2013 Briefing Paper Kebijakan kontrol versus kebebasan internet Wahyudi Djafar
Kebijakan Kontrol versus
Kebebasan Berinternet:
Pengantar singkat tentang perkembangan dan dinamika regulasi
terkait internet danhak asasi manusia
di Indonesia, Malaysia dan Filipina
ǣ
ǣ
Wahyudi Djafar
Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM)
2013
(2)
2
dan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia, Malaysia dan Filipina
ǣ
Wahyudi Djafar
ǣ
Triana Dyah
ǣ
Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat [ELSAM]
ǤǤ͵ͳǡǡǡͳʹͷͳͲ ǤΪʹʹͳͻʹʹǡͻͳͻʹͷͶǡ ǤΪʹʹͳͻͳͻʹͷͳͻ
ǣ ̷ǤǤǡǣǤǤǤǡǣ̷Ǧ̷
Semua penerbitan ELSAM didedikasikan kepada para korban pelanggaran hak asasi manusia selain sebagai bagian dari upaya pemajuan dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia.
ǡ
͵ǤͲ
(3)
3 Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǤǤ Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ
Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ
Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǤǤ
Ǥ ǣǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ
Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ
Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ
Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ
5 7 20 33 36 48 57 60 69(4)
(5)
5
A. Pengantar
ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡʹͲͳ͵ ͶͺǤͺͲǤͷͺͲ Ǥͳǡǡ ͳͳǤͷͺǤͲ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ͳʹǤͻǤͷͲͲǤ ǡǤ ʹͲͳ͵ǡ ǡǡǡǡǤʹ ǡ ǦǤ ʹͲͳʹ ͵͵ǤͲͲǤͲͲͲ Ǥ ͳǤʹ͵ǤͲͲͲ ǡ ͲǡͳΨǤ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ
1
Lihat “Facebook Country Stats February 2013”, dalam http://www.quintly.com/blog/2013/02/facebook-country-stats-february-2013-top-10-countries-lose-users/, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
2
Lihat “Social Media Statistics for Indonesia”, dalam http://socialmemos.com/social-media-statistics-for-indonesia/, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
(6)
6
Ǧǡ Ǥ
ǡǡ Ǥ͵ ǡ ʹͲͳʹ The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internetǡ
ǤͶǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥͷ
ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ Ǥǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ
3 Lihat Indriaswati DS dan Wahyudi Djafar, Tata kelola internet yang berbasis hak:Studi tentang permasalahan umum
tata kelola internet dan dampaknya terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia, (Jakarta: Elsam, 2013).
4
Lihat A/HRC/20/L.13, dapat diakses di http://daccess-dds ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G12/147/10/PDF/ G1214710.pdf? OpenElement.
5
(7)
7
ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ȋcyber sovereigntyȌǡ
ǡ ǡǦ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
B. Lintasan pemanfaatan teknologi internet: inisiatif dan pengembangan
Ǧ ȋ ȌǤ ǡǦ ͳͻͺ͵Ǥ ǡ ȄǡȋȌǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͺͶ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ʹͶͳͻͺͺǡǦȋȌ ȋͳͻʹǤͶͳǤʹͲȀʹͶȌ ȋȌ ʹͶ ͳͻͺͺǡ ȋȌ ȋthe American
Registry for Internet NumbersȌǤͺ
ǡͳͻͺǡ ǡ ǡ ȋNational Science Foundation NetworkȌǤ
ͳͻͻͳǡ
6
Lihat Merlyna Lim, Archipelago Online: The Internet and Political Activism in Indonesia, Disertasi Doktoral pada School of Business, Public Administration and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands, 2005, hal. 61.
