Harper Lee’ To Kill A Mockingbird.” Nilai moral merupakan yang di pakai oleh masyarakat dalam bentuk norma atau aturan. Interaksi yang terjadi di masyarakat menggambarkan keanekaragaman perilaku. Baik buruknya tingkah laku seseorang disebut sebagai nilai moral. Tanpa adanya penilaian terhadap tatanan tingkah laku tersebut, manusia akan hidup liar dan tidak terarah. Aturan-aturan yang ada di masyarakat sebagai moral standard yang diterima dan diyakini bersama oleh masyarakat tersebut akan menjadi pedoman hidup manusia dalam bertingkah laku. Inti gambaran ini merupakan inti persoalan dalam novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Analisis moral melalui beberapa karakter utama menyangkut kepada tingkah laku manusia sebagaimana digambarkan dalam novel To Kill A Mockingbird ini untuk takaran/ukuran normatif. Ukuran tersebut mengacu pada benar-salah dan baik-buruknya perilaku manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Moral merupakan cerminan tingkah laku manusia dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Untuk melengkapi kajian ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan ekstrinsik. Disamping itu interpretasi juga digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang terseleksi dalam bentuk kutipan. Metode ini lebih dikenal dengan sebutan deskriptif kualitatif analisis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Analysis

1.2 Statement of Analysis

1.3 Objective of Analysis

1.4 Scope of Analysis

1.5 Methodology of Analysis

1.6 Review of Related Literature

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

2.1 Concept of Morality

2.2 Character

2.3 Novel

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Source of Data

3.3 Data Analysis

CHAPTER IV MORAL VALUES IN HARPER LEE’S NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

4.1 Color Skin Prejudice

4.2 Underestimate

4.3 Slender

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Suggestion

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Moral Values Found in Harper Lee’ To Kill A Mockingbird.” Nilai moral merupakan yang di pakai oleh masyarakat dalam bentuk norma atau aturan. Interaksi yang terjadi di masyarakat menggambarkan keanekaragaman perilaku. Baik buruknya tingkah laku seseorang disebut sebagai nilai moral. Tanpa adanya penilaian terhadap tatanan tingkah laku tersebut, manusia akan hidup liar dan tidak terarah. Aturan-aturan yang ada di masyarakat sebagai moral standard yang diterima dan diyakini bersama oleh masyarakat tersebut akan menjadi pedoman hidup manusia dalam bertingkah laku. Inti gambaran ini merupakan inti persoalan dalam novel To Kill A Mockingbird. Analisis moral melalui beberapa karakter utama menyangkut kepada tingkah laku manusia sebagaimana digambarkan dalam novel To Kill A Mockingbird ini untuk takaran/ukuran normatif. Ukuran tersebut mengacu pada benar-salah dan baik-buruknya perilaku manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Moral merupakan cerminan tingkah laku manusia dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Untuk melengkapi kajian ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan ekstrinsik. Disamping itu interpretasi juga digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang terseleksi dalam bentuk kutipan. Metode ini lebih dikenal dengan sebutan deskriptif kualitatif analisis.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Analysis

The word ‘literature’ derives from the Latin ‘letter’ which primarily refers to the written or printed words. It might be based on this idea that even today we still often think of literature almost exclusively as written expression.

The word ‘literature’ is also frequently used in very general sense of the word to refer to the whole body of writing in a culture,regardless of its purpose. Literature sprang up from imaginative mind of people who had talent to create stories.They perceived what was happening arround them from a natural phenomena to the lives of the people in their community.The eruption of a volcano,earthquake,war might have become the source of stories. A writer can make a story from the incidents he had seen or feel and organized a series of related incidents into a plot and produced a literary work,such as; novel,drama or poetry.

Wellek and Austin Warren (1977:25) stated there are three genres of literary work,these genres originated from lyrics,epic and drama. As Literary genre developed,lyric developed into poetry,epic developed into prose and only drama has retainded its own name.

Novel as a genre of fiction can be defined as: “a work of prose fiction,usually an extended narrative that tells a story or uses incidents to dramatize human experience and individual characters” (Grambs,1925: 93).

A novel can be analyzed in several points of view. It can be analyzed from the moral,social and religious point of view. Moral has a close relationship with character, because moral is reflected by character. Character is the element of prose and moral actually is one of four levels of characterization.These four levels are; physical,social,psychological and moral. These levels help us to see the very basic description of characters.

Moral derives from the Latin ‘mos’ which means attitude and habits. This attitude based on the determination of right and wrong. Values means standard that used to define something and regarded as a conventional. In other word, moral values is standard of attitude that based on the determination of right and wrong which regarded by those who make the standart of moral.

In “To Kill A Mocking Bird” there are underestimate,slander and color skin prejudice. These moral values can defect social system and break human interaction which caused human’s social degradation.That is the main reason why I interested in analyzing this novel as my analysis.

Finally, I hope this analysis will give the knowledge about moral values that found in this novel because literary work especially novel can give moral values for the readers.

1.2 Statement Of Analysis

Underestimate,slander and prejudice are three negative attitudes. These three attitude can defect social system and break human interaction that caused social degradation. Thus, is social degradation related to moral values that result underestimate, slander and color skin prejudice?

1.3 Objective of analysis

The objective of this analysis stands for the object that is going to analyze based on the problem of analysis. The objective of this analyis is to find and analyze how these three attitudes caused social degradation as reflected in Harper Lee’s novel “To Kill A Mockingbird”...

1.4 Method of Analysis

Welleck and Austin Warren state that there are two approaches in analyzing literary works. They are intrinsic and extrinsic approach. Intrinsic approach is a kind of approach which analyze literary works based on the text and the structural points of literary works; characters,plot,setting,style,point of view, etc. Extrinsic approach is a kind of approach which analyze the relationship between the content and the other discipline of knowledge such as history, religion, psychology, biography,etc.

In this analysis, I use extrinsic approach. I also relate my analysis with the biography of Harper Lee as the writer of “To Kill a Mocking Bird” because in analyzing a novel, one should know the background of the writer of a novel to enrich the knowledge about the novel that analyzed.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

To analyse the moral values in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill A Mocking Bird, I consult various kind of Literary reading which are usefull to produce literary analysis. As the main resources of data and information I use the following books,those are:

1.Theory of Literature by Rene Welleck and Austeen Warren.

This book describes how literature as a social institution using language as its medium in creating social relationship and the novelist becomes the member of the society.

2.The elements of moral philosophy by James Rachels

This book tells about what is moral and how is moral is very important in human life, because moral is the main source of human in behavioring.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. General Concept of Moral

The word moral derives from Latin word, mores, the plural of mos. It means that are “manners, custom, conduct, and the way of life”.

According to Runes (1977:202) moral is sometimes used as equivalent to “ethics” more frequently it is used to designate the codes, conduct, and custom of individuals, or of groups, as when one speaks of the morals, of a person or of a people. Here it is equivalent to the Greek word ethos and the Latin mores. Ethics (also referred to as moral philosophy) is that study or discipline which concerns itself with judgments as to the rightness, or wrongness, goodness, or badness, virtue or vice desirability or wisdom of actions, dispositions, end, objects or states of affairs.

Angeles (1981:179) defined moral into some; they are :

1. Having to do with human activities that are looked upon as good or bad, right and wrong, correct and incorrect

2. Conforming to the accepted rules of what is considered right (virtuous, just, proper conduct).

3. Having a capacity to be directed by (influenced by) an awareness of right and wrong, and the capacity to direct (influence) others according to rules of conduct judged right or wrong.

According to Oxford Dictionary, (1982:657) moral is concerned with goodness or badness of characters or disposition, or with the distinction between right and wrong, dealing with regulation of conduct; concerned with rules of morality; virtuous in general conduct. Based on that definition, moral is a basic of human to distinguish among right and wrong intensions, thoughts or actions and to arrange of human conducts.

