MIRWAN SURYA PERDHANA PERHITUNGAN NILAI BUDAYA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN VALUE SURVEY MODULE 2008
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P ro g ra m
IS S N : 1 4 1 0 -1 2 4 6
M a g is te r
M irw a n S u ry a P e rd h a n a
M a n a je m e n
1
M u h a m m a d A n ik
D ip o n e g o ro
P E R H IT U N G A N N IL A I B U D A Y A D E N G A N M E N G G U N A K A N
VALUE
V-'") .
U n iv e rs ita s
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008
: SEBUAH TELAAH
K R IT IS
11
STRATEGI OPERASI
DAN
KEUNG G ULAN
B E R S A IN G
U N T U K M E N IN G K A T K A N K IN E R J A P E R U S A H A A N
R a m a K a w u ri
26
A N A L IS IS
IN D E K S K E P U A S A N M A S Y A R A K A T
DALAM
M ELAKUKAN TERA ULANG DI KABUPATEN G RO BO G AN
T u ti S u h a rti
39
P O R T O F O L IO T U R N O V E R D A N
RETURN
EXPENSE
PASAR
R A T IO ,
NET ASSET
S E B A G A I V A R IA B E L
CASH
DAN
DENGAN
M O D E R A T IN G ,
S U B S C R IP T IO N
FEE
T E R H A D A P K IN E R J A R E K S A D A N A P E R IO D E T A H U N 2 0 0 9
-2 0 1 2
F a m ilia U m a m i
58
P E N G A R U H S T R U K T U R M O D A L , C A P IT A L E X P E N D IT U R E
D A N IN S E N T IF M A N A J E R T E R H A D A P P R O F IT A B IL IT A S
D A L A M M N IN G K A T K A N N IL A I P E R U S A H A A N
B o g y F e b ria tm o k o
83
M E N IN G K A T K A N
K IN E R J A
B IS N IS
M ELALUI
K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G K U L IN E R K H A S S E M A R A N G
T E R A K R E D IT A S I S K . N O . 3 9 /D iK T I/K E P /2 0 0 4
V o l. 2 4 N o .1 J u ri 2 0 1 5
~ .:
P ro g ra m
M a g is te r
M a n a je m e n
U n iv e rs ita s
D i!lo n e g o ro
D a H a rls i
Hal
P E R H IT U N G A N N IL A I B U D A Y A D E N G A N M E N G G U N A K A N V A lU E S U R V E Y M O D U L E
2008:
s e B U A H T E lA A H
KRmS
Mirwan Surya Perdhana
1
S T R A T E G I O P E R A S I D A N K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G U N T U K M E N IN G K A T K A N K IN E R J A P E R U S A H A A N
Muhammad Anik ;
11
A N A U S IS IN D E K S K E P U A S A N M A S Y A R A K A T D A L A M M E L A K U K A N T E R A U lA N G D I K A IlU P A T E N G R O B O G A N
Ratna Kawuri
,
26
/
P O R T O F O U O T U R K O V E R D A N N E T A S S E T D E H G A N R E T U R N P A S A R 'S E B A G A I V A R IA B E L M O D E R A T IN G , E X P E N S E
R A T IO , C A S H D A N S U B S C R IP T IO N fE E T E R H A D A P K lN E R J A R E K S A D A N A P E R IO D E T A H U N 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 2
Too Suharti
39
P E N G A R U H S T R U K T U R M O D A L , C A P I'fA L E X P !:N D lT U R E
D A N IN S E N T IF M A N A J E R
T E R H A D A P P R O F IT A B IL IT A S
D A L A M M N IN G K A T K A N N IL A I P E R U S A H A A N
Familia Umami
E N IN G K A T K A N K lN E R J A B IS N IS M E L A W I
Bogy Febriatmoko
58
K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G K U L IN E R K H A S S E M A R A N G
:
83
•
PERHITUNGAN NILAI BUDAYA DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN VALUE SURVEY
MODULE 2008:
SEBUAH TELAAH KRITISNMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M irw a n
S u ry a P e rd h a n a
D o s e n J u ru s a n
M a n a je m e n ,
F a k u lta s E k o n o m ik a
d a n B is n is , U n iv e rs ita s
D ip o n e g o ro
S e m a ra n g
m irw a n .p e rd h a n a @ u n d ip .a c .id
AbstrakBA
Value Survey Module (VSM) 08 merupakan sebuah instrumen untuk mengukur dan
(TIembandingkan dimensi nilai-nilai budaya nasional. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk
menelaah secara kritis formula perhitungan dimensi-dimensi VSM tersebut. Hasil studi ini
menunjukkan bahwa terdapat inkonsistensi antara hasil perhitungan formula dengan definisi
dimensi in d u lg e n c e v e rs u s re s tra in t dan m o n u m e n ta lis m v e rs u s s e lf e ffa c e m e n t yang telah
ditetapkan oleh penyusun instrumen VSM 08. Temuan tersebut dapat dijadikan pertimbangan
bagi peneliti-peneliti selanjutnya dalam mengaplikasikan VSM 08 dalam riser lintas budaya.