7 Lihat “The Internet History in Indonesia”, dalam
http://www.apnic.net/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/27919/apster21-200702.pdf., diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
8
Lihat “Sejarah Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia”, dalam http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/commercial-companies/2040621-sejarah-perkembangan-internet-di-indonesia/#ixzz1O8XRNW00, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
(8)
8
Ǥ ͳͻͻͶǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͶǤͶ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻǡȋȌ ȋȌ Ǥ ͳǤͷǤͻ
Internet Service ProviderȋȌ
ȋȌǡ ͳͻͻͶǤ dial-upǤ
Ǧ shell accountǡbrowser lynx email
client pine ǤͳͲ Ǧ
ǡͳͻͻʹͲ ȋȌǤͳͻͻ ȋȌ ǡ ͳʹ Ǥ Ȅǡ ǡǤͳͳ
ǡ
ȋAsia Pacific Network Information CentreȌ ͳͻͻͻǡ
ǡȋNational Internet RegistriesȌʹͲͲʹǤ
ʹͲͳ͵ǡ ʹͺͻ Ǥ ȋȌ ͳͻͻͺ Ǥ Ǥͳʹ
9
Lihat The Internet History... Loc.Cit.
10
Lihat Sejarah Perkembangan... Loc.Cit.
11
Lihat http://www.apjii.or.id/v2/index.php/read/page/halaman-tentang/1/latar-belakang-.html, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
12
APJII juga bekerja sama dengan APNIC, ISC dan Autonomica, untuk membangun dua root server di Indonesia. Root server F serta I yang dipasang pada tahun 2004 dan 2005. Lihat Andy Kurniawan, Indonesia Internet eXchange (IIX), APJII (2007). Lihat juga Johar Alam, History of the Indonesia Internet eXchange (IIX), dapat diakses di
(9)
9
ǡ ʹͳ ͳͻͻͶǤ ǡ ͳͻͻͷǤ ǡ Ǥ ͻ ͳͻͻͺǡ Ǥͳ͵
ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͺͺǡ Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic Systems ȋȌ
ȋȌǤ dial-upǡǡǡ
ǤǦ ȋmailing-list groupȌǤǡdial-upǡ
ͳͻͻʹ ǡǤͳͶ
ȋJoint Advanced Integrated NetworkingȌ
internet service provider ȋȌ Ǥ
ǡ Ǥͳͷ ǡͳͻͻͷ ǡ ȋȌǤ ͳͻͻ ͳͻͻǤ ǡ ǡǤǡ ʹͲͲͲ ǦǡǤͳ
13
Lihat Wahyudi Djafar, dkk, 2000-2010 Kebebasan Internet Indonesia: Perjuangan Meretas Batas, (Jakarta: IMDLN dan ICJR, 2011), dapat diakses di http://wahyudidjafar.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/briefing-paper-3_2011_kebebasan-internet.pdf.
14
Lihat ITU, Multimedia Malaysia: Internet Case Study, (Jenewa: International Telecomunication Union, 2002), hal. 19.
15
Lihat “The Internet in Malaysia”, dalam https://www.apnic.net/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/27920/apster9-200402.pdf, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
16
(10)
10
ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͻͷǡ Ǥ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͲǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ Ǥ ͳͻͻͺǡ ʹǡΨ Ǥͳ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲʹͲǡ ͳͻͻͳǤ ͳͻͻͶ ȋȌǡǦ ʹͲʹͲǤ ͳͻͻǡ ȋȌǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥͳͺ
ǡ ͳͻͻͲǦǤ ǡ ǡǦMultimedia Super
CorridorǤ
Ǥ Ǧǡ
17
Lihat John Paynter and Jackie Lim, Drivers and Impediments to e-Commerce in Malaysia, dalam Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, (Vol. 6, No. 2, December 2001), hal. 1-19.
18
Lihat Ali Salman, dkk, Tracing the Diffusion of Internet in Malaysia: Then and Now, dalam Asian Social Science, (Vol. 9, No. 6, April 2013).