Based on Burhanuddin Salam (2000: 2-3) defined moral as:

“Moral mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan kesusilaan, memuat ajaran tentang baik buruknya perbuatan. Jadi, perbuatan itu dinilai sebagai perbuatan yang baik atau perbuatan yang buruk. Penilaian itu menyangkut perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja. Etika ialah suatu ilmu yang membicarakan masalah perbuatan atau tingkah laku manusia, mana yang dapat dinilai baik dan mana yang jahat”,

“Moral has the same meaning with ethics, which contains the lesson about the good and bad of our conduct. So, conduct is evaluated as the good conduct or the bad conduct. The evaluation concerns the action, which is done expressly. Ethics is science, which talks about of human action or behavior, which can be evaluated as good and bad conduct”.

A moral is the right to do. A person said moral if he/she is good in character or conduct, virtuous according to civilized standards of right and wrong. A person gets a moral from what they do, think, and say. Moral employs terms such as good and bad, right and wrong to express preferences, decisions and choices or to criticizes, grade, persuade, praise, blame, and encourage. In other word, moral norms are standards to decide whether human conduct is right or wrong and bad or good.

World Book Encyclopedia (2006:1349) stated that moral:

is good in character or conducts, such as:

1. virtuous according to civilized standards of right and wrong; right; just: a moral act, a moral man.

2. capable of understanding right and wrong 3. Having to do with character or with the difference between right and wrong

4. based on the principles of right conduct rather than on law custom.

5. teaching a good lesson; having a good influenced.

Moral has three principal meanings:

In its "descriptive" sense, moral refers objectively right or wrong, but only referring to what is considered right or wrong they are thought to cause benefit or harm, but it is possible that many moral beliefs are based on prejudice, ignorance or even hatred.

In its regardless of what people think. It could be defined as the conduct of the ideal "moral" person in a certain situation. This usage of the term is characterized by "definitive" statements such as "That act is immoral" rather than descriptive ones such as "Many believe that act is immoral."

Moral may also be defined as synonymous wit encompasses the above two meanings and others within a systematic philosophical study of the moral domain. Ethics seeks to address questions such as, how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation, how moral values should be determined, what morals people actually abide by, what the fundamental nature of ethics or morality is, including whether it has any objective justification, and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is.

Like moral, ethics also described goodness and badness of humans conduct. However, a distinction is sometimes made between morals and ethics.

According to Dictionary of Philosophy (1981), ethics derives from Greek, ethikos, from word ethos, that has some meanings: “usage,” “character, “custom,” “disposition,” and “manners”) which explain further as:

1. the analysis of concepts such as “ought,” “should,” “duty,” “moral rules,” “right,” “wrong,” “obligation,” “ responsibility,” etc.

2. the inquire into the nature of morality or moral acts. 3. the search for morally good life.

Based on Wikipedia, free encyclopedia; ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is a branch of philosophy, which seeks to address questions about moral; that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice, and virtue.

The distinction between moral and ethics is moral shows our action directly while ethics is a science. When this distinction is made, the term morals is taken to refer to generally accepted standards of right and wrong in a society and the term ethics is taken to refer to more abstract principles which might appear in a code of professional ethics or in a textbook in ethical theory. However, the terms moral philosophy or moral theory would refer to a set of abstract moral principles as appropriately as the term ethics, so it may be more practical to use the words interchangeably. Both of the terms refer to standards of right conduct and the judgments of particular actions as right or wrong by those standards. Moral define personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those moral are applied. In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs. This could be national ethics

A moral theory can be conveniently divided into three parts.

First, there is a moral standard, a criterion or test of what is right or wrong. It has the general form:

"Those actions are right that possess characteristic X."

Thus, those and only those actions are right that possess some characteristic X. We could fill in X by a phrase such as, "producing the greatest total amount of human well-being" or "equally respect the humanity of each person." Obviously these expressions need further definition. What do we mean

by human well-being? What do we mean by respect for the humanity of each person? These questions would have to be answered in an adequate moral theory.

Second, moral principles serve to categorize different types of actions as right or wrong. Moral principles have the following form:

"Those actions of type Y are right (or wrong)."

Such actions are right because they conform to the moral standard by possessing characteristic X or wrong because they fail to conform. Examples of moral principles would be, "Bribery is wrong" and "Killing innocent people is wrong." These practices might be wrong because they fail to promote human well-being or because they fail to respect the humanity of each person. In any case, they serve to show the implications of the moral standard for a broad class of actions.

Third, moral judgments are statements about the rightness or wrongness of particular actions. Moral judgments have the following form:

"Action Z is right (or wrong)."

Examples of moral judgments would be "someone should not have bribed the foreign official to buy his product" or "someone should not have agreed to work on the defense contract". Moral judgments apply moral standards or moral principles to specific situations. They are thus the ultimate goal of moral reasoning.

From distinguish between moral and ethic can be concluded that moral is a conduct, which has been determined by ethic. Conduct that has been determined by ethics concerned with good and bad and said as moral. Said good if the conduct, which is absolutely known by ethics as goodness, and said bad if the conduct, which is absolutely known by ethics as badness.

Moral is divided into two parts; they are personal moral and social moral. There is a fundamental difference between personal moral and social moral. Personal moral defines how we personally respond to life from or within our own integrity, and within our own personal values. Social moral defines how we respond to our environment, our immediate community and the world community. We are all personally guided by our own sense of what is right and wrong. Socially, we must be guided as well.

Moral also can be measured subjectively and objectively. Conscience gives subjective criterion, while norm give objective criterion. When Conscience wants implying something right, then norm will help to search a moral goodness. Human depends on morality, culture, custom, and religion to help them in point out someone’s conduct. Moral related to morality. Morality is politeness, everything that related with etiquette and politeness. Morality is guidance, which is had of individual or society concerning to what is wrong and right according to moral standard. Morality can source from tradition and custom, religion or ideology. Moral standard is a standard, which interrelated to a case that having serious consequence, based on good reasoning not power authority, more than

own interest, impartial and its breaches is associated withfeelings of guilt, shame, regret, etc.

In literature moral is a for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a morals can often be taken from the story itself; for instance, that "arrogance or overconfidence in one's abilities may lead to failure or the loss of an event, race, or contest". The use of story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enables the writer to generate a clear message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in writer may point it up in other ways (for example: the

2.2. Character

Before discussing characterization, we have to know something about the characters. Character is an important element in novel because without them story will not exist. Character is a person who acts in the story. Generally, characters are divided into two classes, namely the major character and minor character.

Dictionary of Literary Terms (1972:70) defines that:

Character is the aggregate of traits and features that form the nature of some person or animal. A person represented in a story, novel, play, etc.

Characters also refer to moral qualities and ethical standards and principles. In literature, character has several meanings notably that a person represented in a story, novel, play, etc. In 17th century England, a character was a formal; sketch or descriptive analysis of a particular virtue or vice as represented in a person, what is now more often called a character sketch.

E.M. Foster (1990) distinguishes two kinds of characters, those are:

1. Flat: a flat character is constructed round a single idea or quality; he is unchanging, static; at the end of the novel he I essentially what he has been throughout. His every response is predictable, the readers can anticipate exactly the character will react.

2. Round: quite the opposite is a character portrayed in the round. He is profoundly altered by his experiences. His responses take us by surprise. He does not embody a single idea or quality, but is much more complex.

Literary work usually portrays some different types of characters; the dimensions the characters assume and the roles they are given. Some types of characters are,

1. Stereotypes

A stereotype is a conventional character representing a particular group or class or occupation. Because the character is conventional, he acts according to set patterns. His appearance is familiar, his speech is predictable, and his actions are standardized. Stereotyping is a simplified way of looking at people representative of a group rather than as individuals.

Stereotypes often seem true experience, not because they are exact replicas of people who walk in the streets, but because people whom we meet show some of the same traits of talking, dressing, and acting associated with types. Unquestionably, stereotypes in literature have had their effect in social attitudes. Despite the serious social and personal implications of stereotyping, it persists in literature as a quick means of characterization. The typical senator, the typical servant-these are all characterization that may be used by writer for a purpose, perhaps for comedy or satire. Stereotypes may also be related to races and ethics group. As an example, it is often said that the Irish are people who easily get angry.

2. Stocks characters

Closely related to stereotypes are stock characters. Even though the word ‘stock’ has close association with drama, stock figures appear in other genres as well. They are figures who because of their customary associations with dramatic situations have become conventions.