Kala Kunci:
B u d a y a N a s io n a l, V a lu e S u rv e y M o d u le , In d u lg e n c e ,
---------------
M o n u m e n ta lis m .
J u m a J B is n is S T R A J ffiI
•
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
P E R H IT U N G A N
DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN
V ~ lU E
N llA I
BUDAYA
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
SEBUAH
T E lA A H
K R IT IS
PENDAHULUANZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(n e g a ra ) la in . O im e n s i-d im e n s i te rs e b u t a d a la h
power distance,
individualism
versus
T u ju a n d a ri s tu d i in i a d a la h u n tu k
collectivism, masculinity versus femininity,
m e n e la a h p e rh itu n g a n fo rm u la d a la m in s tru m e n
uncertainty avoidance, long term versus short
V a lu e S u rv e y M o d u le (V S M ) 0 8 . V S M 0 8
term orientation, indulgence versus restraint
m e ru p a k a n in s tru m e n y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n
s e rta monumentalism versus self effacement
u n tu k m e n g h itu n g D a n m e m b a n d in g k a n s k o r
b u d a y a n a s io n a l a ta u re g io n a l. N ila i-n ila i b u d a y a
(H o fs te d e
e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ).
Power distance
y a n g d a p a t d ih itu n g d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n V S M
m e n g u k u r s e ja u h m a n a
power distance, individualism
versus collectivism,
masculinity
versus
femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term
versus short term orientation, indulgence versus
restraint s e rta monumentalism versus self
effacement (H o fs te d e , H o fs te d e , M in k o v D a n
a n g g o ta s e b u a h o rg a n is a s i/in s titu s i
V in k e n , 2 0 0 8 ).
a n g g o ta m a s y a ra k a t y a n g m e m ilik i k e k u a s a a n
0 8 a n ta ra la in
y a n g tid a k
m e m ilik i k e k u a s a a n m e n e rim a b a h w a te rd a p a t
k e tid a k a d ila n
d is trib u s i
o rg a n is a s i/in s titu s i
kekuasaan
te rs e b u t.
pada
O im e n s i
in i
m e re fle k s ik a n n ila i d a ri a n g g o ta m a s y a ra k a t y a n g
k u ra n g
m e m ilik i
kekuasaan
s e rta
n ila i d a ri
V S M te la h
(H o fs te d e . (0 0 1 ). O im e n s i in i d a p a t d ib e d a k a n
m e n g a la m i b e b e ra p a k a li re v is i (H o fs te d e 1 9 8 0 ,
m e n ja d i d u a titik k o n tin u m , y a itu p o w e r d is ta n c e
H o fs te d e
re n d a h D a n p o w e r d is ta n c e
O a la m 3 d e k a d e te ra k h ir,
& Bond,
1988,
H o fs te d e ,
1994,
tin g g i
(H o fs te d e ,
H o fs te d e e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ). R e lia b ilita s D a n v a lid ita s
H o fs te d e D a n M in k o v , 2 0 1 0 ). O a la m m a s y a ra k a t
d a ri in s tru m e n
d e n g a n p o w e r d is ta n c e re n d a h . ja ra k e m o s io n a l
denqan
h a s il
te rs e b u t
b a ik
p u n te la h
(H o fs te d e
d ib u k tik a n
e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ).
