An Analysis Of Slavery And Its Impact Towards Black People In Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

AN ANALYSIS OF SLAVERY AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS BLACK PEOPLE IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE’S UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

A THESIS BY

ZARLINA

REG. NO. 090705015

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

AN ANALYSIS OF SLAVERY AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS BLACK PEOPLE IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE’S UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

A THESIS BY

ZARLINA

REG. NO. 090705015

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003 NIP. 19580517 198503 1 003 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 25th, 2013.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ... NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002

Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum ... NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum ... NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003

Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum ... NIP. 19571002 198601 2 003

Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd ... NIP. 19561214 198601 2 001

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ZARLINA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ZARLINA

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF SLAVERY AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS BLACK PEOPLE IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE’S UNCLE TOM’S CABIN

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DICRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to praise and thank Allah SWT for all the graces and blessings that have given to me so I can finish this thesis well with no meaningful constraint.

Then, I would like to thank the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Dr, H. Syahron Lubis, MA., the Head of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS., and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.

I also want to thank Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum as my thesis’ supervisor and Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum as co-supervisor who has given the attention and contribution and guide me well in doing this thesis.

I would like to thank Mr. Mahmud Arief Albar, S.S, M.A as my academic supervisor and all the lecturers of English Department who have taught me useful and meaningful things and give lots of love and good advices. Also thanks to bang Amran, who have helped much and treat me well.

My deepest gratitude is addressed to my beloved parents, my father Ramli Harun, my mother, Zahara Hamid, my sister, Zarnida, and also my brother, Muhammad Rizki, who always give me support, love, and prayers not only during good but also difficult time.

Special thanks to my beloved one, T. M. Rikza Abdy, who always gives me support and prayers, as well as my best friends whom I love and

proud of, Triana Lestari, Henni Purwasih, Winda Widya, and Armita Sari, who has given so much wonderful things to my life, being an amazing friend, always being helpful from the beginning until the end. I am sincerely love you.

Not forget also to mention all of English Department 2009’s friends who have been so kind and caring. Thanks for the beautiful memories and experiences throughout these years. It is unforgettable. I hope you guys are doing good and one day will be a very successful person. Thanks to all of you.

To the family, friends, seniors, juniors, and all the people who I do not mention, I would like to thank you for all the help and support. May Allah repay all of your kindness.

Medan, July 2013

The Writer,

Zarlina

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Slavery and Its Impact Towards Black People in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin_{. Penulisan skripsi ini} dilatarbelakangi oleh ketertarikan penulis terhadap tema utama dari novel karya Harriet Beecher Stowe yang berjudul Uncle Tom’s Cabin, yaitu perbudakan yang terjadi di Amerika. Skripsi ini membahas tentang perbudakan yang di alami orang kulit hitam yang dipaksa bekerja demi keuntungan sang pemilik. Mereka diperlakukan seperti barang dan kerap menerima kekerasan fisik. Dari serangkaian peristiwa yang dialami, muncullah dampak terhadap kehidupan para budak tersebut. Dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini, penulis mengacu pada pengkajian karya sastra secara intrinsik seperti dikemukakan Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren dengan menekankan pada salah satu unsur novel, yaitu tema. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam melakukan analisis adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa dampak dari perbudakan bagi kulit hitam diantaranya hidup dalam keterbatasan dan adanya diskriminasi ras.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled An Analysis of Slavery and Its Impact Towards Black People in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin_{. This thesis is done} because of the writer’s interest of the main themes of the novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, entitled Uncle Tom's Cabin, the slavery that happened in America. This thesis discusses the nature of slavery in which black people are forced to work for the benefit of the owner. They are treated like properties and often receive physical abuse. From those experience, there is an impact on the life of the slaves. In doing this thesis, the author refers to the study of literature intrinsically as stated by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, with emphasizing on one of the novel’s element, theme. The method which is used in the analysis is qualitative descriptive. From the analysis, it is found that the impact of slavery for black people are living among the restrictions and racial discrimination.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 6

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Literature ... 8

2.1.1 Novel ... 8

2.1.1.1 Theme ... 8

2.2 Review of Related Theories ... 10

2.3 Review of Related Literature ... 12

2.4 Slavery in America ... 13

2.4.1 The Importance of Cotton Gin ... 14

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design ... 16

3.2 Data Collection ... 18

3.3 Data Analysis ... 20

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Slavery in Uncle Tom’s Cabin ... 22

4.1.1 Slaves As Properties ... 23

4.1.2 Object of Physical Abuse ... 28

4.2 The Impact of Slavery ... 32

4.2.1 Life With Restriction ... 32

4.2.2 Racial Discrimination ... 34

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 37

5.2 Suggestion ... 38

REFERENCES ... 39 APPENDICES

i. Summary of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Slavery and Its Impact Towards Black People in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin_{. Penulisan skripsi ini} dilatarbelakangi oleh ketertarikan penulis terhadap tema utama dari novel karya Harriet Beecher Stowe yang berjudul Uncle Tom’s Cabin, yaitu perbudakan yang terjadi di Amerika. Skripsi ini membahas tentang perbudakan yang di alami orang kulit hitam yang dipaksa bekerja demi keuntungan sang pemilik. Mereka diperlakukan seperti barang dan kerap menerima kekerasan fisik. Dari serangkaian peristiwa yang dialami, muncullah dampak terhadap kehidupan para budak tersebut. Dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini, penulis mengacu pada pengkajian karya sastra secara intrinsik seperti dikemukakan Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren dengan menekankan pada salah satu unsur novel, yaitu tema. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam melakukan analisis adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa dampak dari perbudakan bagi kulit hitam diantaranya hidup dalam keterbatasan dan adanya diskriminasi ras.

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled An Analysis of Slavery and Its Impact Towards Black People in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin_{. This thesis is done} because of the writer’s interest of the main themes of the novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, entitled Uncle Tom's Cabin, the slavery that happened in America. This thesis discusses the nature of slavery in which black people are forced to work for the benefit of the owner. They are treated like properties and often receive physical abuse. From those experience, there is an impact on the life of the slaves. In doing this thesis, the author refers to the study of literature intrinsically as stated by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, with emphasizing on one of the novel’s element, theme. The method which is used in the analysis is qualitative descriptive. From the analysis, it is found that the impact of slavery for black people are living among the restrictions and racial discrimination.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is an interpretation of man’s mind using language as its medium which most commonly refer to works of the creative imagination. According to Wellek and Austin Warren (1977 : 3) “Literature is said to be creative, an art, what an author has produced”. This statement explains that literature is a product or works which needs creativity created by the author. Literature describes life, and life mostly consist of social fact although literary works also imitates nature and human subjective world. Literature is related to the society, which is the author is also part of it. Individual and society are building material of literary works which related to each other. Individual learns from society and society itself is established by individual.

Literature has three major generic dividions, i.e. poetry, drama, and narrative fiction. One of those which will be discussed is narrative fiction. Narrative fiction is a sort of literature that belongs to prose (novel, short story, etc) and it refers to a work that tells something imaginatively. Novel is one of the narrative fiction which is classified as one of literature genres. Novel almost always concentrates on character and incident and usually contains a plot. In writing the novel, the author often describes the events use a mythological, political, sociological, psychological, historical, or other approach. We may also interpret the author's message by understanding the story.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is one of the novel that brings out issue in the society. Uncle Tom’s Cabin published in 1852 and has slavery as its major theme. Stowe explores the idea of slavery because of her own experiences and what she has witnessed in the past which demonstrated to her the evils of slavery. She uses the characters to represent ideas of a time when slavery was the biggest issue that people were dealing with. Uncle Tom's Cabin was an unexpected factor in the dispute between the North and South.

As we know, slavery has existed since long time ago. It happened not only in America, but also other countries. Slavery is a system under which people are treated as America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, to aid in the production of lucrative crops. Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the nation. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 solidified the central importance of slavery to the South's economy. Cotton is terribly important, not only to the South, but to the nation. By 1840, cotton is more valuable than other so the value of slaves is tremendous. The cotton crop that slaves produced makes America important to the world.