Today we tend to identify the stock villain with the snarling, mousthached character of 19th century melodrama, but that figure is only an exaggerated portrayal of a long tradition. Among other stock figures, one could talk of traditional scapegoats and fallen women.

3. Allegorical and symbolical characters

Allegorical characters are usually not given human names; they represent human attitudes and emotions. Allegorical characters are not symbolical ones. Any character may be interpreted as symbolical when it appears that his actions and words seem to represent some thought, view, or quality. A symbolical figure is one whose accumulated actions lead the readers to see him as something more than his own person, to see him as the embodiment of redemptive power or hope.

4. Full-dimensional characters

Full dimensional characters in literary works are usually described at greater length and revealed in more detail-they are capable of greater individuation. No doubt, many people whom we encounter casually and see only as stereotypes- the waitress, the cab driver, the servant-would be interesting subjects for study, but, just as in life, literature does not permit us to know every character equally well. Leading characters of a literary work are drawn in full; others are only sketched in to fill out the scene. Though poetry ordinarily does not permit the same space for character development that fiction and drama do, it is still possible to describe the full dimensionality of its characters.

The very length of fiction and drama permit the possibility of presenting characters that grow and change over a period. A novelist like Charles dickens often accounted for the full lifespan of his characters, from birth to death.

Now let us see what the meaning of characterization is. Characterization is the author’s way of describing his characters in a literary work; or it is the author’s means of differentiating one character to another. Characters are closely related to the plot because character means actions, while actions from the plot of literary work.

Dictionary of Literary Terms (1972:71) defines that:

The creation of images of imaginary persons in drama, narrative poetry, the novel and the short story is called characterization. In effective narrative literature, fictional persons, through characterization, become so credible that they exist for the reader as real people.

Every reader is interested in people, or should be, because people are the most important single factor in individual lives. In fiction, a reader, primarily interested in individual concerned, has a natural tendency to identify with the ‘hero’ and to hate the ‘villain’ or to feel “for” “with” one individual or group and “against” another.

Writers uses any or all several basic means of characterization: a characters is revealed by (1) his actions, (2) his speech, (3) his thought, (4) his physical appearance, (5) what other characters say or think of him. Without

characterization no thesis, no plot, and no setting can developed genuine interest for a reader or cause him to care what happen, to whom, and why.

It is difficult to identify with a character that one does not know or understand. This is why characterization is important in fiction. Before a writer can make his reader sympathize with or oppose a character, that character must come alive. The reader wants to be able to visualize him-to see him act and hear him talk. Characterization, no mere by –product, is an essential part of plot. Character generates (causes) plot and plot result from, and is dependent upon, character.

An author may present his characters in two general ways, those are,

1. Directly, telling his readers the characters’ qualities.

2. Through actions, showing the characters’ deeds by which his characters may be revealed.

It has often been assumed that characters in a literary work can be judged from four levels characterization. These four levels of characterization are helpful for us to see the very basic description of characters. The four levels of characterization are:

1. Physical: physical level supplies such basic facts, as sex, age, and size. It is the simplest level of characterization because it reveals external traits only.

2. Social: A social level of characterization includes economic status, profession, religion, family and social relationships –all those factors that place a character in his environment.

3. Psychological: this level reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, likes and dislikes –the inner workings of the mind, both emotional and intellectual which lead to action. Since feeling, thought, and behavior define a character more fully than physical and social traits and since a literary work usually arises from desires in conflict, the psychological level is the most essential parts of characterization.

4. Moral: moral decisions more clearly differentiate characters than any other level of characterization. The choices by a character when he is faced with a moral crisis show whether he is selfish, a hypocrite, greedy, miserly, or he is the one who always acts according to his belief. A moral decision usually causes a character to examine his own motives and values, and in the process, his true nature is revealed both to himself and to the readers.

Reading a literary work, we often feel sympathy for a character; on the other hand, we may feel unsympathetic for another. A character’s honesty, boldness, or suffering may create a moving story that stirs our emotion and feeling. On the contrary, a character who is wicked, cruel, dishonest, etc, may give rise to our dislike. The ability of an author to describe his characters makes a reader feel that he is watching the reality of human life, and, consequently, the literary work becomes more interesting.

Millie and Yates (1982:228) say, “There are at least six methods by which an author can show characters”. They give an example of some ways that we may follow. The character describes in the example below has a strong will and won’t give up.

1. by what the person says:

“Give up? Don’t be silly. I haven’t even started yet!” 2. by what someone else says:

“Jenkins? A bulldog is a quieter compared to him”. 3. by his or action:

Wearily Marlene straightened her shoulders, took a deep breath, and tried again, as she had trying for hours, to make the figure balance. 4. by indicating his or her thoughts:

So they thought she would give up. What a laugh! She’d show them’ 5. by the way that other people treat him or her:

Here was a mission on which only a person who would never quit could succeed. The colonel’s glance went swiftly down the eager line standing before him. Then, “banter you’re the one,” he barked.

6. By the author’s direct words: Sophia was a person who never gave up.

Roberts and Jacobs use five ways to present characters:

1. Action. What characters do is our best way to understand what they are. For example, walking in the woods is creation for most people, and it shows little about their characters.

2.description, both personal and environmental. Appearance and environment reveal much about a character’s social and economic status, of course, but they also tell us more about character traits.

3.dramatic statements and thought.

4. statements by the other character

5. statement by the author speaking and storyteller or observer.

2.3. Novel

The word "novel" is derived from Italian word "novella" that used to describe a short, compact, broadly realistic tale popular during the medieval period. Until the seventeenth century ‘novel’, if it was used at all, meant a short story of the kind written and collected by Boccacio (1313-75) in his decameron. By about 1700 is had got something like its present meaning, which, as the shorter oxford dictionary tells us, is ‘a factious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity’. In other word a novel, as we understand it today, is a story longer, more realistic and more complicated than the Italian novella as written by Boccario and other writers of his time. The novel is now the most widely read all of kinds of literature, and the new form of such kind of prose was then called ‘novel’ (novel means ‘new’).

Taylor (1981:460 says Novel is a form of literary work. Novel is normally a prose work of quite some length and complexity, which attempts to reflect and express something of the quality or value of human experience or conduct. Therefore, novel creates by authors to represent their life experience that they put in written form.

The novel deals with a human character in a social situation, man as a social being. The novel places more emphasis on character, especially one well-rounded character, than on plot. Another initial major characteristic of the novel is realism--a full and authentic report of human life.

The novel can be considered a work of imagination that is grounded in reality. On the other hand, during the middle Ages a popular literary form was the romance, a type of tale that describes the adventures, both natural and supernatural, of such figures of legend as the Trojan heroes, Alexander the Great, and King Arthur and his knights. Thus, the modern novel is rooted in two traditions, the mimetic and the fantastic, or the realistic and the romantic.

There are certain elements, which every novel has, and these are:

Plot

This is what happens in the novel, it is the author's arrangement of the story. There can be a logical development of events with a careful linking of scenes or there can be a series of apparently unrelated scenes, which are not shown to be connected until the end of the novel - there should be a beginning, middle and an end.

Setting

The setting of a novel encompasses a number of different, but linked, elements:

• Time: day or night; summer or winter; the historical period (an actual date)

• Place: inside or outside; country or city; specific town and country; real or fictional

• Social: the minor characters who take little part in advancing the plot, but whose presence contributes to the realism of the novel

Characterization

Characters in a novel are the vehicles by which the author conveys to us his / her view of the world.

We learn about individual characters from their own words and actions; from what other characters say about them and the way others act towards them. Characters help to advance the plot and characters must grow and change in response to their experiences in the novel.

Theme

This is the central idea which runs through the novel; the author's purpose in writing. There may be a moral in the story - such as the need for social reform in many of Dickens' novels. It is the message that author wishes to convey or the lesson author wants the reader to learn. Theme is revealed through the values of characters when confronting obstacles and resolving conflict in pursuit of their goal. It can be considered the foundation and purpose of your novel. Without purpose, the story becomes trivial.