(11)
11
Ǥͳͻ
Ǧ ȋ Ȍǡ ͳͻͺǤ ȄThe
National ICT Association of MalaysiaǤʹͲ
ͳͶͲͲ ǡ ͳͳͲ ǡ͵͵web hostingǤʹͳǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ȋȌǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥʹʹ
ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳͻͻͲǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͶǤComputer Network Systems Corporation
ȋȌ ǡ The Philippine Network Foundation ȋȌǤ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤʹ͵
ͶȀ ǡ ʹͻ ͳͻͻͶǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌ
19 Lihat The Internet in Malaysia, Loc.Cit. 20
Lihat http://www.pikom.my/, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
21
Lihat http://pikom.org.my/cms/AllProductByCat.asp?CatID=53&type=, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
22
Lihat The Malaysia Internet Exchange (MYIX), dalam http://myix.my/about-myix/, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
23
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12
ǡ ͳͻͻͶǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ǤʹͶ
ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Value Added Service ȋȌ
ǡ ǡ ͳͻͻͻǡ ͳͻͻ ͳ͵ Ǥ bandwidthǤ
Ǧ Ǧ Ǥʹͷ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ ȋȌǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ
Caucus of Development NGO Network and the Foundation for Media AlternativesǤ
ǤͻͲΨ ǡ ǡ Ǥʹ
ǡ ȋȌ ǡ ͳͻ ͳͻͻͷǡ ͺͺͳͻͻǡͳͲͳͻͻǤ ʹͲͲ ͶͲͺ
24
Lihat Emmanuel C. Lallana dan Cheryll Ruth Soriano, Towards Universal Internet Access in the Philippines, (Manila: ideacorp and Intel Technology Philippines, Inc, 2007). Dapat diakses di
http://www.unapcict.org/ecohub/resources/towards-universal-internet-access-in-the-philippines, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
25
Lihat ITU, Pinoy Internet... Op.Cit.
26
Lihat A. Pabico, Online advocacy, dalam S. S. Coronel (Ed.), From Loren to Marimar: The Philippine media in the 1990s. (Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, 1999)
(13)
13
ȋȌǤʹ Ǧ ȋȌǡ The
Commission on Information and Communications TechnologyȋȌǡ
ʹͲͲͶǤǦ Philippine Internet Service OrganizationȋȌǤ
ͳͻͻ ͵Ͳ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥʹͺ
ǡ ȋȌǡ ͳͻͻǤ host server Ǥ
ȋthe Philippine Long Distance Telephone
CompanyȌ ǡǡ ǡǡǤ
ͳͻͻͷǡ ǡ ʹͻ ͳͻͻǡ ͳͷ ǡ ǦǤʹͻ
27
Lihat Erwin A. Alampay, Telecom Regulatory and Policy Environment in the Philippines: Results and Analysis of the 2008 TRE Survey, dapat diakses di http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/TRE_Philippines_final_2008Nov29.pdf.
28
Lihat http://www.ncc.gov.ph/default.php?a1=2&a2=5&a3=1&a4=PQRS&a5=37. Lihat juga “Information Technology in The Philippines”, dalam http://www1.american.edu/carmel/bree/internet.html, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
29
Lihat http://www.phix.net.ph/. Lihat juga Grace In Mono, Localizing the Internet in the Philippines, dalam
(14)
14
ͳǣJumlah pengguna dan penetrasi internet di Asia Tenggara
Negara Populasi
ȋʹͲͳʹȌ
Pengguna Internet
ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
