TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE
PAGE
TITLE i
DECLARATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF APPENDIXES xvii
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK 2
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 3
1.5 EXPECTED OUTCOMES 3
1.6 METHODOLOGY 4
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO A SATELLITE 5
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2.1.1 Configuration of A Satellite System
6
2.1.2 Communication Links 6
2.1.3 The Space Segment 7
2.1.4 The Ground Segment 8
2.2 SATELLITE ORBITS 9
2.2.1 Low Earth Orbit LEO 10
2.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit MEO 10
2.2.3 Highly-eccentric Orbit HEO 10
2.2.4 Geostationary Orbit GEO 11
2.3 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS 11
2.4 LINK BUDGET 12
2.4.1 Transmitter Power P 12
2.4.2 Antenna gain G 13
2.4.3 Equivalent Isotropically 13
Radiated Power EIRP 2.4.4 Illumination Level W
14 2.4.5 Free Space Path Loss L
14 2.4.6 Figure of Merit GT
s
15
2.4.7 Carrier-to-Thermal Noise Ratio CT 15 2.4.8 Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio CN
o
16 2.4.9 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio CN
16 2.4.10 Examples of Link Budget
17
2.5 EARTH STATION ANTENNA 18
2.5.1 Configuration of Earth Station 19
2.5.2 Mountings to Permit Antenna Pointing 20 2.5.2.1 The X-Y mount 20
2.5.2.2 The AZEL mount 21 2.5.2.3 Polar mount 23
2.6 ALIGNMENT 24
2.6.1 Azimuth A and Elevation h Angles 25
2.6.2 Slant Range S 27
2.7 TRACKING 27
2.7.1 Fixed Antenna without Tracking 28 2.7.2 Programmed Tracking 29
2.7.3 Computed Tracking 29 2.7.4 Closed Loop Automatic Tracking 30
2.7.4.1 Sequential Amplitude Detection 30 2.7.4.1.1 Conical scanning 31
2.7.4.1.2 Step-by-step tracking 32 2.7.4.1.3 Electronic tracking 33
2.7.4.2 Monopulse Technique 33 2.7.5 Example of Tracking Process
34
2.8 DISTANCE CALCULATION 35