. The theme gives the story focus, unity, impact and a 'point'. The theme becomes clear by looking at what happens to the major characters. If the main character survives while others do not, it shows us that the author is rewarding his (or her) behavior.

Point of view

Point of view is who is telling the story. This can be done several ways. In first person, one character is speaking in the "I" voice. Second person, which uses "you," is the least common point of view. Third person, which can be handled in a variety of ways, is the most often used method. In third person limited, the narrator can only go inside the head of the character telling the story. This requires the character to be in every scene, which must be told through their eyes. Third person omniscient gives the author the most freedom. Using this, the author can have different point of view characters for different scenes.

Style and presentation.

This is the way the story is written.

There are four main ways a story can be presented (and countless combinations of these):

1 the central character tells the story in his / her own words 2 a non-central character tells the story

3 the author refers to all characters in the third person, but reveals only what can be seen, heard or thought by a central character

4 the author refers to each character in the third person and describes what most or all of the characters see, hear and think; the author can also describe events which do not concern any of the characters

The author can adopt:

1 a subjective point of view, which means he / she judges and interpretes the characters for the reader

2 or an objective view, in which the author presents events and allows the reader to make judgments

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Source of Data

The sources of data for this thesis are from the Harper Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird and some critical books have close relation with novel, which will be discussed later. In analyzing this novel, I would have picked out many books to be looked into other references and as guidance. The data is not fully copied, although there are some quotations.

3.2 Data Collecting

In collecting the data, I need some instrument for this thesis. The technique used by gathering all the data from the library or from internet and other supporting material relevant to the topic of the thesis as much as possible, then I begin to read the data carefully, to take down notes and composes it properly. The whole data, the quotation will be put in her thesis later on and find out the relation with the study. The right data is divided into parts to suit the parts of the study. All of the data are read carefully line by line to find out the relation with the study.

3.3 Data Analysis

By writing this thesis, I have combined the important data from many other sources, which have been collected and analyze them well. The kind of research is library research. I collect the data from various books and internet. In analysis of this thesis, i use qualitative descriptive method.

This method is a scientific procedure to get conclusion from particular thing to general idea based on the theory.. I use some steps in doing this analysis.

First, I read whole novel to get deep understanding about the novel, second, i select the important information about moral values in that novel.

Third, I quote the text and make the quotation as the data to support the analysis. Fourth, i would make interpretation base on the data that have been already taken before.

The last is I would make further analysis about moral values that found in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird.

CHAPTER IV

MORAL VALUES IN HARPER LEE’S NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKING BIRD

4.1 COLOR SKIN PREJUDICE

Color skin prejudice is one of theme of the novel. During the Depression era, blacks were still highly subjugated members of society. Blacks were not permitted to commingle with whites in public settings, as exemplified in the courthouse physical separation of races and in the clearly distinct black and white areas of town. Moreover, things like intermarriage were almost unheard of, and sorely looked down upon.

Throughout the novel, Scout explores the differences between black people and white people. She and Jem attend church with Calpurnia and Scout truly enjoys the experience. Afterwards, she asks Calpurnia if she might be able to visit her house sometime because she has never seen it. Calpurnia agrees, but the visit is never made, largely because Aunt Alexandra puts a stop to it. Jem, Scout and Dill also sit with the black citizens of the town in the balcony of the court house to observe the trial. In addition, Scout and Dill have a lengthy conversation with Mr. Raymond, a white man who married a black woman and has mixed children. Mr. Raymond reveals that he pretends to be an alcoholic by carrying around a paper bag with a bottle of Coca-Cola inside in order to let the town excuse his choice to marry a black woman.

Tom Robinson is convicted purely because he is a black man and his accuser is white. The evidence is so powerfully in his favor, that race is clearly the

single defining factor in the jury's decision. Atticus fights against color skin prejudice, and a few other townspeople are on his side, including Miss Maudie and Judge Taylor. Jem and Scout also believe in color skin prejudice, but they are obviously in the minority. When Atticus wins the trial, he tries to make his children understand that although he lost, he did help move along the cause of ending color skin prejudice as evidenced by the jury's lengthy deliberation period. Usually, such a trial would be decided immediately.

Scout unpleasant first day of school offers a further introduction to Maycomb’s tortured social ladder. It provides sharp color skin prejudice as one theme of the novel. In her interaction with Miss Caroline, Scout is victimized by her teacher’s inexperience about Maycomb’s social life. It can be seen from quote below:

Walter Cunningham’s face told everybody in the first grade he had hookworms. His absence of shoes told us how he got them. People caught hookworms going barefooted in barnyards and hog wallows. If Walter had owned any shoes he would have worn them the first day of school and then discarded them until mid-winter. He did have one clean shirt and neatly mended overalls. (Lee, 1960:19)

The law and method of teaching are shown to be irrational. Burris Ewell can keep the law happy by coming to school only a day a year in quote below:

One of the elderly members of the class answered her: ”He’s one of the Ewells, ma’am,” and I wondered if this explanation would be as unsuccessful as my attempt. But miss Caroline seemed willing to listen. “Whole school’s full of ’em. They come first day every year and then leave. The truant lady gets ‘em here’ cause she threatens ‘em with the sheriff, but she’s give up trying to hold ‘em. She reckons she’s carried out the law just getting’ their names on the roll and runnin’ ‘em here the first day. You’re supposed to mark ‘em absent the rest of the year…” (p.27)

Color skin prejudice in Maycomb also appeared when Scout asks Atticus about his interest in depending Tom Robinson,a black man accused raping white woman; because her friends insult Atticus depends a black man in quote below:

But I was worrying another bone. ”Do all lawyers depended niggers?

“of course they do, scout” He made it sound like you were runnin a still.” Atticus sighed. “I’m simply defending a negro-his name’s Tom Robinson. He lives in that little settlement beyond the town dump. He’s a member of Calpurnia’s church, and Cal knows his family well. She says they’re clean-living folks. Scout, you aren’t old enough to understand some things yet, but there’s been some high talk around town to the effect I shouldn’t do much about depending this man. It’s a peculiar case it won’t come to trial until summer session..” (p.75).

Not only Scout’s friend who insult her about Atticus defending Tom Robinson, but also Francis do that. It can be proved by quotation below:

“ If uncle Atticus let you run around with stray dogs, that’s his on business, like grandma says, so it ain’t your fault. I guess it ain’t your fault if uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I’m here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family...”

“Francis, what the hell do you mean?”

“just what I said. Grandma says it’s bad enough he lets you all run wild, but now He’s ruinin’ the family, that’s what he’s doin’ “. Francis rose and sprinted down the catwalk the old kitchen. At a safe distance he called, “He’s nothin’ but a nigger-lover!” (Lee, 1960:83)

Color skin prejudice also shown in court when black people wait the white people to go upstairs, it shows color skin prejudice in Maycomb’s society that black people and white people in difference, as looked at the condition of the society in Maycomb Country. It can be proved in quotation below:

This was news, news that put a different light on things: Atticus had to, whether he wanted to or not. I thought it odd that he hadn’t said anything to us about it— we could have used it many times in defending him and ourselves. He had to, that’s why he was doing it, equaled fewer fights and less fussing. But did that explain the town’s attitude? The court appointed Atticus to defend him. Atticus aimed to defend him. That’s what they didn’t like about it. It was confusing.

The Negroes, having waited for the white people to go upstairs, began to come I “Whoa now, just a minute,”

(Lee, 1960:163)

Tom Robinson see that he will be carried to a court by Mr. Ewell to be a victim of color skin prejudice. It can be proved bt quotation below :

“If you had a clear conscience, why were you scared?”

“Like I says before, it weren’t safe for any nigger to be in a—fix like that.” “But you weren’t in a fix—you testified that you were resisting

Miss Ewell. Were you so scared that she’d hurt you, you ran, a big buck like you?”

“No suh, I’s scared I’d be in court, just like I am now.” “Scared of arrest, scared you’d have to face up to what you did?” “No suh, scared I’d hafta face up to what I didn’t do.”

“Are you being

impudent to me, boy?” “No suh, I didn’t go to be.”

Scout also see how color skin prejudice appear in court, and make a different to a nigger.

it can be proved by quotation below :

“He didn’t act that way when—” “Dill, those were his own witnesses.”