Pengguna Internet
ȋʹͲͳʹȌ
Penetrasi ȋΨȌ
ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ͶͲͺǤͺ ͵Ͳ ͵ͳͺǤͻͲͲ ͺǤͲΨ ʹͷǤͶ
ͳͶǤͻͷʹǤͷ ǤʹͺͶ ͶǤͶΨ ͶǤʹʹʹ
ʹͶͺǤͶͷǤͲͲͺ ʹǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͷͷǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ʹʹǤͳΨ ͷͳǤͲͻǤͺͲ
ǤͷͺǤʹ ͷͻʹǤͶ ͻǤͲΨ ʹͷǤͷͺͺ
ʹͻǤͳͻǤͻͷʹ ͵ǤͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǤʹ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͲǤΨ ͳ͵ǤͷͺͻǤͷʹͲ
ͷͶǤͷͺͶǤͷͲ ͳ ͷ͵ǤͶͻ͵ ͳǤͲΨ Ȁ
ͳͲ͵ǤͷǤͲͲʹ ʹǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͵͵ǤͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͵ʹǤͶΨ ʹͻǤͺͻͲǤͻͲͲ
ͷǤ͵ͷ͵ǤͶͻͶ ͳǤʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͳͷǤͳʹͳ ͷǤͲΨ ʹǤͻͳͷǤͶͲ
ǤͲͻͳǤͲͺͻ ʹǤ͵ͲͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͲǤͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͵ͲǤͲΨ ͳǤʹͳǤͶͺͲ
Ǧ ͳǤͳͶ͵Ǥ Ͳ ͳͲǤʹͻ͵ ͲǤͻΨ Ȁ
ͻͳǤͷͳͻǤʹͺͻ ʹͲͲ ͵ͳǤͲ͵ͶǤͻͲͲ ͵͵ǤͻΨ ͳͲǤͻǤͺͺͲ
ǣǣȀȀǤǤ Ȁ͵ǤǤ
ǡ ǡȋǡ Ȍǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͻͷ ǡ ǡ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲ ǡ ͵ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͲͷ ͳͳ ͶʹΨ Ǥ ͶʹΨ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ǤʹͲͳʹ ͳǡʹ͵ Ǥ ͲΨ Ǥ ȋͺΨȌ ȋͷΨȌǦǤ
(15)
15
ǡ ȋȌͳͻͻǤ ʹͲʹͲǤ ǡ ȋȌ Ǥ ̶One Home, One Computer̶Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ͵Ͳ
ǡ
ȋdigital divideȌǡǦǤ
Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ͷǡͻΨ Ǥ͵ͳ ǡ ʹͲͳͲ
National Broadband Initiativeǡ
Ǥ͵ʹ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͻͶǡ ȋȌǡ ͶǤͲͲͲͲǡͲͲͷΨǤ ǡ ͳͻͻ͵ ȋExecutive OrderȌǡ
Ǥ Executive Order
ȋȌ ǡ ͷͻ
30 Lihat Ali Salman, dkk, Tracing ... OP.Cit. 31
Lihat http://www.newmediatrendwatch.com/markets-by-country/11-long-haul/55-malaysia, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
32
Lihat “Target: Broadband Penetration to Go Up to 50% by Next Year”, dalam http://malaysiakini.com/news/117064, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
(16)
16
Ǥ ǡ ͳͲͻ ȋLocal Exchange
CarrierȌǤ ǡ Service Area Scheme ȋȌǡ
ͳͳǤ ͻʹͷ ͳͻͻͷǡ ȋȌǡ Ǥ͵͵
Executive Order ͳͲͻ
Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡͺǡΨ ͳͲͻǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ͵Ͷ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲǡʹ ǡ ǡ Ǥ͵ͷ ʹͲͳʹǡ ͵͵ǡǡ ǡ ͵ʹǡͶΨ ǡ Ǥ͵
ǡ ǦǤǡ Ǥ͵ ǡ Ǥ
33 Lihat Cheryll Ruth R. Soriano, Universal Access in the Philippines: A Review of Policies and Strategies, Paper for the
CPRsouth2 2007: Research for Improving ICT governance in the Asia Pacific, December 2007, Chennai, India. Dapat diakses di http://www.cprsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/drupal/Cheryll_Soriano.pdf.
34
Lihat Mary Grace P. Mirandilla, Achieving Universal Access through Liberalization, Regulation, and Deregulation: The Case of the Philippine Telecommunications and ICT Sector, Paper pada the Communication Policy Research (CPR) south2 conference on December 15-17, 2007 in Chennai, India. Dapat diakses di http://www.cprsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/drupal/Grace_Mirandilla.pdf.
35
Lihat Lihat ITU, Pinoy Internet... Op.Cit.