Most slaves lives on large farms or small plantations. Slave owners make their slaves completely depend on them. They are prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement is restricted. Many masters take sexual liberties with slave women, and reward obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves are brutally punished. Slave marriages has no legal basis, but

slaves do marry and raise families. Most slave owners encourage this practice, but nonetheless do not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.

Slavery has many impacts to them who include in it. Through slavery, slaves are separated from their families. Slaves aren’t allowed to speak in their native languages, and it doesn’t not allow them to effectively communicate. Masters also prevent their slaves from learning to read and write, so the potential for them to be able to communicate was severely limited. Slavery put slaves at huge disadvantages, which has taken them over a century to fight, and they still have not completely overcome this misery. Slavery has left an impact on African-Americans as a whole. Memories of slavery will always be held within them. Their restrictions as slaves and the impact of slavery after emancipation have all negatively affected the culture that they have created. This is what Uncle Tom’s

Cabin wants to show to the reader and to the world about the cruelty of slavery that

affects black people behavior and culture.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of

1850, which made it illegal for anyone in the United States to offer aid to a runaway slave. The novel seeks to attack this law and create the emancipation and freedom for all people. Stowe believes that blacks have sufficient innate ability to serve as equal citizens in a free society and make both equally suitable for freedom. The novel also persuades the readers that slavery is evil and intolerable in the civil society. In the novel, Stowe explores the question of slavery, which the slaves and masters have both positive and negative relationship. But unfortunately most of them are negative which slaves are abused and mistreated by their masters as if they are not an human being.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin opens as Mr. Shelby, a Kentucky plantation owner and a slave trader named Mr. Haley discuss how many slaves Mr. Shelby will need to sell in order to solve his financial problem. Mr. Shelby decides to raise money by selling two of his slaves to Mr. Haley. One of them is Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children and Harry, the son of Mr. Shelby’s maid Eliza. Mr. Haley takes Tom to a slave market and sells Tom to Simon Legree, an evil and violent man who makes his slaves work until they die then buys a new one cheaply in a never-ending cycle. Simon Legree often beats his slaves and uses them as prostitutes. Stowe takes the readers into the Legree plantation, where the evil of slavery appears in its most hideous form. This harsh and barbaric setting, in which slaves suffers beatings, sexual abuse, and even murder, introduces the immorality of slavery.

The idea which is portrayed in the novel focuses on the arbitrarily act towards black people as slaves. I am interested to analyse the theme of slavery in

Uncle Tom’s Cabin because the novel clearly illustrate the evil and inhumanity of

slavery in America which slavery is an important issue to talk about. The novel illustrates not only the suffering of the slaves themselves, but also the way that slavery as something that harms everyone which involved in it. It also shows the struggle of black people face their masters and ready to bear such a worse treatment if sometimes they don’t do something as told. They are treated like an animal which brought into a slave market and become the tools of trading between the slave holders. It is a serious problem to discuss because it concerns with human right.

One of the evils of slavery is the possibility that a slave can be completely detached from his or her family. Slaves’ fates are completely detached from their own needs and actions. They can’t work with their way or build homes and lives for themselves because if they do so, it might all be taken away the next day. The master’s hatred to their slaves is utterly evil and unrestrained. No law, no person, no religion will stand in his way when he wants to do the actions arbitrarily on an innocent man. This is the moment which Stowe wants to show to the reader and makes them realize the full horror of slavery.

The major impact that can be seen through the novel are mostly negative. Slavery cause suffering for the slaves. Uncle Tom’s Cabin describes slavery is frequently a brutal institution, in which slaves were whipped, beaten, abused, straved, worked to death, sexually violated and even murdered. It also shows another forms of suffering, such as the separation of families and the degradation of the human spirit. The degradation of slavery has prevented black people from developing their ability. In order to convince the readers that slavery is morally wrong, Stowe depict all the different ways in which slaves suffer.

Harrier Beecher Stowe has a specific moral aim to encourage the American public to see slavery in its true light and demand abolition. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a novel with the purpose, to edify, to teach and to transform society. As a protest literature, it objects to the institution of slavery and the effects it has on themselves, their family and on society. It also follows the quests of several characters to find their right as human being. Although some of the characters ends in tragedy, but some of them reaches the freedom.

1.2 Problem of the Study

Fundamentally, research and scientific inquiry are intended to answer some question in order to improve and enrich our knowledge. Referring to this statement, my curiousity about the novel deals with slavery and its impact to the black people as the novel’s main theme and leads me to point out some questions as the problems of the study, those are :

1. Why does slavery happen towards black people in Harrier Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin ?

2. What does the impact of slavery?

3. How does the slavery cause suffering to the black people ?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is related to the problem of the study and tend to answer the problems. Based on the problems above, the answers for those questions as the objectives of the analysis are :

1. To explain about the slavery and how it happens to the society in America as portrayed in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. 2. To find out the impact, especially the major suffering they (black

people) bear as the results of the slavery.

1.4 Scope of the Study

To prevent vagueness and subjectivity, it is important to make the limitations in order to get the objective result and make the data more specific, does

not go far from the topic and become a comphrehensive analysis. There should be a scope that shows the summary of the related topics which is discussed in the thesis. Since the novel has slavery as its major theme and focus on the immorality, I would like to analyse the impact of slavery, especially the suffering that characters endure in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The analysis of this thesis is expected to give benefits, especially for myself and the readers generally. The expected significances are :

1. Theoretically, this thesis will enrich the literary study generally, especially related to the novel and its relation to the social problem such as slavery.

2. Practically, this thesis will become a reading source which help the readers understand the story of the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin and as an addition for study of literature related to the social issue. This thesis will show the readers the facts and ideas about slavery that happens in America and its impact to the victim and society. It makes the readers more aware about slavery which is concerned with human rights.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Literature

Literature is the expression of human feeling, a product with imaginative process and creativity. Literature is said as the expression of human feeling because of its powerful meaning which conveys human sense, thoughts, and feeling in order to share ideas and experiences. Literature is made to express and communicate the feeling of the author through imagination process which needs creativity. Literature introduces us to the new idea and experience. We may discover and understand the meaning by looking at what the author says and how he/she says it.

2.1.1 Novel

Literature has three major divisions which is one of them is narrative fiction. Narrative fiction is a sort of literature that belongs to prose like novel, short story, etc and it refers to a work that tells something imaginatively. According to R. J. Rees (1973 : 106) “Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.” Eric Reader (1987 : 6) states novel is the fictitious prose narrative of volume length portraying characters and actions representative of real life in continuous plot.” Which Badudu and Zain (1994 : 949) describes novel as “Karangan dalam bentuk prosa tentang peristiwa yang menyangkut kehidupan manusia seperti yang dialami orang dalam kehidupan sehari – hari, tentang suka dan duka, kasih dan benci, tentang watak dan jiwanya, dan sebagainya.” The definitions above describes that novel is a medium for portraying the events in the

real life through imagination of the author and it can be seen from the plot or character of the story.

As we know, novel is a fiction that works in the form of stories that depict fictional characters and events. Although the characters and events are fictional, they have a resemblance to the real life. They are a reflection of real life. The similarities to real life distinguishes novel from other literary works such as novels or sagas. Novel is something narrative which means that novel is more about "telling" than "modeling". This characteristic distinguishes novel from drama, which the narrator rely more on demonstration and dialogue. The novel describes the real situation dramatically so the reader forget that what is seen about the characters and the background is not presented directly but through the help of the certain techniques of story or narration. In addition, the novel has what is called character, behavior, and plot. In other words, the novel involves a number of people who do things in a total context that is set in a logical sequence, chronological, cause and effect, and so on. And in most of the existing novel, the relationship between these three elements are close so it creates a harmonious unit.