“Well, Mr. Finch didn’t act that way to Mayella and old man Ewell when he cross- examined them. The way that man called him ‘boy’ all the time an‘ sneered at

him, an’ looked around at the jury every time he answered—” “Well, Dill, after all he’s just a Negro.”

“I don’t care one speck. It ain’t right, somehow it ain’t right to do ‘em that way. Hasn’t anybody got any business talkin’ like that—it just makes me sick.”

“That’s just Mr. Gilmer’s way, Dill, he does ‘em all that way. You’ve never seen him get good’n down on one yet. Why, when—well, today Mr. Gilmer seemed to me like he wasn’t half trying. They do ’em all that way, most lawyers, I mean.”

“Mr. Finch doesn’t.”

“He’s not an example, Dill, he’s—” I was trying to grope in my memory for a sharp phrase of Miss Maudie Atkinson’s. I had it: “He’s the same in the courtroom as he is on the public streets.” (p.199)

Color Skin Prejudice also clearly shown in court when Tom Robinson, as a black man supposed as immoral and liar.

It can be prove in quotation below:

“Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson’s skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women—black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire.” (p.205)

Color skin is not a a right way to judge someone else,because every man are created equal and have the same position in this world. It can be proved by this quote :

“One more thing, gentlemen, before I quit. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the Yankees and the distaff side of the Executive branch in Washington are fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use this phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. The most ridiculous example I can think of is that the people who run public education promote the stupid and idle along with the industrious—because all men are created equal, educators will gravely tell you, the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of inferiority. We know all men are not created equal in the sense some people would have us believe—some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they’re born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others—some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of most men. (p.205)

Color skin prejudice makes the people of Maycomb hate one each other and also role the class status that break human interaction. Color skin prejudice in Maycomb are prepared to result cruel and hates.

It can be proved from this quotation:

“What about the Chinese, and the Cajuns down yonder in Baldwin County?” “I mean in Maycomb County. The thing about it is, our kind of folks don’t like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams don’t like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks.” (p.227)

4.2 Underestimate

In the novel Kill To A Mockingbird there are many moral values to be learned, most importantly don't underestimate others abilities and stand up for what you believe is right. These moral values can be found throughout the book as the main characters learn them. Through the course of the trial, Atticus, Jem, Scout, Boo, Tom, and Dill learn the importance of these moral values.

One of the main moral in to kill a mockingbird is underestimate. It can destroy human’s sympathy and understanding that result misunderstanding and ignorant. Atticus tells scout should always try to put herself in someone else’s point of view before judges them. It can be prove from this quotation:

“First of all,” he said, “if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view-”

for one thing, but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes we’d have seen it was an honest mistake on her part. We could not expect her to learn all Maycomb’s ways in one day, and we could not hold her responsible when she knew no better.(Lee, 1960:30)

Underestimate also effects Jem and Scout’s judgment to another person, they judge Boo Radley with expectation that he is a superstitions person, and make them want to take another person business. It can be proved from quotation below:

“Son,” he said to Jem, “I’m going to tell you something and tell you one time: stop tormenting that man. That goes for the other two of you.”

What Mr. Radley did was his own business. If he wanted to come out, he would. If he wanted to stay inside his own house he had the right to stay inside free from the attentions of inquisitive children, which was a mild term for the likes of us. How would we like it if Atticus barged in on us without knocking, when we were in our rooms at night? We were, in effect, doing the same thing to Mr. Radley. What Mr. Radley did might seem peculiar to us, but it did not seem peculiar to him. Furthermore, had it never occurred to us that the civil way to communicate with another being was by the front door instead of a side window? Lastly, we were to stay away from that house until we were invited there, we were not to play an asinine game he had seen us playing or make fun of anybody on this street or in this town- (p.49)

The adversity faced by the family reveals Atticus’ parenting style, his focus on instilling moral values in Jem and Scout. He tells his children to avoid getting in fights and not no underestimate another person, because it deals to kill a mockingbird, because it is a sin to kill a mockingbird.

When he gave us our air-rifles Atticus wouldn’t teach us to shoot. Uncle Jack instructed us in the rudiments thereof; he said Atticus wasn’t interested in guns. Atticus said to Jem one day, “I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know you’ll go after birds. Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit ‘em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”

That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to do something, and I asked Miss Maudie about it.

“Your father’s right,” she said. “Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.” (p. 91)

“Why, I run for Tate quick as I could. I knowed who it was, all right, lived down yonder in that nigger-nest, passed the house every day. Jedge, I’ve asked this county for fifteen years to clean out that nest down yonder, they’re dangerous to live around ‘sides devaluin’ my property—”

“Thank you, Mr. Ewell,” said Mr. Gilmer hurriedly.(p.175) A man is equal to another eventhough he is a colored man. It can be proved by quotation below :

He jerked his head at Dill: “Things haven’t caught up with that one’s instinct yet. Let him get a little older and he won’t get sick and cry. Maybe things’ll strike him as being—not quite right, say, but he won’t cry, not when he gets a few years on him.”

“Cry about what, Mr. Raymond?” Dill’s maleness was beginning to assert itself. “Cry about the simple hell people give other people—without even thinking. Cry about the hell white people give colored folks, without even stopping to think that they’re people, too.”

“Atticus says cheatin‘ a colored man is ten times worse than cheatin’ a white man,” I muttered. “Says it’s the worst thing you can do.” (p.201)

When Jem stops scout to mash roly-poly, it means that Jem demonstrates a desire to protect anything that does no harm, and it is a sinful to take advantage or destroy something weaker than one’s self just as it is a sin to kill a mockingbird that represented by Tom’s suffer and death. It can be prove from the quotation below:

Jem was scowling. It was probably a part of the stage he was going through, and I wished he would hurry up and get through it. He was certainly never cruel to animals, but I had never known his charity to embrace the insect world.

“Why couldn’t I mash him?” I asked.

“Because they don’t bother you,” Jem answered in the darkness. He had turned out his reading light.

“Reckon you’re at the stage now where you don’t kill flies and mosquitoes now, I reckon,” I said. “Lemme know when you change your mind. Tell you one thing, though, I ain’t gonna sit around and not scratch a redbug.”

Under estimate was told by Atticus in the court. Atticus says that all man are created equal, there is no man more powerful than others, especially in law; so it is not good to under estimate someone else.

“But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal—there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. Our courts have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal.(p.205)

It is not right that some people who smarter than others, some people who have more opportunity because they’re born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others make different than other because everyone is created equal and we should not underestimate someone else.

4.3 Slender

Slender is strong word that is very hard to run from this novel. It was resulted by color skin prejudice and underestimate. Slender is expressed in to kill a mocking bird in certain forms such as diversity and inferior attitude that anyone can be the victim of slender.

In this novel, slender shown when Mr. Ewell suspect Tom Robinson rutting on his daughter, Mayella. Rutting is a beast’s attitude. From this statement Tom Robinson was similar with beast. It can be proved by quotation below:

Mr. Ewell looked confusedly at the judge. “Well, Mayella was raisin‘ this holy racket so I dropped m’load and run as fast as I could but I run into th’ fence, but when I got distangled I run up to th‘ window and I seen—” Mr. Ewell’s face grew scarlet. He stood up and pointed his finger at Tom Robinson. “—I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin’ on my Mayella!” (p.173)

Mr.Ewell who is left-handed suspects Tom Robinson raping a white woman. It can be proved from quotation below:

“You’re left-handed, Mr. Ewell,” said Judge Taylor. Mr. Ewell turned angrily to the judge and said he didn’t see what his being left-handed had to do with it, that he was a Christ-fearing man and Atticus Finch was taking advantage of him. Tricking lawyers like Atticus Finch took advantage of him all the time with their tricking ways. He had told them what happened, he’d say it again and again— which he did. Nothing Atticus asked him after that shook his story, that he’d looked through the window, then ran the nigger off, then ran for the sheriff. Atticus finally dismissed him. (p.177)

Tom Robinson is a victim of slender. Mayella tells the people in court that Tom Robinson hit her again and again before take advantage of her.