M e s k ip u n d e m ik ia n , p e n a m b a h a n d u a d im e n s i
b a ru
pada
VSM
08
s e rta
a ta s a n
Dan bawahan
m e n d e b a t a ta s a n n y a . O i s is i la in .p o w e r d is ta n c e
d im e n s i p e rlu
y a n g tin g g i tid a k m e u n g k in k a n a ta s a n m e n d e k a ti
Dan m endebat
M in im n y a
a n ta ra k e d u a n y a re la tif b e s a r.
penggunaan
VSM
k c c il:
b a w a h a n d a p a t d e n g a n m u d a h m e n d e k a ti D a n
d ik a ji le b ih la n ju t D a n d ib u k tik a n p e rh itu n g a n n y a .
m e n ja d ik a n in s tru m e n
re la tif
ite m
p e ru b a h a n
p e rta n y a a n u n tu k m a s in g -m a s in g
a n ta ra
0 8 d i In d o n e s ia
O im e n s i
in i re la tif k u ra n g d ik e n a l
D a n ja ra n g d ia p lik a s ik a n . P a d a h a l, V S M 0 8 re la tif
a ta s a n n y a
m e ru p a k a n
-
e m o s io n a l
individualism,
kedua,
k e c e n d e ru n g a n
d a ri m a s y a ra k a t
m u d a h d ig u n a k a n D a n d ia p lik a s ik a n o le h p e n e liti
u n tu k
d i b id a n g M a n a je m e n
o ra n g d e k a t (p a s a n g a n , a n a k , o ra n g tu a ). U ju n g
S u m b e r O a y a M a n u s ia .
S tu d i in i a k a n m e m a p a rk a n te la a h k ritis
m e m p e rh a tik a n
ja ra k
k o n tin u m
d a ri
d iri s e n d iri D a n o ra n g -
d irn e n s i
collectivism,
s e rta s im u la s i p e rh itu n g a n fo rm u la d a la m V a lu e
s u rv e y
b e rg a b u n g d a la m k e lo m p o k D a n k e m u d ia n s a lin g
M o d u le
2 0 0 8 . S e ja ra h p e rk e m b a n g a n
V S M , d im e n s i-d im e n s i,
s e rta
re lia b ilita s
Dan
m e n ja g a
te n d e n s i
in i,
m e ru p a k a n
d a ri m a s y a ra k a t
u n tu k
s a tu s a m a la in d e n g a n k o n s e k u e n s i
v a lid ita s ju g a a k a n d ip a p a rk a n D a n d id is k u s ik a n .
p e rtu k a ra n lo y a lita s a n ta r a n g g o ta n y a (H o fs te d e ,
DlMENSI·DlMENSI BUDAYA NASIONAL
MENURUT HOFSTEDE
a n ta ra p e m b e ri k e rja d e n g a n p e k e rja b ia s a n y a
2 0 0 1 ). O a la m m a s y a ra k a t in d iv id u a lis , h u b u n g a n
H o fs te d e
m e m p e rk e n a lk a n
b u d a y a y a n g d ig u n a k a n
m e m b a n d in g k a n
m a s y a ra k a t
u n tu k m e n g u k u r
budaya
(n e g a ra
J u m a l B is n is S T R A T E G I
7 d im e n s i
n a s io n a l
dengan
•
Dan
s u a tu
m a s y a ra k a t
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
m e ru p a k a n
hubungan
sedangkan
d a la m
k o n tra k tu a l
m a s y a ra k a t
s e m a ta ,
k o le k tiv is ,
h u b u n g a n a n ta r p e m b e ri k e rja d e n g a n p e k e rja
c e n d e ru n g
d ita n d a i
tu m b u h
dengan
d a ri d a s a r m o ra lita s
hubungan
k e rja
Dan
yang
P E R H llU N G A N
DENGAN
SEBUAH
N IL A l
BUDAYA
MENGGUNAKAN
lE L A A H
VALUE
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
K R I1 IS
m e n y e ru p a i
masculinity,
n ila i-n ila i
D im e n s i
k e lu a rg a .
O im e n s i
k e tig a
d a ri V S M
0 8 a d a la h
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n s itu a s i d im a n a
d o m in a n
d a la m
m a s y a ra k a t
a d a la h
d im e n s i
b a ru d a la rn V S M
m e re fle k s ik a n
s o s ia ln y a
m a s y a ra k a t
p e n g e k s p re s ia n
h a s ra t d a n p e ra s a a n , te ru ta m a
dengan
p e m a n fa a ta n
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n
h ib u ra n
b e rs a m a
y a n g m e m ilik i
y a n g d a la m ta ta n a n
s a n g a t m e n to le ra n s i
"success, money and possessions". U ju n g
k o n tin u m la in d a ri d im e n s i in i a d a la h femininity,
m a s y a ra k a t
0 8 a d a la h
indulgence versus restraint. Indulgence
w a k tu
te m a n ,
lu a n g ,
m e n c a ri
p e m b e lia n
s e k s u a l.
h a rm o n i d a n k e te n a n g a n d a la m h id u p (H o fs te d e ,
U ju n g k o n tin u m d a ri d im e n s i in i a d a la h
restraint,
2 0 0 · i).