2.1.1.1 Theme

In contemporary a text. Themes can be divided into two categories, a work's thematic concept is what readers think the work is about and its thematic statement is what the work says about the subject. The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or concept that is central to a story, which can often be summed in a single word. Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society. A theme may be exemplified by the actions, utterances, or thoughts of

a character in a novel. A story may have several themes. Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas, such as ethical questions, and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly. Along with

fundamental

A novel’s theme is the main idea that the writer expresses. Theme can also be defined as the underlying meaning of the story. The theme of a novel is more than its subject matter, because an author’s technique can play as strong a role in developing a theme as the actions of the characters do. Rarely a novel’s theme can be interpreted in only one way. Because of the length of novels, and the various characters, conflicts, and scenes found within them, readers can look at different aspects of the work to uncover different interpretations of the meaning of the story. Throughout the history of the novel, a major theme is found whether people can change their situations in life or whether they are in the grips of forces beyond their control. In this study, a theme which is found throughout the novel is slavery. The characters build this idea through the quotations and narration found in the text.

2.2 Review of Related Theories

According to Abrams, there are four theories of literature : objective theory, expressive or biographical theory, mimetic or imitative theory, and pragmatic theory. From those theories, I use mimetic or imitative theory to support the analysis. Mimetic or imitative theory is usually understood as a mirror, reflecting the real world, in some kind of mimesis/imitation. In other words, the subject matter of literature is a manifold experiences of living people. The imitation of life

is more than merely a copy of what is apparent to the eyes; in the sense that life should be reinterpreted and recreated. The story in a book, on the stage, in an essay, or even the feelings in a poem, not only resemble things, but also clarify real life. In this case, the writer’s imaginative power and talent plays an important role so that she or he able to create good literary works. I use mimetic or imitative theory because I want to focus on showing the reality and experiences that the writer trying to describe through the plot which is known as one of the theme in the novel. I will explain further about mimetic theory that will help analyse data deals with the topic of the analysis.

The basic concept of literary sociology has actually been developed by Plato who filed the term mimesis which pertains to the relationship between literature

and society as a mirror. Mimesis is a

wide range of meanings, which includeimitatio, receptivity, nonsensuous similarity, the act of resembling, the act of expression, and the stated by Plato and greatly influenced literature in Europe. In his theory

of Mimesis, Plato says that all art is mimetic by nature; art is an imitation of life.

He believed that ‘idea’ is the ultimate reality. Art imitates idea and so it is imitation

of reality. Aristoteles took Plato’s theory of mimetic which is art that depict reality,

but he argues that mimesis is not simply copying reality but also create something such as emotion because reality depends also on the creative attitude of people in looking at the reality.

One of the literary sociology concept is expressed by George Lukacs which he states literature as mirror. I use his idea to analyse the relationship between the plot

in the novel and the reality which author has experienced and want to tell the readers through the novel. Lukacs uses the term “mirror” as a characteristic in his whole work. A novel does not only describe the reality but more than that, gives us a reflection of the reality in larger scale, more complete, more vibrant and more dynamic that may go beyond our common understanding. A literary work does not merely reflect a closed individual phenomenon but rather “a living process”. Literature does not express reality as a kind of photography, but rather as a specific form that reflects reality. Thus, the literature reflects the realities objectively and may show the subjective impression of reality.

2.3 Review of Related Literature

In writing this thesis, I need to concern and traces back the preceding research about slavery especially in America which relates to the topic I deal with. So, in supporting this thesis, a number of books related to the study are required. The several books are used as the sources that help to acquire further information deals with the analysis. Those books are :

Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture by Thomas F. Gosset, 1985 is used

to find out the historical events which happens in America, before and after war that cause slavery towards black people in America. It explains the examination of Stowe’s early life and the circumstances that led her from a largely introverted and with-drawn youth to a major public role in the antislavery struggle. It also shows public reactions to the several events.

The West and the World : A Topical History of Civilization by Kevin Reilly,

how it happens and what is the background of it. It makes the readers know the truth of the events that happened in the past.

2.4 Slavery in America

After 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore at the British colony of Though it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women. In the 17th and 18th centuries, black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast. After the was relatively unimportant to the economy began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British, and to call for slavery's abolition. After the war's end, however, the new institution, counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any person held to service or labor.

2.4.1 Importance of the Cotton Gin

In the late 18th century, with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted, the South faced an economic crisis, and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt. Around the same time, the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand. In 1793, a young Yankee schoolteacher

named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds. His device was widely copied, and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region's dependence on slave labor.

Slavery itself was never widespread in the North, though many of the region's businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations. Between 1774 and 1804, all of the northern states abolished slavery, but the so-called "peculiar institution" remained absolutely vital to the South. Though the U.S. Congress outlawed the African slave trade in 1808, the domestic trade flourished, and the slave population in the U.S. nearly tripled over the next 50 years. By 1860 it had reached nearly 4 million, with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.

2.4.2 Rise of the Abolition Movement

From the 1830s to the 1860s, a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern radical newspaper The Liberator, and best selling antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin, others were more inclined to the non-religious free labor argument, which held that slaveholding was regressive, inefficient and made little economic sense.

Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the 1780s. This practice, known as the

gained real momentum in the 1830s and although estimates vary widely, it may have helped anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 slaves reach freedom. The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North; it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions, convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen's determination to defeat the institution that sustained them.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design

Before getting the expected result, the researcher have to collect some data to analyse the topic. The data is collected and selected well before it is interpreted and analysed. In the analysis of the data, researchers must first understand the basic concepts of data analysis. Data analysis is the process of organizing and sorting data into patterns, categories, and a description in order to discover something. Analysis and interpretation of data is a step that must be done by a researcher. The sequence is at the stage after the data collection phase. Interpretation of the data is the process of understanding the meaning of a set of data that has been presented, in a form that does not just look at what is written, but rather to understand or interpret about what is implied in the data that has been presented. In accomplishing this study, I use qualitative descriptive method to analyse the data. Qualitative descriptive is one of qualitative method. Here is some explanation about steps that researcher through to get the result.

According to Miles and Huberman in Silalahi (2006:311), qualitative analysis of the activity consists of three flow events occurring simultaneously, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion or clarification. Data reduction are the process of selecting, simplification, abstraction and transformation of raw data that emerged from the written records that exist in the field.

The stages include : makes a summary, encodes, theme searching, creating groups, creating partitions, writing memo. This data reduction is a form of analysis

that is used in order to sharpen, classify unnecessary and unorganized data so that conclusions will be drawn precisely and verified.

Furthermore, in the analysis of qualitative data, there is the presentation of the data which is meant as a structured set of information that gives the possibility of drawing conclusions and taking certain actions. This qualitative data presentation can be done in different types of matrices, graphs, and charts the network, so that the analyst can see what is going on and then be able to determine whether the conclusion is correct or should continue to perform the analysis in order to obtain valid conclusions.

The third activities in qualitative data analysis is concluding or verification. A conclusion is made by researchers through collected data and then the conclusion will be verified or tested its truth and validity. The whole process of getting the result is clearly described in the scheme on the next page :

II. III.

3.2 Data Collection

Data is a collection of facts that we find to produce an interesting conclusion of a decision. Data is the plural of datum word, derived from the Latin meaning "something given". In everyday usage, data means a statement that is accepted as it is. This statement is the result of measurement or observation of a variable which can be a statement, picture, sound, letters, numbers, language or other symbols that we can use as ingredients to see the environment, objects, events, concepts, etc. Information processing is the result of a model, formation, organization, or a change in the form of data that have a certain value, and can be used to increase the knowledge of those who receive it. In this case, the data can be

Data Selection :

Quotations Main Source of Data :

Novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Researcher

Interpretation Conclusion

regarded as an object of the information which is is useful for the recipient. Information can also be called as a result of processing or data processing.