“I said come here, nigger, and bust up this chiffarobe for me, I gotta nickel for you. He coulda done it easy enough, he could. So he come in the yard an‘ I went in the house to get him the nickel and I turned around an ’fore I knew it he was on me. Just run up behind me, he did. He got me round the neck, cussin‘ me an’ sayin‘ dirt—I fought’n’hollered, but he had me round the neck. He hit me agin an‘ agin—”

Mr. Gilmer waited for Mayella to collect herself: she had twisted her handkerchief into a sweaty rope; when she opened it to wipe her face it was a mass of creases from her hot hands. She waited for Mr. Gilmer to ask another question, but when he didn’t, she said, “-he chunked me on the floor an‘ choked me’n took advantage of me.” (p.181)

Atticus, the lawyer who defends Tom Robinson proved that Mr. Ewell and Mayella told a lie and suspect Tom. The people be able to know that Tom Robinson is a victim of slender by Atticus’ words. It can be proved by the quotation below:

Atticus turned to the defendant. “Tom, stand up. Let Miss Mayella have a good long look at you. Is this the man, Miss Mayella?”

Tom Robinson’s powerful shoulders rippled under his thin shirt. He rose to his feet and stood with his right hand on the back of his chair. He looked oddly off balance, but it was not from the way he was standing. His left arm was fully twelve inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. It ended in a small shriveled hand, and from as far away as the balcony I could see that it was no use to him.(p.185)

Atticus also tries to ask Mayella to tell the truth about what was happened in the day when Mayella ordered Tom Robinson to help her in order to make people know what is the real fact. It can be proved by the quotation below:

Atticus raised his head. “Do you want to tell us what happened?”

But she did not hear the compassion in his invitation. “I got somethin‘ to say an’ then I ain’t gonna say no more. That nigger yonder took advantage of me an‘ if you fine fancy gentlemen don’t wanta do nothin’ about it then you’re all yellow stinkin‘ cowards, stinkin’ cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs don’t come to nothin‘—your ma’amin’ and Miss Mayellerin‘ don’t come to nothin’, Mr. Finch—”

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

To Kill A Mockingbird is a novel that much explores about moral. Moral is concerned with goodness or badness of characters, or a basic of human to distinguish among right and wrong intensions, thoughts or actions and to arrange of human conducts. In literature moral is a

In To Kill A Mockingbird ,Lee explores the morality about Color skin prejudice, underestimate and slander that changes human’s social status and destroy human’s interaction. From the novel, I found some goodness that can be learnt, such as sympathy, understanding and love each other.

Color skin prejudice is a negative attitude that makes a person judge another based on the color of skin without knowing her or his good attitude as a human beings. Color Skin prejudice usually makes a person cannot see the equality that given to him since he was born. In this novel, people make a social class based on their color skin. Moreover, a black man was suffered and dead just because of color skin prejudice. A person who is a victim of color skin prejudice will be so suffer an disappointed. Color skin prejudice is a negative attitude that caused insulting and discriminating to other. Therefore, Color skin prejudice is a negative attitude that should be avoid by people around the world.

Underestimate is also a negative attitude that should be avoid. Underestimate that shown by some characters in this novel makes a person judge another people cruelly and lead it to a wrong judgment. This wrong judgment result irrational judgment among one person to other.

Slender is another negative attitude that found in this novel. Slender causes a person suffer and get his unpleasing situation because he accused of raping a woman. The people can not see the real fact because of slender that arranged by other person to a weaker person. Slender reflects the novel’s preoccupation with injustices inflicted upon innocents. In this unpleasant situation, a black person who was killed by slender be the represent of novel’s tittle to kill a mocking bird. In other ways, Tom Robinson as a black person character is a mockingbird itself.

5.2. Suggestion

This novel is very interested to read and to be analyzed. After analyzing the novel, the writer wants to give suggestion. In ‘To kill A Mockingbird’ I can find moral values that can be learnt as moral values such as color skin prejudice, underestimate, and slender that make To kill a mockingbird is a novel that full of moral values. To Kill A Mockingbird is a large describing of great sweetness, humor and compassion that can be read by the reader.

Every mistake that I have made in this analysis are my responsibilities. This analysis is still far from being perfect so I expect every suggestion and critic that is good for the improvement of this analysis.

Finally, I hope the reader would analyze other aspects of this novel and get interesting findings or topic that can be explore or being analyzed to be theses from this novel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abel, Darrel. 1963. American Literature. Volume 3. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

Angeles, Peter A.1981. Dictionary of philosophy. US of America: A division of Harper & Row, New York.

Beckson, Karl and Arthur Ganz. 1960. Literary Terms. A Dictionary, 3rd Edition. Ahad Enterprise 2609, Baradari, Ballimaran. Delhi.

French, Warren et al.2000. Reference Guide to American Literature. St. James Press.

Gramb, David. 1989. Literary Companion Dictionary. Hartnoll Print Ltd.

Horton, Rod W, Edward, Herbert W. 1974. Background of American Literary Thought. London: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Lee, Harper. 1960. To Kill A Mockinbird. New York : Warner Books, Inc.

Mulyadi. 2003. Dasar- Dasar Penulisan Ilmiah: Bahan Ajar. Medan.

Rachels, James. 1998. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, 4th Edition : McGraw

Hill. New York.

Roberts, Edgar V and Jacobs, Henry E. 1995. Literature an introduction to reading and writing. New Jersey. Upper Saddle River.

Runes, Dagobert D. 1963. Treasure of World Philosophy. Paterson, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co.

Salam, Burhanuddin. 2000. Pola Dasar Filafat Moral : Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1967. Theory of Literature. New York : Penguin Book.

APPENDICES Summary of the Novel

the main character, a little girl named Jean Louise "Scout" Finch. Her father lawyer with high moral standards. Scout, her brother Jem, and their friend Dill are intrigued by the local rumors about a man name leaves his house. Legend has it that he once stabbed his father in the leg with a pair of scissors, and he is made out to be a kind of monster. Dill is from Mississippi but spends his summer in Maycomb at a house near the Finch's.

The children are curious to know more about Boo, and during one summer create a mini-drama they enact daily, which tells the events of his life as they know them. Slowly, the children begin moving closer to the Radley house, which is said to be haunted. They try leaving notes for Boo on his windowsill with a fishing pole, but are caught by Atticus, who firmly reprimands them for making fun of a sad man's life. Next, the children try sneaking over to the house at night and looking through its windows. Boo's brother, Nathan Radley, who lives in the house, thinks he hears a prowler and fires his gun. The children run away, but Jem loses his pants in a fence. When he returns in the middle of the night to get them back, they have been neatly folded and the tear from the fence roughly sewn up.

Other mysterious things happen to the Finch children. A certain tree near the Radley house has a hole in which little presents are often left for them, such as pennies, chewing gum, and soap carved figures of a little boy and girl who bear a striking resemblance to Scout and Jem. The children don't know where these gifts are coming from, and when they go to leave a note for

the mystery giver, they find that Boo's brother has plugged up the hole with cement. The next winter brings unexpected cold and snow, and Miss Maudie's house catches on fire. While Jem and Scout, shivering, watch the blaze from near the Radley house, someone puts a blanket around Scout without her realizing it. Not until she returns home and Atticus asks her where the blanket came from does she realize that Boo Radley must have put it around her while she was entranced by watching Miss Maudie, her favorite neighbor, and her burning house.

Atticus decides to take on a case involving a black man named been accused of raping a very poor white girl name Ewell family, who belong to the layer of Maycomb society that people refer to as "trash." The Finch family faces harsh criticism in the heavily racist Maycomb because of Atticus's decision to defend Tom. But, Atticus insists on going through with the case because his conscience could not let him do otherwise. He knows Tom is innocent, and also that he has almost no chance at being acquitted, because the white jury will never believe a black man over a white woman. Despite this, Atticus wants to reveal the truth to his fellow townspeople, expose their bigotry, and encourage them to imagine the possibility of racial equality.