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n
d o m in a n
p e d u li
M e n u ru t
H o fs te d e
m a s y a ra k a t m a s k u lin
p e n d a p a ta n ,
te rh a d a p
sesam a,
e t a l.
(2 0 1 0 ),
le b ih m e n e k a n k a n
pengakuan,
k e m a ju a n
pada
s e rta
d a n h a l-h a l y a n g
b a ra n g ,
b e rb a u
n ila i-n ila i
k o n s u m s i,
y a n g b e rk a ita n
m a s y a ra k a t
k e s e n a n g a n -k e s e n a n g a n
s e b e lu m n y a .
k a te g o ri in i c e n d e ru n g
b e rfo k u s p a d a h a rm o n i: m e m ilik i h u b u n g a n y a n g
h id u p (H o fs te d e
d a p a t d ia n d a lk a n ,
yang
s e rta tin g g a l
d i lin g k u n g a n
uncertainty
avoidance
nyam an.
O im e n s i
• m engukur
s e ja u h
m ana
m a s y a ra k a t
m e ra s a
te ra n c a m te rh a d a p s itu a s i y a n g tid a k p a s ti, tid a k
yang
b a ru
kedua
m a s y a ra k a t
yang
m onum en"
- tin g g i
kebanggaan)
s e c a ra
d a n tid a k
m e n u n ju k k a n
m e n g h a rg a i
k e re n d a h a n
p e n g h in d a ra n
k e tid a k p a s tia n
m e ra s a te ra n c a m
a p a b ila
tin g g i c e n d e ru n g
m enghadapi
s itu a s i
08
d a ri
(H o fs te d e
"s e p e rti
(m e n u n ju k k a n
te rg o y a h k a n .
k o n tin u m
m e m ilik i
VSM
m e ta fo ris
m e n ju la n g
effacement,
yang
d a la m
monumentalism
verst. _ selfeffacement. Monumentalism m e re fle k s ik a n
a d a la h
e t a I.,
M a s y a ra k a t
d a la m
k u ra n g d a p a t m e n ik m a ti
d ik e ta h u i, a m b ig u d a n tid a k te rs tru k tu r (H o fs te d e
2 0 0 8 ).
d is e b u tk a n
m asuk
e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ).
D im e n s i
b a ik d e n g a n a ta s a n , k e rja s a m a , p e k e rja a n y a n g
yang
M a s y a ra k a t
ta n ta n g a n . O i s is i la in , m a s y a ra k a t fe m in in le b ih
yang m enahan
d im e n s i
U ju n g
a d a la h
self-
m a s y a ra k a t
yang
in i
h a ri d a n tle k s ib llita s
e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ).
y a n g tid a k p a s ti, d a n a k a n m e m b e n tu k in s titu s i
u n tu k m e n g h in d a ri
k e tid a k p a s tia n
in i (H o s te d e ,
2 0 0 1 ).
p e n e litia n
vetue Survey Module
long term versus short term
O im e n s i
orientation
VALUE SURVEY MODULE DAN
PERKEMBANGANNYA
m e ru p a k a n
H o fs te d e
pengem bangan
dan
Bond
d a ri
(1 9 8 8 )
yang
"Confucian Dynamism".
m e n g h a s ilk a n d im e n s i
in s tru m e n
pengukur
n a s io n a l y a n g d ip e rk e n a lk a n
G e e rt H o fs te d e , s e o ra n g
O im e n s i in i k e m u d ia n d iu b a h n a m a n y a m e n ja d i
H o fs te d e
m e ru p a k a n
long term orientation.
b e rh a s il
m e n je la s k a n
o rie n ta s i ja n g k a
p a n ja n g
n ila i y a n g te rk a it d e n g a n
M a s y a ra k a t
dengan
m enum buhkan
reward
ru la i-
di m asa depan,
2 0 1 4 ).
b e rm u la
dengan
H o fs te d e
b e k e rja
m enum buhkan
n ila i-n ila i
pendek
le b ih
y a n g te rk a it
dengan
te rk a it
d i ta h u n
sebagai
"Culture Consequences"
m e ru p a k a n
s e s e o ra n g ,
(H o fs te d e ,
--------------
dan m em enuhi
2 0 0 1 ).
h a rg a
k e w a jib a n
d iri
s o s ia l
yang
hubungan
dengan budaya
1960an,
k e tik a
k o n s u lta n
d i IB M .