Data collection is conducted to obtain the information needed in order to achieve the objective study. In the study, data collection technique is an important factor for the success of the study. It is concerned with how to collect data, what the source, and what tools are used. Types of data sources is about where the data was obtained. Whether the data obtained from direct sources (primary data) or data obtained from indirect sources (secondary data).

To obtain data that can be used as material in this study, I use these techniques to support the topic deals with analysis.

1. Literary study : collecting data by studying, observing, and taking the theories and concepts from a number of literary books, journals, magazines, newspapers or other kind of scientific papers which relevant to the topic of study.

2. Documentation : utilize written documents, images, photographs, or objects related to other aspects which is observed. Documentation studies is data collection techniques that are not addressed directly to the subject of research. Documents can be examined a wide range, not only official documents, can be diaries, personal letters, reports, and other documents. Documents can be divided into primary and secondary documents. Primary documens is the document which is written by people who directly experience an event. An example is the autobiography. While secondary document is like events reported on others who subsequently written by this person. An example is the

biography. I also obtain the data from internet which also help to provide information related to the topic.

Information which is obtained through library study and documentation used as the main data related to the topic. Because the analysis of this study is not based on calculations such as quantitative research, analysis of data lies in the ability of the researcher in connecting data, facts, and information which is obtained by the author's own.

3.3 Data Analysis

Analysis is an ongoing process in the study, with preliminary analysis to inform the data after it’s collected. In the study, when researchers is done in collecting the data, the next step is to analyze the data that has been obtained. Analysis of this data needs to be done due to data reduction so it can be understood and interpreted in a certain way so that the relations of research problems can be explored and tested. It can be said also that these data need to be analyzed so that the various data that have been obtained can be simplified and make it easier to understand. Techniques that can be used to analyze the data this research relies on the data obtained. In analyzing these data the researcher must be careful in sorting through the data so that conclusions will be valid and made in accordance with the data already obtained.

Method of data analysis is divided into two, quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis (Silalahi, 2006:304). The quantitative analysis uses statistical data and can be done quickly, while qualitative analysis is used for qualitative data that the data he used is in the form of notes which usually tend to accumulate a lot

and so it takes a long time to be able to analyze it carefully. Qualitative data analysis is conducted when the empirical data used is qualitative data in the form of words and can not be categorized.

Qualitative descriptive study is one of the qualitative research. This qualitative descriptive study aim to uplift the facts, circumstances, variables, and phenomena that occurs when the research took place and present it for what it is. Qualitative descriptive study says and interpret the data relates to the situation, attitude, and outlook that prevails in the society, the relationship between the variables, conflicts of two or more conditions, the effect on the condition, and others. In general, qualitative descriptive study activities including data collection, data interpretation, data analysis, and ends with conclusions based on analyzing the data.

To understand the qualitative descriptive study, we should point out first what is the qualitative study. Moleong in his book Metodologi Penelitian

Kualitatif, qualitative study is a study that utilizes open interviews to examine and

understand the attitudes, views, feelings, and behavior of individuals or groups of people. According to Moleong (2005 : 9), researchers in qualitative descriptive study acts as a tool collector and interpreter of data. This is done because only human beings understand the meaning of human interaction, read the face motion, explore feelings and values contained in the words or deeds of respondents.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Slavery in Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Slavery is a system which people are treated and ar were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco. Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries and slaves helped build the economic foundations of the nation. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 solidified the central importance of slavery to the South's economy. Cotton is terribly important, not only to the South, but to the nation. By 1840, cotton is more valuable than everything else so the value of slaves is tremendous. The cotton crop that slaves produced makes America important to the world.

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is one of the novel that portrays slavery clearly as its main topic. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made it illegal for anyone in the United States to offer aid or assistance to a runaway slave. The novel seeks to attack this law and want immediate emancipation of the slaves and freedom for all people. Each of novel’s scene is served to persuade the readers that slavery is evil and intolerable in a civil society. Practice of slavery in the novel will be desribed through some points as follows :

4.1.1 Slaves As Properties

Slaves are used as a tool of trading between the slave owners in a transaction. After getting money, they will buy some more slaves in never ending circle. Slave is brought to the slave market or warehouse which later will be sold in an auction. Slave owners will bid the certain price to get slaves they’re expected. Before buying, slaves will be inspected from head to toe to know they are good or not to work on their plantation or house. Slave is bought for getting profit. They’re used for working overtime and earn much money. The changing owners from one to another by selling or buying slaves shows the inhumanity act in slavery. Slaves are treated as masters’ properties or personal belonging who has no rights rather than as a human being.

As we can see, in the beginning of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, practice of slavery is clearly shown. Mr. Shelby discusses how many slaves he will sell to pay his debt with Mr. Haley, otherwise he will lose all his land and property. It’s one of the scene that shows how the slave owner treats their slaves as tools to clear debt by selling them. The conversation between Mr. Shelby and Haley can be seen below :

“Well, then, Haley, how will you trade?” said Mr. Shelby, after an uneasy interval of silence. “Well, haven’t you a boy or a gal that you could throw in with Tom?” (I. 4)

“Well, you’ll let me have the boy, though? said the trade; “You must own I’ve come down pretty handsomely for him.” “What on earth can you want with the child” said Shelby. “Why, I’ve got a friend that’s going into this yer branch of the bussiness – wants to buy up handsome boys to raise for the market. Fancy articles entirely – sell for waiters, and so on, to rich ‘uns, that can pay for handsome ‘uns. It sets off one of yer great places – a

real handsome boy to open door, wait, and tend. They fetch a good sum; and this little devil is such a comical, musical concern, he’s just the article.” (I. 6-7)

The quotations below shows that Mr. Shelby agrees to sell both Tom and Harry to slavetrader named Haley and tell this to his wife, Emily. It clearly describes the reason why he has to sell both of them because they will earn a lot of money compared to other slaves. Haley gives them a high bid.

“Well, Emily,” said her husband, “so I have always felt and said; but the fact is, my bussiness lies so that I cannot get on without. I shall have to sell some of my hands.” “I am sorry to say that I am,” said Mr. Shelby. “I’ve agreed to sell Tom.” .... “Well, I can’t believe anything now; I can believe now that you could sell little Harry, poor Eliza’s only child! said Mrs. Shelby, in a tone between grief and indignation.” “Well, since you must know all, it is so. I have agreed to sell Tom and Harry both; and I don’t know why I am to be rated as if I were a monster for doing what everyone does everyday.” ... “Because they will bring the highest sum of any – that’s why. I could choose anotheer, if you say so. The fellow made me a high bid on Eliza, if that would suit you any better” said Mr. Shelby. (V. 32) “... I can’t help myself. I didn’t mean to tell you this, Emily; but, in plain words, there is no choice between selling these two and selling everything. Either they must go, or all must. Haley has come into possession of a mortgage, which, if I don’t clear off with thim directly, will take everything before it. i’ve raked, and scraped, and borrowed, and all but begged, and the price of these two was needed to make up the balance, and I had to give them up. Haley fancied yhe child; he agreed to settle the matter that way, and no other. I was in his power, and had to do it. if you feel so to have them sold, would it be any better to have all sold?” (V. 33)

Slaves are brought to the slave market, and the master puts a heavy pair of shackles around each of their ankle and a pair of handcuffs. This shows how the slave owner treats slaves badly like a cattle with chaining them.

“Get in!” said Haley to Tom, as he strode through the crowd of servants, who looked at him with lowering brows. Tom got in, and Haley, drawing out from under the wagon-seat a heavy pair of shackles, made them fast around each ankle. ... Haley whipped

up the horse, and, with a steady, mournful look, fixed to the last on the old place, Tom was whirled away. (X. 92)

“Haley suddenly drew up at the door of a blacksmith’s shop, when, taking out with him a pair of handcuffs, he stepped into the shop to have a little alteration in them. “These yer’s a little too small for his build,” said Haley, showing the fetters and pointing out to Tom. ... Haley now came to the door with the handcuffs in his hands” (X. 93, 95)

On the boat, when the selling begins, Haley, the slave owner, inspects a few good slaves and buys several more.