Because Atticus is defending a black man, Scout and Jem find themselves whispered at and taunted, and have trouble keeping their tempers. At a family Christmas gathering, Scout beats up her cloying relative being a "nigger-lover". Jem cuts off the tops of an old neighbor's flower bushes after she derides Atticus, and as punishment, has to read out loud to her every day. Jem does not realize until after she dies that he is helping her break her morphine addiction. When revealing this to Jem and

Scout, Atticus holds this old woman up as an example of true courage: the will to keep fighting even when you know you can't win.

The time for the trial draws closer, and Atticus's sister Alexandra comes to stay with the family. She is proper and old-fashioned and wants to shape Scout into the model of the Southern feminine ideal, much to Scout's resentment. Dill runs away from his home, where his mother and new father don't seem interested in him, and stays in Maycomb for the summer of Tom's trial. The night before the trial, Tom is moved into the county jail, and Atticus, fearing a possible lynching, stands guard outside the jail door all night. Jem is concerned about him, and the three children sneak into town to find him. A group of men arrive ready to cause some violence to Tom, and threaten Atticus in the process. At first Jem, Scout and Dill stand aside, but when she senses true danger, Scout runs out and begins to speak to one of the men, the father of one of her classmates in school. Her innocence brings the crowd out of their mob mentality, and they leave.

The trial pits the evidence of the white Ewell family against Tom's evidence. According to the Ewells, Mayella asked Tom to do some work for her while her father was out, and Tom came into their house and forcibly beat and raped Mayella until her father appeared and scared him away. Tom's version is that Mayella invited him inside, then threw her arms around him and began to kiss him. Tom tried to push her away. Whe beat her, while Tom ran away in fright. According to the sheriff's testimony, Mayella's bruises were on the right side of her face, which means she was most likely punched with a left hand. Tom Robinson's left arm is useless due to an old accident, whereas Mr. Ewell leads with his left. Given the evidence of reasonable doubt, Tom should go free, but after hours of deliberation, the jury pronounces him guilty. Scout, Jem and Dill sneak into the courthouse to see the trial and sit

in the balcony with Maycomb's black population. They are stunned at the verdict because to them, the evidence was so clearly in Tom's favor.

Though the verdict is unfortunate, Atticus feels some satisfaction that the jury took so long deciding. Usually, the decision would be made in minutes, because a black man's word would not be trusted. Atticus is hoping for an appeal, but unfortunately Tom tries to escape from his prison and is shot to death in the process. Jem has trouble handling the results of the trial, feeling that his trust in the goodness and rationality of humanity has been betrayed.

Meanwhile, Mr. Ewell threatens Atticus and other people connected with the trial because he feels he was humiliated. He gets his revenge one night while Jem and Scout are walking home from the Halloween play at their school. He follows them home in the dark, then runs at them and attempts to kill them with a large kitchen knife. Jem breaks his arm, and Scout, who is wearing a confining ham shaped wire costume and cannot see what is going on, is helpless throughout the attack. The elusive Boo Radley stabs Mr. Ewell and saves the children. Finally, Scout has a chance to meet the shy and nervous Boo. At the end of this fateful night, the sheriff declares that Mr. Ewell fell on his own knife so Boo, the hero of the situation, won't have to be tried for murder. Scout walks Boo home and imagines how he has viewed the town and observed her, Jem and Dill over the years from inside his home. Boo goes inside, closes the door, and she never sees him again.

Biography of the Author

Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama. Lee Harper is best known for writing the Pulitzer Prize-winning best-seller To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)—her one and only novel. The youngest of four children, she grew up as a tomboy in a small town. Her father was a lawyer, a member of the Alabama state legislature, and also owned part of the local newspaper. For most of Lee’s life, her mother suffered from mental illness, rarely leaving the house. It is believed that she may have had bipolar disorder.

One of her closest childhood friends was another writer-to-be, Truman Capote (then known as Truman Persons). Tougher than many of the boys, Lee often stepped up to serve as Truman’s protector. Truman, who shared few interests with boys his age, was picked on for being a sissy and for the fancy clothes he wore. While the two friends were very different, they both shared in having difficult home lives. Truman was living with his mother’s relatives in town after largely being abandoned by his own parents.

In high school, Lee developed an interest in English literature. After graduating in 1944, she went to the all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery. Lee stood apart from the other students—she could have cared less about fashion, makeup, or dating. Instead, she focused on her studies and on her writing. Lee was a member of the literary honor society and the glee club.

Transferring to the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Lee was known for being a loner and an individualist. She did make a greater attempt at a social life there, joining a sorority for a while. Pursuing her interest in writing, Lee contributed to the school’s newspaper and its

humor magazine, the Rammer Jammer. She eventually became the editor of the Rammer Jammer.

In her junior year, Lee was accepted into the university’s law school, which allowed students to work on law degrees while still undergraduates. The demands of her law studies forced her to leave her post as editor of the Rammer Jammer. After her first year in the law program, Lee began expressing to her family that writing—not the law—was her true calling. She went to Oxford University in England that summer as an exchange student. Returning to her law studies that fall, Lee dropped out after the first semester. She soon moved to New York City to follow her dreams to become a writer.

In 1949, a 23-year-old Lee arrived in New York City. She struggled for several years, working as a ticket agent for Eastern Airlines and for the British Overseas Air Corp (BOAC). While in the city, Lee was reunited with old friend Truman Capote, one of the literary rising stars of the time. She also befriended Broadway composer and lyricist Michael Martin Brown and his wife Joy.

In 1956, the Browns gave Lee an impressive Christmas present—to support her for a year so that she could write full time. She quit her job and devoted herself to her craft. The Browns also helped her find an agent, Maurice Crain. He, in turn, was able to get the publishing firm interested in her first novel, which was first titled Go Set a Watchman, then Atticus, and later To Kill a Mockingbird. Working with editor Tay Hohoff, Lee finished the manuscript in 1959.

Later that year, Lee joined forces with old friend Truman Capote to assist him with an article he was writing for The New Yorker. Capote was writing about the impact of the murder of

four members of the Clutter family on their small Kansas farming community. The two traveled to Kansas to interview townspeople, friends and family of the deceased, and the investigators working to solve the crime. Serving as his research assistant, Lee helped with the interviews, eventually winning over some of the locals with her easy-going, unpretentious manner. Truman, with his flamboyant personality and style, also had a hard time initially getting himself into his subjects’ good graces.

During their time in Kansas, the Cutters’s suspected killers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, were caught in Las Vegas and brought back for questioning. Lee and Capote got a chance to interview the suspects not long after their arraignment in January 1960. Soon after, Lee and Capote returned to New York. She worked on the galleys for her forthcoming first novel while he started working on his article, which would evolve into the nonfiction masterpiece, In Cold Blood. The pair returned to Kansas in March for the murder trial. Later that spring, Lee gave Capote all of her notes on the crime, the victims, and the killers,

Soon Lee was engrossed her literary success story. In July 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird was published and picked up by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Literary Guild. A condensed version of the story appeared in Reader’s Digest magazine. The work’s central character, a young girl nicknamed Scout, was not unlike Lee in her youth. In one of the book’s major plotlines, Scout and her brother Jem and their friend Dill explore their fascination with a mysterious and somewhat infamous neighborhood character named Boo Radley. But the work was more than a coming-of-age story, however. Another part of the novel reflected racial prejudices in the South. Their attorney father, Atticus Finch, tries to help a black man who has

been charged with raping a white woman to get a fair trial and to prevent him from being lynched by angry whites in a small town.

The following year, To Kill a Mockingbird won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize and several other literary awards. Horton Foote wrote a screenplay based on the book and used the same title for the 1962 film adaptation. Lee visited the set during filming and did a lot of interviews to support the film. Earning eight Academy Award nominations, the movie version of To Kill a Mockingbird won four awards, including Best Actor for Gregory Peck’s portrayal of Atticus Finch. The character of Atticus is said to have been based on Lee’s father.

By the mid-1960s, Lee was reportedly working on a second novel, but it was never published. Continuing to help Capote, Lee worked with him on and off on In Cold Blood. She had been invited by Smith and Hickock to witness their execution in 1965, but she declined. When Capote’s book was finally published in 1966, a rift developed between the two friends and collaborators. Capote dedicated to the book to Lee and his longtime lover Jack Dunphy, but he failed to acknowledge her contributions to the work. While Lee was very angry and hurt by this betrayal, she remained friends with Truman for the rest of his life.