36
Lihat http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
37
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17
ʹͲͲͺǡ Ǧ ȋȌǤ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ
Ǧǡ Ǥ Ǥͳͻͻͺǡ ȋȌǡ ͳ͵ͶǤͲͲͲͲǡͲͳͲͲǡͳͲͲ ͲǡʹΨǤ ͶͲͷǤͲͲͲ ͵ͲͲǤͲͲͲǤ͵ͺ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲ ͳǡͻǡ ʹͲͲͷ ʹͲ ǡ ʹͲͳͲ ͶʹǤʹͲͳʹǡ ͵ǡ ʹͶǡʹ͵ΨǤ͵ͻ ʹͷͲǤ
Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌ ǦǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͻǡ͵ͲͶʹ ʹͲͳͲǤ
38
Lihat http://www.itu.int/ITU D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportName=/WTI/InformationTechnologyPublic&
ReportFormat=HTML4.0&RP_intYear=1998&RP_intLanguageID=1&RP_bitLiveData=False, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
39
Lihat “2013, Pengguna Internet Indonesia Bisa Tembus 82 Juta”, dalam
http://www.apjii.or.id/v2/index.php/read/content/apjii-at-media/139/2013-pengguna-internet-indonesia-bisa-tembus-82-ju.html, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
(18)
ȋback 40 Liha Cities-Ju m la h p e n g g u n a i n te rn e t (d a la m Ǥ ǣǣȀȀ ǡ ͵ǤͲͲ ǡ khaulȌ
at “Mobile overta
-Mobile-Boosts-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1998 ju ta ) unlimited ǡ
ͳǣPerkem
ǤǤ ǡ Ǥ
ͲͲ
akes internet ca
Internet-No-2-M
1 1.9 4.2
2000 mobi ǣ mbangan ju ǤȀʹȀ Ǧ Ǧ ͷ ǡ ǡ ǡ
afes as primary
Media-Spot/1009
2 4.5 8
2002
18
ile
ȋ mlah pengg ǤȀ Ψ ǡ
y access point”,
9637, diakses p 11.2 16
2004
ǡ Ǥ Ȍ guna intern ȀȀ ǤͶͲ Ǥ
dalam http://ww
pada 1 Agustus
20 20 2
2006 20
net di Indon
ǦȀ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ ww.emarketer.c 2013. 25 30 42 5 008 201 nesia ȀͻȀǤ Ǧ ʹͲͳʹǡ
ǡ com/Article/Indo 55 63 10 2012 Ǥ ǡ ǡ onesias-2014
(19)
19
Ȁ ǡ ǡǤͶͳ
ǡ ǡ ʹͲͳͲǡ ȀUniversal Service Obligation ȋȌǡ
Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋȌ ȋǦȌǤ ͳǡʹͷΨ ǤͶʹǦ ǡ ǦǤͶ͵ ȋ Ȍǡ ʹͲͳͳǡ ͳͲ ǤͶͶ
ǡ ǡ ǡͲΨ Ǥ ͵ʹǡͶΨǡ ʹͶǡʹ͵Ψ Ǥ ǡ ǦǤ
41
Lihat “Palapa Ring”, dalam http://www.detiknas.org/index.php/flagship/c/14/, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
42
Lihat “Penyebaran PLIK dan M-PLIK Wujud Hak Masyarakat Peroleh Informasi”, dalam
http://kominfo.go.id/berita_kemen
trian/detail/4005/Penyebaran+PLIK+dan+MPLIK+Wujud+Hak+Masyarakat+Peroleh+Informasi, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
43
Lihat “Graft suspected in Rp 40 trillion IT project”, dalam http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/11/graft-suspected-rp-40-trillion-it-project.html. Lihat juga jawaban Kominfo menanggapi pemberitaan tersebut dalam Siaran Pers No. 55/PIH/KOMINFO/7/2013, tersedia di http://kominfo.go.id/berita/detail/4057/Siaran+Pers+No.+55-PIH-KOMINFO-7-2013+
tentang+Tanggapan+Terhadap+Berita+Mengenai+Potensi+Penyalah+Gunaan+Anggaran+di+Kementerian+Kominfo, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
44
Lihat “Desa Pinter yang Terpasang”, dalam http://statistik.kominfo.go.id/site/data?idtree=244&iddoc=789, diakses pada 1 Agustus 2013.