“Haley here forced his way into the group, walked up the old man, pulled his mouth open and looked in, felt of his teeth, made him stand and straighten himself, bend his back, and perform various evolutions to show his muscles; and then passed on to the next, and put him through the same trial. Walking up to the last boy, he felt his arms, straightened his hands, and looked at his fingers, and made him jump. To show his agility.”(XII. 111) “What think of ‘em?” said a man who had been following Haley’s examination, as if to make up his own mind from it. “Wal,” said Haley, spitting, “I shall put in, I think, for the youngerly ones and the boy.” “They wantt to sell the boy and the old woman together,” said the man. “Find it a tight pull; why, she’s an old rack o’bones – not worth her salt.” “You woudn’t then?” said the man. “Anybody’d be a fool ‘twould. She’s half blind,crooked with rheumatis, and foolish to boot.” (XII. 111-112)

He puts all the purchased slaves in a jail then boards them all on a ship for the Deep South where they will be sold for plantation work.

“Now!” said Haley, pushing his three purchases together, and producing a bundle of handcuffs, which he proceeded to put on their wrists; then fastening eacg handcuff to a long chain, he drove them before him to the jail. Afew days Haley, with his possessions, safely deposited on one of the Ohio boats.”(XII. 113)

In chapter XIV, Tom is sold to the new master named Augustine St. Clare. The new master use Tom to take care his horse.

“Can you drive horses, Tom?” “I’ve been al’ays used to horses,” said Tom. Mas’r Shelby raised helps on ‘em.” “Well, I think I

shall put you in a coachy, on condition that you won’t be drunk more than once a week, unless in case of emergency, Tom.” (XIV. 141-142)

In chapter XVIII, we are introduced to Prue, a slave from down the street. She tells Tom that her former master use her to breed children to sell at the slave market.

“Up in Kentuck. A man kept me to breed chil’en for market, and sold ‘em as fast as they got big enough; last of all, he sold me to a speculator, and my mas’r got me o’ him.” (XVIII. 201)

After being sold to her current master, she gave birth to another baby. However, her mistress sick and Prue spends long hours at her bedside, away from the baby which caused her milk to dry. Her owner refuses to pay for purchased milk and the baby die from starvation.

“What set you into this bad way of drinkin’?” “ To get o’ my misery. I had one child after I come here; and I thought then I’d have one to raise, ‘cause mas’r wasn’tt a speculator. It was the peartest little thing! and missis she seemed to think a heap on’t, at first; it never cried – it was likely and fat. But missis tuck sick and I tended her; and I tuck the fecer, and my milk all left me, and the child it pined to skin and bone, and missis wouldn’t buy milk for it.”

(XVIII. 201-202)

Different from her husband, Marie is very attached to the institution of slavery. In her mind the slaves are there to do her bidding. She take out her anger and frustration at her husband on the slaves. After the death of her husband, the slaves become her properties. She sell all the slaves because she thinks it would be worse to set slaves free than to keep them in the system of slavery. So, she sends them off to the slave warehouse.

“Do ye know Tom, that we’ve all got to be sold?” said Adolph. “How did you hear that?” said Tom. “I hid myself behind the curtains when missis talking with the lawyer. In a few days we

shall all be sent off to auction, Tom.” “We’ll never get another such a master,” said Adolph, apprehensively; “but I’d rather be sold than take my chance under missis.”(XXIX. 299)

“The next day, Tom and Adolph, and some half a dozen other servants, were marched down to a slave-warehouse to await the convenience of the trader, who was going to make up a lot for auction.” (XXIX. 302)

In the slave-warehouse, slave master named Simon Legree buys both Uncle Tom and Emmeline as well as two other men. Legree chains Tom’s hands and feet and puts the slaves on a boat headed for his plantation.

“This man proceeded to a very personal examination of the lot. He seized Tom by the jaw, and pulled open his mouth to inspect his teeth; made him strip up his sleeve, to show his muscle; turned him round, made him jump and spring, to show his paces.” (XXX. 309) “Her master is Mr. Legree, who owns a cotton plantation on the Red River. She is pushed along into the same lot with Tom and two other men, and goes off, weeping as she goes.” (XXX. 311)

Later, we are introduced to Cassy, slave woman who is treated as sexual object by Legree. He buys another young girl, Emmeline, to replace her. Under the slave system, young girls are purchased to act essentially as prostitutes and Legree purchases Emmeline with this purpose in mind. In chapter XXXIV, Cassy tells Tom that she has several children but they’re sold to a new master. That master sell her and the children to a third man by whom she had a child. She continues to be passed from man to man until she comes to Legree’s plantation.

Uncle Tom's Cabin focuses mostly on the struggles of Tom, who has been

sold numerous times. Tom is undeniably character that portrays slavery. He is of absolute importance to the major plot. With each of his masters, from Shelby to

Legree, Tom is pitted against materialism, which is the basis of slavery. This materialism denies the spiritual, denies human love, turns every human connection or virtue into something to be used for profit. Topsy is also an example of what happens when human beings are treated as commodities. She is raised on a farm like a herd animal, not knowing who her mother was or, probably, that she even had a mother, taught absolutely nothing that she could not learn from her own observation. Her only use is as physical labor since she is not light-skinned and thus potentially beautiful to white men, and since she is not yet old enough to be worth much as breeding stock herself.

Slaves has no control over their own lives and are considered as property, just like cattle or other livestock. They are often sold at slave auctions, where they could be inspected from head to toe by potential buyers. Slave families are not recognized as valid. All of the scenes above shows how slave masters treat their slaves badly which is just to be bought and sold and has no value in their eyes. Their only purpose is only to make profit and work overtime. It is also shows many woman slaves is used as master’s sexual satisfaction.

4.1.2 Object of Physical Abuse

Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows slavery is frequently a brutal institution, in

which slaves are whipped, beaten, abused, starved, worked to death, sexually violated, and even murdered. Especially, many slaves are object to physical abuse such as beatings or rapes in spite of laws limiting such mistreatment. They are whipped and kicked by their masters so they will not dare to fight back or run away.

In Uncle Tom’s Cabin, we can find slaves are physically abused in some of the chapter. For example, in chapter XI, George tells Mr. Wilson that he sees her mother and sister are kicked, whipped, and chained to be sent to the market.

“I saw my mother put at sheriff’s sale, with her seven children. They were sold before her eyes, one by one, all to different masters; and I was the youngest. She came and kneeled down before old mas’r, and begged him to buy her with me, that she might have at least one child with her; and he kicked her away with his heavy boot. I saw him do it; and the last I heard was her moans and screams, when I was tied to his horse’s neck, to be carried off to his place.” (XI. 104-105)

“I have stood at the door and heard her whipped, when it seemed as if every blow cut into my naked heart, and I couldn’t do anything to help her; and she was whipped, sir, ....” “At last I saw her chained with a trader’s gang, to be sent to market in Orleans – sent there for nothing else but that – and that’s the last I know of her.” (XI. 105)

The other the victim of abuse is Prue. Slavery ruins Prue’s life. After her master uses her as breeding stock, she is whipped to death.

“What has got Prue, anyhow?” she said. “Well, you musn’t tell nobody. Prue, she got drunk again and they had her down cellar and that they left her all day; and I heard ‘em saying that the flies had got to her and she’s dead.” “What now? Why those folks have whipped Prue to death!” said Miss Ophelia, going on, with great strength of detail, into the story and enlarging on its most shocking particulars.

Another scene of abuse is also suffered by a young girl named Topsy. Topsy is one of the victim of physical abuse from her previous owner. Her former master, St. Clare, sees that the child’s back is left multiple scars.