S e le p a s b e k e rja d i IB M , H o fs te d e m e n u lis b u k u
te rh a d a p
m e n y e la m a tk a n
p e rta m a
b a g a im a n a
m a s a la lu d a n m a s a k in i, s e p e rti p e n g h o rm a ta n
tra d is i,
k a li o le h
p e n e liti d a ri B e la n d a .
p e n e liti
R is e t H o fs te d e
n a s io n a l
ja n g k a
budaya
p e rta m a
b u d a y a te rh a d a p p e rila k u o rg a n is a s i (P e rd h a n a ,
s e p e rti k e g ig ih a n d a n p e n g h e m a ta n . M a s y a ra k a t
o rie n ta s i
m e ru p a k a n
d im e n s i-d im e n s i
d i ta h u n
pengem bangan
ris e tn y a
d i IB M
O asen,
1992,
J u rn a l B is n is S T R A T E ~ I
(B e rry ,
p .3 3 0 ).
•
1980
h a s il a n a lis a
yang
d a ri
P o o rtin g a ,
S e g a l,
T e rb itn y a
"Culture
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
&
3
P E R H IT U N G A N
OENGAN
Consequences"aZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c u k u p fe n o m e n a l,
k a re n a
(S c h w a rtz ,
m e m b u k tik a n
d iu k u r
bahwa
dengan
k u a n tita tif
budaya
m enggunakan
(P e rd h a n a ,
m a n a je m e n
lin ta s
P e n e litia n
m e n ja d i p e n e liti y a n g
pioneer
sebagai
dapat
d a la m
b id a n g
budaya.
N IL A I
BUDAYA
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
SEBUAH
TELAAH
K R IT lS
T ro m p e n a a rs
(T ro m p e n a a rs ,
1 9 9 3 ).
T e rk a it d e n g a n k e m u d a h a n p e n g g u n a a n
V S M 0 8 , in s tru m e n in i te rd iri d a ri 3 4 p e rta n y a a n ,
d im a n a
28
p e rta n y a a n
m engukur
7
m e ru p a k a n
D ib a n d in g k a n d e n g a n b e rb a g a i in s tru m e n
VALUE
1 9 9 2 ) d a n in s tru m e n
m e m ilik i 7 9 p e rta n y a a n
p e n d e k a ta n
2 0 1 4 :7 7 ).
H o fs te d e in i m e m b u a tn y a
d ia n g g a p
te rn y a ta
MENGGUNAKAN
n ila i
d ig u n a k a n
budaya
u n tu k
dan
s is a n y a
p e rta n y a a n -p e rta n y a a n
dengan
id e n tita s
p e n g u k u ra n b u d a y a la in , s e p e rti in s tru m e n d a ri
m enggunakan
T ro m p e n a a rs (1 9 9 3 ), K lu c k h o h n d a n S tro d tb e c k
a k a n m e n g h a s ilk a n
te rk a it
re s p o n d e n .
5 -p o in t
VSM
08
Likert-type scale
yang
s k o r b u d a y a a n ta ra 0 -1 0 0 .
(1 9 6 1 ), E d w a rd T . H a ll (1 9 9 0 ), S h a lo m H . S c h w a rtz
K e ra n g k a
(1 9 9 2 ) d a n in s tru m e n d a ri G L O B E P ro je c t (2 0 0 6 a ,
"the most extensive examination of
cross-national values in a managerial context"
2 0 0 6 b ); in s tru m e n b u d a y a H o fs te d e a d a la h s a tu s a tu n y a
in s tru m e n
re v is i b e ru la n g
y a n g te la h m e la lu i p ro s e s
k a li. S e te la h d ip e rk e n a lk a n n y a
k e rja
budaya
H o fs te d e
(N a k a ta & S iv a k u m a r,
1996,
p . 6 2 ),
p e n e liti y a n g in g in m e la k u k a n
4
budaya.