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C. ʹǣP ǣǣȀȀ ǡ
ͷͷ
ǡ ͷͲΨ Internet regulasi 0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 60000000 Perbanding Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ
sebagai sa
Ǧ Ǥ 2,0 5 gan peningk ǡ ǡ
arana kom
Ǥ
000,000 3 55,000,000 1 Interne 20 katan pengg Ǥ Ȁ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ͳ͵ͻ
munikasi da
ǡ
3,700,000 17,723,000
et Users Inte
guna intern ͵ǤǤ ͻ
an akses i
ǡ
2,000,000 33,600,000
ernet Users
net di Asia T
ʹ informasi: 2,300,000 20,100,000 Tenggara ʹͲͲͲǡ ǡ ʹ ͵͵ǡ ʹͲͳͷ perkemba Ǥ 200 31,034,900 ʹ Ǥ ǡ ǡ angan 0
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21
ǤǦ Ǥ ͵ ͳͻͺͻ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ͷ ͳͻͶ Ǥ ͳͻ͵ Ǧǡ ͳͻͺͲǦǤ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡǡǡ ǡǤͶͷ
ͳͻͻǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǤͷͻȀǤ͵ͲͳȀǦͻǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǤͶ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ
ǡͳͻͻͻǡ ǤǤ͵ ͳͻͺͻ Ǥ ͵ ͳͻͻͻ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ
45
Lihat Ketentuan Umum Pasal 1 angka 1, 2, dan 3 UU No. 3 Tahun 1989 tentang Telekomunikasi.
46
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22
ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǦǤͶ Ǥ ͵ ͳͻͻͻ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌǤͷʹʹͲͲͲǤ ǡ ǡ voice over internet protocol (VoIP), ǡǡ
ǤͶͺǡ ǡ ǡ ǦǤͶͻ
ʹͲͲͺ ǡ Ǥ ͳͳ ʹͲͲͺ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋȌ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ
ȋȌǤͷͲ
47
Tersedia di http://pkps.bappenas.go.id/dokumen/uu/Uu%20Sektor/Telekomunikasi/20.%20uu_36_1999.pdf.
48 Tersedia di http://www.apjii.or.id/v2/upload/Regulasi/PP_52_2000.html. 49
Tersedia di http://www.apjii.or.id/v2/index.php/read/page/halaman-data/8/regulasi.html.
50
Lihat Wahyudi Djafar, dkk, Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Pusaran Politik Transaksional: Penilaian terhadap Kebijakan HAM dalam Produk Legislasi dan Pengawasan DPR RI Periode 2004-2009, (Jakarta: Elsam: 2012). Tersedia di
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23
ǡ ǣ
ͳǤ ǦǤ
ʹǤ Ǧ Ǥ
͵Ǥ Ǧ
ͶǤ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ
ͷǤ ǦǦǤ
Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ǦǤ ǡ ǡ Ǣ Ǣ Ǧ Ǣ ǡ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ
Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǣ ǡ ǡ
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67 PKPS Bappenas. (1999).
http://pkps.bappenas.go.id/dokumen/uu/Uu%20Sektor/Telekomunikasi/20.%20uu_36 _1999.pdf. Dipetik Agustus 1, 2013
Republic Act 10173 Data Privacy Act. (2012).
Republic Act 4200 The Anti-wiretapping Law. (1965).
Republic Act 8484 Access Devices Regulation. (1998). Diambil kembali dari http://www.pctc.gov.ph/initiatv/RA8484.htm
Rue, F. L. (2010). A/HRC/14/23 Paragraf 59.
Saptaningrum, I. D. (2013). Tata kelola internet yang berbasis hak: Studi tentang permasalahan umum tata kelola internet dan dampaknya terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Jakarta: ELSAM.