“....I was tired of hearing her screaming, and them beating and swearing at her. So, I bought her and I’ll give her to you.” (XX. 222)

“I’ve seen this child whipped with a poker and knocked down with the shovel or tongs, whichever came handiest..” (XX. 229)

“Lor, yes, mas’r! Old missis used to say so, too. She wipped me a heap harder and used to pull my har, and knock my head again the door; but it didn’t do me no good!” (XXV. 260)

Slave becomes the target of their master’s anger. They’re brutally punished if they do something wrong. It’s happened when St. Clare’s brother, Alfred, visits his brother, Augustine, with his son, Henrique. Henrique strikes his slave Dodo because he makes his horse to get dusty.

“What’s this, Dodo, you little lazy dog! You haven’t rubbed my horse down this morning. Henrique struck him across the face with his riding-whip, and, seizing one of his arms, forced him on to his knees, and beat him till he was out of breath.”

After the death of her husband, Augustine St. Clare, Marie takes over the slaves. She sends one of the slave, Rosa, out to be whipped.

“...She’s going to send me out to be whipped – look there!” and she handed to Miss Ophelia a paper. It was an order, written in Marie’s delicate Italian hand, to the master of a whipping establishment, to give the bearer fifteen lashes.”(XXIX. 297)

All of Marie’s slaves are brought to the slave warehouse. There, Tom is sold to Simon Legree, an evil man who has a very different view of slaves than Augustine or Mr. Shelby. Simon Legree works his slaves to death. According to him “When one nigger ’s dead, I buy another, and I find it comes cheaper and easier, every way.” Simon Legree is a cruel man and master, who sets his slaves against each other, even putting two of the slaves as task masters over the others. Tom is brought to his plantation and suffers worse experience which lead him to be beaten by Legree and his overseers. It happens when Tom works in the cotton fields in Legree’s plantation, he helps another slave woman who’s struggling to fill her sack. Legree tells Tom to whip the woman but he refuses. The two overseers drag him outside where they beat him nearly to death.

“Ain’t I yer master? Didn’t I pay doen twelve hundred dollars, cash, for all there is inside yer old cussed black shell? An’t yer mine, now, body and soul?” he said, giving Tom a violent kick with his heavy boot; tell me!” in the very depth of physical suffering, bowed by brutal oppression, this question shot a gleamof joy and triumph through Tom’s soul. (XXXIII. 331)

“Here, Sambo! Quimbo! Give this dog such a breakin’ in as he won’t get over this mouth!” The two gigantic negroes that now laid hold of Tom, with fiendish exultation in their faces, might have formed no unapt personification of the powers of darkness. The poor woman screamed with apprehension, and all rose, as by a general impulse, while they dragged him unresisting from the place.”(XXX. 331)

The misery continues when Legree suspects Tom knows something about Cassy and Emmeline’s plan of escaping and investigate him but Tom refuse to say anything. Legree is angry and beats Tom all night then orders Sambo and Quimbo to continue the beating.

“Hark’e, Tom, ye think, ‘cause I’ve let you off before, I don’t mean what I say; but, this time I’ve made up my mind, and counted the cost. You’ve always stood it out again me, now I’ll conquer you or kill you! One or another, I’ll count every drop of blood there is in you, and take ‘em, one by one, till ye give up.”(XL. 382) “He’s most gone, mas’r,” said Sambo, touched, in spite of himself, by the patience of his victim. “Pay away, till he gives up! Give it to him! Give it to him!” shouted Legree. “I’ll take every drop of blood he has, unless he confesses!”(XL. 383)

From the quotations above, we can see that most of the slaves include Tom has to endure physical brutality by his masters. Topsy also shares the same experience with Uncle Tom as one of the novel's headline characters. Topsy is someone who has been so battered by slavery. The physical abuse which Topsy has endured is awful. The worst of all is the spiritual abuse because she’s called a “thing”. Before she is bought by St.Clare, her previous owner has abused her and

leave bears multiple scars on her back. This is the real crime committed against Topsy, and it allows Topsy to show the crime that slavery commits upon humanity.

4.2 The Impact of Slavery

Slavery is one of the worst conditions that have existed throughout history. The enslavement of any group of people is a horrible thing and the effects are long lasting. The slaves suffer a lot of psychological and emotional damage that has been passed down through generations. Slavery makes slaves receive a lot of anger, resentment and pain throughout their life. Slavery also has an extremely malignant impact on the slaves’ life. However, this impact is mostly negative which is caused by several factors, not solely their treatment. The impact of slavery all negatively affected them and their family.

Some impacts that slave suffers as the consequences of slavery which is also reflected in the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin will be described as follows:

4.2.1 Life With Restriction

Life in slavery means a life of restriction, with no civil rights. Slaves are unable to do everything they want for themself and their families. Their behavior and movement is restricted which makes them completely depend on their masters. Slavery disrupt communication between slaves. Slaves aren’t allowed to speak in their native language and make them can’t effectively communicate. Masters also prevent their slaves from learning to read and write, so the potential for them to be able to communicate is severely limited. Because slave owners are afraid that the ability to communicate and intelligence will make slaves escape or revolt.

Therefore slaves are never allowed to learn anything that would benefit them intellectually.

One of the scene in the novel shows slaves’ illiterarity as a result of slave’s inability to obtain education well is in chapter XIX when Tom tries to write a letter to his wife and children, but his limited literacy causes him trouble.

“The fact was, that Tom’s home yearnings had become so strong, that he had begged a sheet of writing paper of Eva, and, mustering up all his small stock of literary attainment acquired by Mas’r George’s instructions, he conceived the bold idea of writing a letter; and he was busy now, on his slate, getting out his first draft. Tom was in a good deal of trouble, for the forms of some of the letters he had forgotten entirely; and of what he did remember, he did not know exactly which to use.”(XIX. 219)

Compared to Tom, Topsy is even worse. She doesn’t know her age. She doesn’t know anything about time and what year it is. Ophelia tries to teach her, but the girl fails to understand even its words and thus she recites them back mangled and confused without any comphrehension of their meaning. It shows that Topsy never receive any education.

“How old are you, Topsy?” “Dun ‘no, missis, said the image, with a grin that showed all her teeth. Don’t know how old you are? Didn’t anybody ever tell you? Who was your mother?” “Never had none!” said the child, with another grin. “Never had any mother? What do you mean? Where were you born? “Never was born! Never had no father, nor mother, nor nothin’. I was raised by a speculator, with lots of others.” (XX. 223-224)

“She instituted regular hours and employments for her, and undertook to teach her to read and to sew. ... and though Miss Ophelia could not help feeling that so many accident could not possibly happen in succession, yet she could not, without a watchfulness which would leave her no time for anything else, detech her.” (XX. 230)

“What is it, Topsy?” said Miss Ophelia. “Please, missis, was dat ar state Kintuck?” “What state, Topsy?” “Dat state dey fell out of. I used to hear mas’r tell how he came down from Kentuck.” St. Clare laughed. “You’ll have to give her a meaning, or she’ll make

one,” said he. “There seems to be atheory of emigration suggested there.” (XX. 233)

From the quotations above, we can see the reason behind the slaves’ lack of understanding is because they only know how to do work for their masters. They have no time to study or sorts. They never have such an proper education. Their movement is limited which makes them difficult to do anything except working. For example, for Topsy the only thing she know is her job. When Topsy is asked by Miss Ophelia about what she does for her master and mistress, she answers that she fetch water, wash dishes, rub knives and wait on folks.

4.2.2 Racial Discrimination

Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows that slavery is utterly immoral and the

domination of one group of people by another based on race is unacceptable. Blacks are depicted as having the same kind of souls and the same claims on God’s love that whites have. The novel draws attention to the black race specifically. It mentions that blacks are discriminated and hated by the society and they feel real depression and they find it very difficult to be happy in the society that ignore their existence. Uncle Tom’s Cabin are concerned with the rights of black people and their feelings of depression, sadness and misery that have been represented through the characters in the plays. They have examined discrimination of communities.