budaya
n a s io n a l,
H o fs te d e
m e m p e rk e n a lk a n V S M 8 2 d i ta h u n 1 9 8 2 . V S M
D a la m
8 2 m e m u a t le b ih b a n y a k p e rta n y a a n d a n le b ih
d ite rje m a h k a n
p e n e litia n
p e n e ra p a n n y a ,
VSM
le n g k a p d ib a n d in g k a n V S M 8 0 , d a n b a n y a k d ip a k a i
te ta p i,
la in h a ru s la h m e m p e rtim b a n g k a n
V S M 9 4 (H o fs te d e , 1 9 9 4 ).
back translation
H o fs te d e
b a ru ,
di VSM
9 4 . D im e n s i
budaya
yang
long term vs short term orientation,
d ia n g k a t
d a ri p e n e litia n
H o fs te d e
dan Bond
p e n e rje m a h a n
(1 9 7 0 ).
in i
Penam bahan
b e rta h a n
H o fs te d e
h in g g a
d im e n s i
ta h u n
m e m p e rk e rfa lk a n
budaya
2008,
VSM
b a ru
d im a n a
08
yang
VSM
k e d a la m
d e n g a n m e m p e rh a tik a n
d a p a t d iu n d u h d a ri s itu s
M e n g in g a t
VSM
08
m e ru p a k a n
H o fs te d e
e t a I., (2 0 0 8 :1 0 )
m engem ukakan
b a h w a re lia b ilita s d a n v a lid ita s
d a ri in s tru m e n
d a ri v e rs i-v e rs i V S M s e b e lu m n y a ,
"m o n u m e n ta lis m
v e rs u s s e lf-e ffic a c y ".
H in g g a
dan
in s tru m e n y a n g re la tif b a ru p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a ,
"in d u lg e n c e
dan
k a id a h -
G e e rt H o fs te d e .
in i m e n g a c u p a d a h a s il p e rh itu n g a n
re s tra in t"
te la h
(P e rd h a n a , 2 0 1 4 ),
m e m u a t 2 ta m b a h a n d im e n s i b u d a y a b a ru , y a itu
v e rs u s
bahasa
k a id a h -k a id a h
y a n g d ik e m u k a k a n o le h B ris lin
back translation
(1 9 8 8 ) te rk a it b u d a y a k o n fu s ia n is m e m a s y a ra k a t
T io n g k o k .
0 8 te la h
V S M 0 8 v e rs i B a h a s a -in d o n e s ia
d ite rje m a h k a n
k a id a h
lin ta s
k e d a la rn b e rb a g a i b a h a s a . A k a n
d a la m ris e t lin ta s b u d a y a h in g g a d ip e rk e n a lk a n n y a
T e rd a p a t p e n a m b a h a n d im e n s i b u d a y a
dan hal
in i m e n ja d ik a n V S M s e b a g a i p ilih a n u ta m a p a ra
V S M 1 9 8 0 y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n u n tu k rn e ro u k u r
d im e n s i
d ia n g g a p
sebagai
is tila h
la in ,
re lia b ilita s
a ta u d e n g a n
"taken for granted".
VSM
08
s a a t in i, V S M 0 8 m e ru p a k a n v e rs i V S M d e n g a n
m e ru p a k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n d a ri v e rs i-v e rs i V S M
d irn e n s i
s e b e lu m n y a , y a n g te la h b e ru la n g k a li d ig u n a k a n
budaya
te rle n g k a p
nam un
p a lin g
s e d e rh a n a d a n m u d a h d ig u n a k a n d ib a n d in g k a n
d a n d ire p lik a s i u n tu k p e n e litia n -p e n e litia n
d e n g a n v e rs i-v e rs i
budaya.
V S M s e b e lu m n y a .
Sebagai
p e rb a n d in g a n , ju m la h p e rta n y a a n d a ri in s tru m e n
G LO BE
P ro je c t
p e rta n y a a n
F o rm
A lp h a
a d a la h
(G L O B E P ro je c t, 2 0 0 6 a )
B e ta 2 1 7 p e rta n y a a n
214
d a n F o rm
(G L O B E P ro je c t, 2 0 0 6 b ),
S c h w a rtz V a lu e S u rv e y d e n g a n 5 6 p e rta n y a a n
4
J u rn a l B is n is S T R A T E G I
•
V o l. 2 4 N o . 1 J u li 2 0 1 5
V e rs i
m e ru p a k a n
1 6 0 .0 0 0
a s li V S M
s e n d iri
lin ta s
(V S M
80)
s e b u a h h a s il ris e t y a n g m e lib a tk a n
re s p o n d e n
S k o r re lia b ilita s
d a ri 5 0 n e u a ra d i d u n ia .
d a ri k e e m p a t d im e n s i
budaya
d a la m v e rs i a s li V S M (H o fs te d e , 1 9 8 0 ) m e m ilik i
re lia b ilita s
le b ih
d a ri
.7 0 0 .