That same year, Lee had an operation on her hand to repair damage done by a bad burn. She also accepted a post on the National Council of the Arts at the request of President Lyndon B. Johnson. During the 1970s and 1980s, Lee largely retreated from public life.

She spent some of her time on a nonfiction book project about an Alabama serial killer, which had the working title The Reverend. But the work was never published.

Lee continues to live a quiet, private life in New York City and Monroeville. Active in her church and community, she usually avoids anything to do with her still popular novel.

Character List

Scout (Jean Louise Finch)

The narrator and main character who begins her story at almost six years old. A rebellious tomboy, Scout has a fierce disposition toward any who challenge her, but at heart she believes in the goodness of people. Scout reacts to the terrible events of the book without losing hope in humanity.

Jem (Jeremy Finch)

Scout's older brother, who is nearly ten at the beginning of the story. Jem is quieter and more reserved than his sister, and has very high standards and expectations for people. When these expectations are not met, Jem has a difficult time resolving his feelings.

Dill (Charles Baker Harris)

A friend of the Finch children, who is a little older than Scout, quite short for his age, has an active imagination, and exhibits a strong sense of adventure. He initiates the first expeditions toward the Radley house, and is Scout's best friend. His family life is less than ideal, and he tends to resort to escapism when confronted with difficult situations. Dill spends summers with his aunt, who lives next door to the Finch family.

Atticus Finch

The father of Scout and Jem, Atticus is a lawyer and an extremely morally upright man who strives to deal with everyone fairly. Atticus is sometimes overly optimistic, but his unshakable hope in mankind and self-created role as the town 'do-gooder' sustain him. Atticus' wife died when Scout was very small, and he has raised his children only with the assistance of Calpurnia, his black housekeeper and cook.

Boo Radley

A recluse who never emerges from his house. As a young boy, he was in trouble with the police, and his strictly religious and reclusive parents have kept him indoors ever since. A prisoner in his home, he stabbed his father with scissors once, and no one has seen him since. The town has developed a myth that he is an insane monster who wanders around at night peering into people's windows. Throughout the book, he lives with his brother, who is highly controlling.

been charged with raping a white woman to get a fair trial and to prevent him from being lynched by angry whites in a small town.

The following year, To Kill a Mockingbird won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize and several other literary awards. Horton Foote wrote a screenplay based on the book and used the same title for the 1962 film adaptation. Lee visited the set during filming and did a lot of interviews to support the film. Earning eight Academy Award nominations, the movie version of To Kill a Mockingbird won four awards, including Best Actor for Gregory Peck’s portrayal of Atticus Finch. The character of Atticus is said to have been based on Lee’s father.

By the mid-1960s, Lee was reportedly working on a second novel, but it was never published. Continuing to help Capote, Lee worked with him on and off on In Cold Blood. She had been invited by Smith and Hickock to witness their execution in 1965, but she declined. When Capote’s book was finally published in 1966, a rift developed between the two friends and collaborators. Capote dedicated to the book to Lee and his longtime lover Jack Dunphy, but he failed to acknowledge her contributions to the work. While Lee was very angry and hurt by this betrayal, she remained friends with Truman for the rest of his life.

That same year, Lee had an operation on her hand to repair damage done by a bad burn. She also accepted a post on the National Council of the Arts at the request of President Lyndon B. Johnson. During the 1970s and 1980s, Lee largely retreated from public life.

She spent some of her time on a nonfiction book project about an Alabama serial killer, which had the working title The Reverend. But the work was never published.

Lee continues to live a quiet, private life in New York City and Monroeville. Active in her church and community, she usually avoids anything to do with her still popular novel.

Character List

Scout (Jean Louise Finch)

The narrator and main character who begins her story at almost six years old. A rebellious tomboy, Scout has a fierce disposition toward any who challenge her, but at heart she believes in the goodness of people. Scout reacts to the terrible events of the book without losing hope in humanity.

Jem (Jeremy Finch)

Scout's older brother, who is nearly ten at the beginning of the story. Jem is quieter and more reserved than his sister, and has very high standards and expectations for people. When these expectations are not met, Jem has a difficult time resolving his feelings.

Dill (Charles Baker Harris)

A friend of the Finch children, who is a little older than Scout, quite short for his age, has an active imagination, and exhibits a strong sense of adventure. He initiates the first expeditions toward the Radley house, and is Scout's best friend. His family life is less than ideal, and he tends to resort to escapism when confronted with difficult situations. Dill spends summers with his aunt, who lives next door to the Finch family.

Atticus Finch

The father of Scout and Jem, Atticus is a lawyer and an extremely morally upright man who strives to deal with everyone fairly. Atticus is sometimes overly optimistic, but his unshakable hope in mankind and self-created role as the town 'do-gooder' sustain him. Atticus' wife died when Scout was very small, and he has raised his children only with the assistance of Calpurnia, his black housekeeper and cook.

Boo Radley

A recluse who never emerges from his house. As a young boy, he was in trouble with the police, and his strictly religious and reclusive parents have kept him indoors ever since. A prisoner in his home, he stabbed his father with scissors once, and no one has seen him since. The town has developed a myth that he is an insane monster who wanders around at night peering into people's windows. Throughout the book, he lives with his brother, who is highly controlling.

Tom Robinson

A black man who stands falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Atticus agrees to take his case, even though he knows it is probably hopeless, if only to show the white community its own moral degeneracy.

Calpurnia

A black woman who works as the Finch family's cook and housekeeper. She is one of the many motherly figures in Scout's life and one of the few who can negotiate between the very separate black and white worlds of Maycomb.

Aunt Alexandra

Atticus's sister, who has very strict, traditional ideas of how society works and the role a Southern woman should play. She earneslty tries to pass along this information to Scout, who is not particularly interested. Alexandra is concerned with raising Atticus's children "properly," and thus appears during the summer of Tom's trial to stay with them.

Maudie Atkinson

A kind, cheerful, and witty neighbor and trusted friend of Scout's, who also upholds a strong moral code and helps the children gain perspective on the events surrounding the trial. She also loves gardening.

Bob Ewell

An evil, ignorant man who belongs to the lowest substratum of Maycomb society. He lives with his nine motherless children in a shack near the town dump. Evidence from the trial suggests that he caught his daughter kissing Tom, proceeded to beat her, and then encouraged her to claim Tom raped her. He drinks heavily and spends his relief checks on whiskey rather than food for his family. Bob holds a strong grudge against Atticus and attacks his children at the end of the novel.

The oldest of the many Ewell children, at age nineteen. She lives a miserable and lonely existence, despised by whites and prohibited from befriending blacks. However, she breaks a social taboo by trying to seduce Tom, then reacts with cowardice by accusing him of rape and perjuring against him in court.

Heck Tate

Maycomb County's trusty sheriff, who is ultimately an honest and upstanding man.

Reverend Sykes

The reverend for the all-black congregation, First Purchase African M.E. church, which Scout and Jem visit one day with Calpurnia.

Judge Taylor

The judge for Tom's trial. Taylor is a good, sensible man with a sense of humor, who manages a strict courtroom.

Mr. Gilmer

Lawyer for the Ewell family in Tom Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubose

A mean, sick, very old woman who lives near the Finch family. Jem unknowingly assists her with her heroic attempt to conquer her morphine addiction, a fight that wins her Atticus's highest praises.

Walter Cunningham

A poor farmer who is among the "Sarum bunch," a crowd which assembles near the town jail the night before Tom's trial in order to start a lynching. He is deeply moved by Scout's friendly words when she tries to diffuse the situation, and as a result leads the rest of the men in going home. Ever after, he respects the Finch family greatly.

Walter Cunningham (Jr.)

A white man who chose to marry a black woman and have "mixed" children. He pretends to be a drunk so that the townspeople will have a way to more comfortably explain his behavior and life choices.

Helen Robinson Wife of Tom. Uncle Jack

Atticus's brother, a doctor Jem and Scout are very fond of.

Francis

One of Aunt Alexandra's grandchildren, who spends Christmas with the Finch family and annoys Scout by being both boring and cruel.