"It's undoubtedly the intention of Providence that the African race should be servants, – kept in a low condition," said a grave-looking gentleman in black, a clergyman, seated by the cabin door. "'Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be,' the scripture says." (XII. 70)

This is one of the statement which claims that blacks are a race cursed by God and that they deserve to be slaves forever.

In this case, Topsy is one of the slaves that experiences the racial discrimination. She says to Eva that Miss Ophelia never let Topsy to touch her because she is black.

“But, Topsy, if you’d only try to be good, you might-“ “Couldn’t never be nothin’ but a nigger, if I was ever so good,” said Topsy. “if I could be skinned, and come white, I’d try then.” “But people can love you, if you are black, Topsy. Miss Ophelia would love you if you were good.” Topsy gave the short, blunt laugh that was her common mode of expressing incredulity. “Don’t you think so?” said Eva. “No, she can’t bar me, ‘cause I’m a nigger! – she’d soon have to a toad touch her! There can’t nobody love niggers and niggers can’t do nothin’. I don’t care,” said Topsy, beginning to whistle. (XXV. 261)

“It is true what she told me; if we want to give sight to the blind, we must be willing to do as Christ did – call them to us, and put our hands on them.” “I’ve always had a prejudice against negroes,” said Miss Ophelia, “and it’s a fact, I never could bear to have that child touch me; but I didn’t tink she knew it.”... “I don’t know how I can help it,” said Miss Ophelia; “they are disagreeable to me – this child in particular. How can I help feeling so?” (XXV. 262)

It shows the long struggle for equality for black because of the discrimination. Many blacks receive only the injustice, pains, criticism and hate from the white people who always thought they are superior. Even after slaves are emancipated, slavery has a constant malignant impact on their culture. Slavery put African-Americans at a racial disadvantage, which has taken them over a century to fight, and they still have not completely overcome this disadvantage. The racism that they have faced lead them to become bonded like an extended family, but this bond is a method of defense rather than an actual cultural bond. The impact of the memories and racism of slavery has causes African-Americans to create a culture based around their defense and overcoming racism, rather than a common religion or common practice. Overcoming such an obstacle is impossible, and memories of slavery will always be held within them. The removal of their culture, their

restrictions as slaves, and the impact of slavery after emancipation have all negatively affected the culture that they have created.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin changes how Americans see slavery, the system that treated people as property. It demands that the United States deliver on the promise of freedom and equality, creates the abolition movement and contributes to the outbreak of the Civil War. Uncle Tom's Cabin is a book that drew many people into the fight over the institution of slavery. Stowe’s novel is designed to illustrate for the world the evils of slavery.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

1. Slavery in America aid in the production of lucrative crops and slaves help to build the economic foundations of the nation. The invention of the cotton gin make slavery becomes the central importance of the South's economy. Cotton is valuable so the role of slaves is important and the cotton crop that slaves produced makes America important to the world.

2. Uncle Tom's Cabin has slavery as its main topic and focuses on the

struggles of slaves who has been sold numerous times in the slave market. Slaves are treated as properties by their masters to make profit by working overtime. Slaves also has to endure physical brutality, even some of them is beaten to death.

3. Slavery has mostly negative impacts for the slaves’ life. Their inability to communicate because of restriction makes them totally lack in education. Masters prevent their slaves from learning to read and write and other thing that will benefit them intelectually. Racial discrimination is also suffered for a long time by the slaves. White people always assume they are superior and say blacks deserve to be slave because they are cursed by God for having that skin color.

5.2 Suggestion

1. This study is recommended to discuss further to make the readers more understand about slavery and its impact towards slaves and the society. It brings great impact not only to American society, but to the world civilization.

2. It’s better also to read about American history or civilization before exploring the topic of slavery.

REFERENCES

Aziez, Furqanul and Hasim, Abdul. 2010. Menganalisis Fiksi Sebuah Pengantar. Bogor : Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia.

Chew, Samuel C. and Altick, Richard D. 1967. The Nineteenth Century and

After.United States of America : Meredith Publishing Company.

Eagleton, Terry. 2009. Literary Theory An Introduction. United States of America: Blackwell Publishing.

Gill, Richard. 1985. Mastering English Literature. London : Macmillan Education LTD.

Gossett, Thomas F. 1985. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture. United States of America : Southern Methodist University Press.

Gray, Martin. 1984. A Dictionary of Literary Terms. Hongkong : Longman York Press.

Moleong, Lexy J. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung : Remaja Rosda Karya.

Moody, H.L.B. 1968. Literary Appreciation. London : Longman Group.

Reilly, Kevin. 1980. The West and the World : A Topical History of Civilization. New York : Harper & Row Publishers.

Silalahi, U. 2006. Metode Penelitian Sosial. Bandung: Unpar Press.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. 1995. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. London : Wordworth EditionsLimited.

Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. 1995. Teori Kesusastraan. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Whitla, William. 2010. The English Handbook : A Guide to Literary Studies.United Kingdom : Blackwell Publishing.

http://sparknotes.com/

APPENDICES

i. Summary of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin opens as Mr. Shelby and a slave trader, Mr. Haley, discuss

how many slaves Mr. Shelby will need to sell in order to clear up his debt. Despite his misgivings, Mr. Shelby decides to sell Tom, a faithful and honest man, and Harry, the son of his wife’s favorite slave, Eliza. Eliza overhears that her son has been sold and makes a split-second decision to take him and run away to Canada that very night. Earlier that day, her husband, George Harris, had let her know that he planned to leave his own master, and she hopes they will both be able to escape and reunite in Canada.

As Eliza takes off, the slave trader Mr. Haley follows her and almost catches her. She escapes into Ohio by crossing a river on a piece of floating ice. Mr. Haley sends slave catchers after her, and returns to collect his remaining property, Tom. Tom chooses not to run because he knows his master, Mr. Shelby, relies on his honesty. Tom and Mr. Haley leave for the South. In the boat, Tom saves a little girl named Eva from drowning. The girl's father decides to buy Tom to be his daughter's personal servant. Augustine St. Clare, treats his slaves relatively well. Unfortunately, his wife, Marie St. Clare, is a more typical slave owner and runs her slaves ragged as they try to satisfy her endless demands. Tom grows fond of little Eva. They discuss their mutual Christian faith on a daily basis. Eva even transforms the life of a hardened young slave girl named Topsy.When it is clear that Eva is ill and going to die, she calls all the slaves together to give them a speech about God’s love and her love for them. She gives each slave one of her blonde curls so they

will remember her. Meanwhile, Eliza and her husband George are reunited in a without a couple of run-ins with slave catchers on the way.

Back at St. Clare household, Augustine St. Clare is heartbroken at his daughter’s death, as are all the slaves. St. Clare promises Tom his freedom but, before he finishes making out the papers, he is killed in a barroom brawl. Tom is sold at auction, along with many of the other St. Clare slaves. Tom’s new master is Simon Legree, an evil and violent man who works his slaves until they die, then buys new ones cheaply in a never-ending cycle. Despite Legree’s treatment, Tom maintains his honest, kind behavior. Legree does his worst to "harden" Tom so that he can use Tom as an overseer on the plantation, but Tom refuses to change no matter how hard or how often Legree beats him. When Tom encourages two female slaves, whom Legree uses as prostitutes, to escape, Legree beats Tom to death. It takes a few days for him to die, however, and in the meantime, his old master’s son, George Shelby, arrives to pick Tom and set him free but it’s too late.

