V RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 First Stage Analysis
5.2 Second Stage Analysis 5.3 Image for original and predicted frames in difference
BMAs 5.4 Comments on DS algorithm
40 45
51
54
VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Suggestion for future work
55
56
REFERENCES 58
APPENDIX 60
LIST OF TABLE
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PAGE
2.1 Types of video file
27 5.1
Comparison between different BMAs in term of PSNR 41
5.2 Comparison between different BMAs in term of search points 43
5.3 Comparison between different BMAs in term of PSNR
45 5.4
Characteristics of video file 46 5.5
Comparison between different BMAs in term of search points 48 5.6
Comparison between different BMAs in term of speed up ratio 50
LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Image and video compression for visual transmission and storage 5
2.2 Encoder Block Diagram of a Typical Block-Based Hybrid
7 2.3
Motion Estimation for Reference and Predicted Frame 9
2.4 Motion estimation and motion vector
11 2.5
The current and previous frames in a search window 12
2.6a Example of NTSS Algorithm 15
2.6b Block diagram of the NTSS algorithm 16
2.7 Search patterns of the 4SS
18 2.8
Flowchart of 4SS algorithm 19
2.9 An example of the CSA search for w=8pelsframe
21 2.10
Flowchart of CS algorithm 22
2.11 Search patterns used in the CDS algorithm
24 2.12
Flowchart of the CDS algorithm 25
3.1 Project Implementation
29
3.2 Example of blocks in one frame which have 99 blocks
31 3.3 Example of one block taken out from the frame and perform
block matching algorithm using motion estimation 32
4.1 An appropriate search pattern support 36
4.2 Two search pattern derieved from Fig. 4.1 36
4.3 Three cases of checking-point overlapping in LDSP 37
4.4 Search path example 37
4.5 Flowchart of DS algorithm 39
5.1 The graph for PSNR vs the number of frame for ‗Akiyo‘ sequence 42
5.2 The graph for PSNR vs the number of frame for ‗Foreman‘ sequence 43
5.3 The graph for search points
vs number of frame for ‗Akiyo‘ sequence 44 5.4
The graph for search points vs number of frame for ‗Foreman‘ sequence
45 5.5
The graph for PSNR vs the number of frame for ‗Akiyo‘ sequence 47 5.6
The graph for PSNR vs the number of frame for ‗Foreman‘ sequence 47 5.7
The graph for search points vs number of frame for ‗Akiyo‘ sequence 49 5.8
The gra ph for search points vs number of frame for ‗Foreman‘
sequence 49
5.9 Image for original and predicted frame for ‗Tennis‘ sequence
51
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
4SS -
Four Step Search BBGDS
- Block-Based Gradient Descent Search
BDM -
Block Distortion Measure BMA
- Block Matching Algorithm
CCB -
Cross-Center Biased CDS
- Cross Diamond Search
CS -
Cross Search CSP
- Cross Shape Pattern
DCT -
Discrete Cosine Transform DS
- Diamond Search
ES -
Exhaustive Search FS
- Full Search
JPEG -
Joint Photographic Experts Group LDSP
- Large Diamond Search Pattern
MAD -
Mean Absolute Difference MATLAB
- Matrix Laboratory
MB -
Macroblock MBD
- Minimum Block Distortion
ME -
Motion Estimation MPEG
- Moving Picture Experts Group
MSE -
Mean Squared Error MV
- Motion Vector
NCCF -
Normalized Cross-Correlation Function NTSS
- New Three Step Search
PSNR -
Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio QCIF
- Quarter Common Intermediate Format
SAD -
Sum-of-Absolute Difference SDSP
- Small Diamond Search Pattern
SSD -
Sum of square error TSS
- Three Step Search
VLC -
Variable Length Coding
LIST OF APPENDIX
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PAGE
A Frame for ‗Tennis‘ sequences 57
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