D im e n s i
power
P E R H I1 U N G A N
N IL A I
BUDAYA
DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN
SEBUAH
TELAAH
V A lU E
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
K R IT IS
te rd iri d a ri 2 ke lo m p o k (b u d a ya ) a ta u le b ih . K rite ria
..... comparisons of countries or regions should
inasmuch as possible be based on samples
of respondents who are matched on all criteria
other than nationality or region. So, respondents
from one country to another should be chosen
from the same gender, age, education level,
occupation,' manager/non-manager
status,
employer etcetera-they should be matched
on any criterion other than nationality that can
be expected to affect the answers (H o fste d e ,
d a ri ke lo m p o k-ke lo m p o k
2 0 0 2 , p . 1 7 2 )"
d ista n ce
m e m iliki A lp h a = .8 4 2 , In d ivid u a lism
denqan
A lp h a = .
A lp h a = .7 6 0
770,
M a scu lin ity
dengan
d a n U n ce rta in ty A vo id a n ce m e m iliki
A lp h a = .7 1 5
(H o fste d e e t a l. 2 0 0 8 , p . 1 1 ).
A sp e k p a lin g p e n tin g d a la m p e n g g u n a a n
V S M d a la m rise t lin ta s b u d a ya a d a la h crite ria
sa m p e l ya n g d ig u n a ka n . K a re n a V S M d ig u n a ka n
u n tu k m e n g u ku r p e rb e d a a n n ila i b u d a ya , m a ka
crite ria d a ri sa m p e l ya n g d ig u n a ka n h a n isla h
sa m p e l ju g a h a ru s
d ib u a t se m irip m u n g kin . S e b a g a i co n to h , a p a b ila
S e ca ra
ke se lu ru h a n ,
VSM
08
ke lo m p o k I b e ra sa l d a ri b u d a ya te rte n tu ya n g
m e ru p a ka n in stru m e n ya n g sa n g a t la ya k u n tu k
m e m iliki ja b a ta n m a n a je ria l tin g ka t m e n e n g a h ,
d ig u n a ka n m e n g u ku r d a n m e m b a n d in g ka n sko r
m a ka ke lo m p o k II d a n se te ru sn ya h a ru sla h ju g a
b u d a ya .
m e m iliki crite ria se ru p a - m e ru p a ka n m a n a je r
in stru m e n
P a ra p e n e liti
in i h a n ,
ya n g
m e n g g u n a ka n
cu ku p u n tu k m e n g h itu n g
j
tin g ka t m e n e n g a h . L e b ih ja u h , H o fste d e (2 0 0 2 ,
h a siln ya
p . 1 7 2 ) te la h m e m p e rin g a tka n p a ra p e n e liti ya n g
V S M 0 8 ya n g te la h d ib e rika n o le h H o fste d e e t
, a ka n m e n g g u n a ka n
in stru m e n
VSM dengan
a l.
p e n e ka n a n se b a g a i b e riku t:
d e n g a n m e n g iku ti
(2 0 0 8 ).
C a ra
sko r p e rh itu n g a n
p e rh itu n g a n
in stru rn e n -
in stru m e n d a la m V S M 0 8 a d a la h se b a g a i h e riku t:
Tabel 1.
S ko r P e rh itu n g a n V S M 0 8 lkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
;':~
1 ~ ~ f~ :i~ ~ ~ 1 J~ } I> U il'e:D S Io n :~t~t
~ :~
'~ :~
'::~--:t:j~
::'~ :::'G } i~ i~ t~ ~ -~ ;£ ~ if~ ~ rs~ 3 ~ ~ ~ '~ .E o n n u l~ ~ ?l~ ~ ~ ;t~ ~
i
!
P o w er D istance (P O I)
.