The two female slaves who escaped Legree’s house, Cassy and Emmeline, end up on the same ship as George Shelby. Cassy confesses her story to him, realizing that George’s heart is soft towards the plight of escaping slaves. Another woman on the ship soon confesses her story to George as well, and it turns out that she is George Harris’s sister, sold south into slavery many years earlier. George Shelby relates that George Harris married Eliza and they both escaped to Canada. Cassy, overhearing the story, puts two and two together and realizes that Eliza is her own daughter, who was taken from her many years before.

ii. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Biography and Works

Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 13, 1811. She is the seventh of nine children born to Roxana Foote Beecher, the granddaughter of a Revolutionary general, and Lyman Beecher, a blacksmith's son and Congregational minister. Her mother died when Harriet was five years old, and her father remarried a year later; her stepmother gave birth to four more children. Harriet often visited at the home of her widowed maternal grandmother and unmarried aunt, who instructed her in religion and taught her needlework. Her mother and aunts, although necessarily practiced in domestic skills like spinning and weaving, had also been unusually well educated for young women of their time, and Harriet's early association with the Foote family probably contributed not only to the intellectual curiosity she would have all her life, but also to her confidence that she could combine a career as writer with that of housewife and mother.

At the age of six, Harriet entered primary school and two years later was enrolled in the Litchfield Female Academy. She seems in some ways to have been a rather odd little girl, bright and talented in her schoolwork but also full of mischief, shy but at the same time hungry for attention. Fortunately, her father was proud of her intelligence and imagination. He encouraged her progress in school; indeed, he was to be supportive of her all his life, and the entire Beecher family was to remain close. At thirteen, after listening to one of her father's sermons,

Harriet experienced a personal "conversion" and committed herself to Christianity, a commitment she would renew throughout her life.

At about the same age, Harriet moved to the larger city of Hartford, Connecticut, and entered the Hartford Female Seminary, a private secondary school founded a few years earlier by her older sister Catharine Beecher. Harriet was to remain until she was 21, first as a student and, from 1827 to 1832, as a teacher. One of the first American schools for women, the seminary featured classes in many traditional male school subjects such as grammar, composition, English literature, logic, rhetoric and oratory, Latin, and ethics, as well as French, Italian, drawing, and music. Catharine also emphasized the sciences, which she believed were slighted in women's education; her pupils' studies included chemistry, "natural philosophy" (what we would probably call "earth science"), geometry, and astronomy. They also studied geography, and in her last year at the Hartford school, Harriet wrote and published a geography textbook that would remain in print for some years and be adopted by numerous schools.

In 1832, Harriet's father moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to head Lane Seminary. Harriet, Catharine, and four more of their siblings traveled with him and his wife by stagecoach. Harriet, just turned 21, would spend her next 18 years in Cincinnati. Harriet and her husband, Calvin married in January of 1836. In September of that year, Harriet gave birth to twin girls, and sixteen months later to a baby boy. In all, she was to have seven children (and numerous miscarriages) between 1836 and 1850. By 1837, Harriet's geography textbook had sold widely to schools, and she saw that writing could supplement her husband's income. Beginning even before her marriage, Harriet published short fiction in popular magazines and church

periodicals, and in 1843, Harper Brothers publishers brought out The Mayflower, a collection of her stories and sketches. She also wrote religious pamphlets and essays in literary criticism. Less than a year after the death of her sixth child, pregnant with her seventh, Harriet left Cincinnati for Brunswick, Maine, where her husband had accepted a teaching post. She had written very little for five years and had never attempted a long work of fiction, but now she was about to begin the book that would make her famous and would influence antislavery sentiment not only in the United States but around the world as well.

Stowe's Masterpiece and Other Works

Harriet's family and friends had been involved in antislavery activities in Cincinnati, where there was fierce debate (and some violence) not only between pro- and antislavery activists but also among antislavery factions. At least one of Harriet's brothers was a radical abolitionist, while other Beechers, her father among them, were "colonizationists," favoring a "gradual" approach to freeing slaves, who would then be returned to African colonies. Harriet seems to have agreed, at least partly, with the latter view, but she became more radical at the beginning of the 1850s. In part, this may have been because of her child's death and her anxious attachment to the baby born a year later. The inhumanity of a system that separated parents from their children without recourse must have struck her as never before through this event in her personal life. At about the same time, Congress passed a Fugitive Slave Law, requiring that people who had escaped from slavery into the free states of the North be returned to captivity. This latest federal compromise with the slaveholding states of the South, along with Harriet's personal loss, seems to have energized her creatively, and when the editor of the antislavery

periodical The National Era invited her to write something for his journal, she began to send him installments of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

The story, which turned out to be much longer than Harriet had expected, was published in book form in 1852 and immediately became a bestseller. As its popularity soared, it inspired songs, dramatizations, prints, and paintings. Harriet was soon threatened with a lawsuit by a Philadelphia clergyman whose defense of slavery she had quoted, accurately enough, in the book. The suit was never brought, but the uproar it caused in the press prompted Harriet, helped by family and friends, to collect damning evidence from court records, newspaper accounts, and other sources to support her published allegations about slavery. What she discovered was more horrifying than she had anticipated, refuting the claims of Southern critics that the fictional incidents in Uncle Tom's Cabin were based on invention or exaggeration. Harriet selected and published the results of her research in 1853, in the 259-page book A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Harriet continued to write for publication until 1878. Her non-fiction (or semi-fictional) works, including sketches and essays with fictional narrators, mostly written for various periodicals, were eventually collected in book form as Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands (1854); Household Papers and Stories(1865–67, 1896); Little Foxes (1866); Palmetto Leaves (1873); Women in Sacred History (1874); andFootsteps of the Master (1877). Her long fiction after Uncle Tom's Cabin is uneven in quality. Both Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856, written during the violent period following passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act) and The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862) start strongly but weaken toward the end, while Agnes of Sorrento (1862), set in a romanticized Italy, is relatively shapeless and shallow. Oldtown Folks (1869), which Harriet hoped

would be her masterpiece, suffered from domestic distractions she endured while attempting to finish it, including the necessity to find adequate care for her son Fred, a struggling alcoholic. My Wife and I andPink and White Tyranny, both published as magazine serials in 1871, are fictional criticisms of contemporary figures and ideas in the women's rights movement. Her last work, Poganuk People (1878), written when Harriet was in her late sixties, is more successful, probably because in writing it she felt not only less pressure to make a specific political or moral statement but also less pressure to complete the work in a specific length of time.

Harriet's most controversial publication came in 1869, with "The True Story of Lady Byron's Life," published in Atlantic Monthly, in which she revealed the scandalous "secret" (actually fairly well known in private circles) of the famous English poet's brief marriage and notorious separation from his wife. The uproar caused by this article prompted her to write Lady Byron Vindicated (1870), which she hoped would support the Atlantic article (as A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin had done for her famous and controversial novel) but which was itself vilified and ridiculed.

After 1878, Harriet virtually retired from writing except for letters. Her husband died in 1886, her daughter Georgiana the next year. Of her six children who had lived to adulthood, only her twin daughters, Hattie and Eliza, and her youngest child, called Charley like the dead infant, survived her. They were with her when she died in 1896 at 85.

Harriet Beecher Stowe was a writer from youth to old age, encouraged by her family and sustained by the conviction that she could accomplish social and moral good in this way, just as her father, husband, and brothers could by preaching and

teaching. More than a century after her death, she is remembered almost solely for Uncle Tom's Cabin, the novel that forced white readers to identify and sympathize with the Africans and African Americans enslaved in the Southern United States. Today, it is difficult to realize the electrifying power of this book when it first appeared. It is easy to find fault with the overwhelming sentimentality of Little Eva's death scene, which affected nineteenth-century readers much differently than it does us; with the condescending characterization of some of the slaves; and especially with the sweet Christian passivity of Uncle Tom himself, whose behavior is the antithesis of what our own age finds admirable. Still, Uncle Tom's Cabin remains arguably the most important work of fiction ever published in the United States: a bold moral statement by a woman in a day when women were expected to be silent, and an unabashed portrait of American life in a day when American literature was still in the process of defining itself. Above all, it was a book that swayed its millions of readers into opposition to the monstrous institution of slavery, whose roots were buried in the earliest days of the nation and whose consequences extend into our own time.