Sejarah Perkembangan Internet di Indonesia. (2010). Diambil Agustus 1, 2013, dari
http://id.shvoong.com/internet-and-technologies/commercial-companies/2040621-sejarah-perkembangan-internet-di-indonesia/#ixzz1O8XRNW00
Socialmemos. (2013). Social Media Statistics for Indonesia. Diambil Agustus 1, 2013, dari http://socialmemos.com/social-media-statistics-for-indonesia/
Solons defend blogger sued by DSWD for libel. (2010). Diambil kembali dari
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20100125-249403/Solons-defend-blogger-sued-by-DSWD-for-libel
Soriano, C. R. (December 2007). Universal Access in the Philippines: A Review of Policies and Strategies. The CPRsouth2 2007: Research of Improving ICT governance in the Asia Pacific. Chennai. Diambil kembali dari
http://www.cprsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/drupal/Cheryll_Soriano.pdf.
Soriano, E. C. (2007). Towards Universal Internet Access in the Philippines. Manila: Ideacorp and Intel Technology Philippines, Inc. Diambil kembali dari
http://www.unapcict.org/ecohub/resources/towards-universal-internet-access Sosa, G. C. (2009, Desember). Country Report on Cybercrime: The Philippines. The Criminal
Justice Response to Cybercrime Course. Tokyo. Diambil kembali dari http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No79/No79_00All.pdf. Supreme Court of the Philippines. (2012).
http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/microsite/cybercrime/203469.php. The Constitution of the Philippines. (1987).
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68 The National Computer Center. (2013).
http://www.ncc.gov.ph/default.php?a1=2&a2=5&a3=1&a4=PQRS&a5=37. Diambil kembali dari http://www.ncc.gov.ph/.
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Dipetik 2013, dari http://treaties.un.org/
United Nations. (2013). http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en%23EndDec#EndDec.
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2010). A/HRC/14/23.
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2012). A/HRC/20/L.13. Diambil kembali dari http://daccess-dds ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G12/147/10/PDF/ G1214710.pdf? OpenElement.
York, J. C. (2013). A Brief Analysis of the Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom. Diambil kembali dari https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/07/brief-analysis-magna-carta-philippine-internet-freedom
Seri Internet dan HAM
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69
PROFIL ELSAM
(Institute for Policy Research and AdvocacyȌǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳͻͻ͵ Ǥ ǡǦǦ ȂͳͻͶͷ ǦǤ ǡ ȋȌǤ VISI ǡǡ Ǥ MISI ȋȌ ǡǦǡǡ Ǥ KEGIATAN UTAMA: ͳǤǢ ʹǤǢ ͵ǤǢ ͶǤ PROGRAM KERJA: ͳǤ ʹǤ ͵Ǥ
ǣ
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70 STRUKTUR ORGANISASI: Badan Pengurus: ǣǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤ ǣ ǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǣǤǤǡǤǤ Anggota Perkumpulan: ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǢǡǤǤǢǤ ǡǤ ǤǢǢ ǡǤǤǢǡǤǤǢ ǡǤǤǢǢǤǢǤ Ǣ ǡǤǤǢǢ ǤǤǢǤǤǢǡǤǤǡǤǤ Badan Pelaksana: ǣǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤ ǣǡǤǤ
Staf: ǢǡǤǤǢǡǤǤǢǡǤǤǢ
ǡǤǤǢ ǤǢǡǤǤǢ ǡǤǤǢǢǢǡǤǤǢǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǢǢǡǤǤǢǢǢǡǤǤǢ ǤǤ Alamat ǤǤ͵ͳ ǡ ǦͳʹͷͳͲ ǣΪʹʹͳͻʹʹǡͻͳͻʹͷͶ ǣΪʹʹͳͻͳͻʹͷͳͻ Ǧǣ ̷ǤǤ ǣǤǤǤ ǣ̷̷
Seri Internet dan HAM
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