; P O I '" 351m 07 - m 0 2 ) + 2 5 (m 2 3 - m 2 6 ) + C (p d )
1
Indi v id u alislll ~ ~ .-c.~ ~ cti~ i;n l(jD \/I---rID V -;;;-3 -5 { -;0 4 "~ -;;O i"):;3 5 { ;;~ ~ c(i~ ---i
I M asculinity
i
\IS ,
U ncertainty
F em ininity
A voidance
L______
------"-----
i L o n g -term
i
M o n u m c n tu lis m
i
(iv 1 0 N )
.- - -
-..- - - - ,- -
'" S .
-
m 03) +
3 5 (0 1 0 8
...
------.-. - .- - - - .- - - - 7 - - - - - - - .- - - - - .- - - - - - - - - -
v s. S hort-term
..- .- - - .- ,- .-
3 5 (0 1 0 5
~
m IO ) + C (m f) ~
; V A l;:; 41){m 20 - m 1 6 ) + 2 5 (m 2 4 - m 2 7 ) + q u a)
O rientation'
H~;f?~-;;;;:c"\'s:-R~~[;
~,
--
------------
--
--
-~-
,
,
wV o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
P ro g ra m
IS S N : 1 4 1 0 -1 2 4 6
M a g is te r
M irw a n S u ry a P e rd h a n a
M a n a je m e n
1
M u h a m m a d A n ik
D ip o n e g o ro
P E R H IT U N G A N N IL A I B U D A Y A D E N G A N M E N G G U N A K A N
VALUE
V-'") .
U n iv e rs ita s
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008
: SEBUAH TELAAH
K R IT IS
11
STRATEGI OPERASI
DAN
KEUNG G ULAN
B E R S A IN G
U N T U K M E N IN G K A T K A N K IN E R J A P E R U S A H A A N
R a m a K a w u ri
26
A N A L IS IS
IN D E K S K E P U A S A N M A S Y A R A K A T
DALAM
M ELAKUKAN TERA ULANG DI KABUPATEN G RO BO G AN
T u ti S u h a rti
39
P O R T O F O L IO T U R N O V E R D A N
RETURN
EXPENSE
PASAR
R A T IO ,
NET ASSET
S E B A G A I V A R IA B E L
CASH
DAN
DENGAN
M O D E R A T IN G ,
S U B S C R IP T IO N
FEE
T E R H A D A P K IN E R J A R E K S A D A N A P E R IO D E T A H U N 2 0 0 9
-2 0 1 2
F a m ilia U m a m i
58
P E N G A R U H S T R U K T U R M O D A L , C A P IT A L E X P E N D IT U R E
D A N IN S E N T IF M A N A J E R T E R H A D A P P R O F IT A B IL IT A S
D A L A M M N IN G K A T K A N N IL A I P E R U S A H A A N
B o g y F e b ria tm o k o
83
M E N IN G K A T K A N
K IN E R J A
B IS N IS
M ELALUI
K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G K U L IN E R K H A S S E M A R A N G
T E R A K R E D IT A S I S K . N O . 3 9 /D iK T I/K E P /2 0 0 4
V o l. 2 4 N o .1 J u ri 2 0 1 5
~ .:
P ro g ra m
M a g is te r
M a n a je m e n
U n iv e rs ita s
D i!lo n e g o ro
D a H a rls i
Hal
P E R H IT U N G A N N IL A I B U D A Y A D E N G A N M E N G G U N A K A N V A lU E S U R V E Y M O D U L E
2008:
s e B U A H T E lA A H
KRmS
Mirwan Surya Perdhana
1
S T R A T E G I O P E R A S I D A N K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G U N T U K M E N IN G K A T K A N K IN E R J A P E R U S A H A A N
Muhammad Anik ;
11
A N A U S IS IN D E K S K E P U A S A N M A S Y A R A K A T D A L A M M E L A K U K A N T E R A U lA N G D I K A IlU P A T E N G R O B O G A N
Ratna Kawuri
,
26
/
P O R T O F O U O T U R K O V E R D A N N E T A S S E T D E H G A N R E T U R N P A S A R 'S E B A G A I V A R IA B E L M O D E R A T IN G , E X P E N S E
R A T IO , C A S H D A N S U B S C R IP T IO N fE E T E R H A D A P K lN E R J A R E K S A D A N A P E R IO D E T A H U N 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 2
Too Suharti
39
P E N G A R U H S T R U K T U R M O D A L , C A P I'fA L E X P !:N D lT U R E
D A N IN S E N T IF M A N A J E R
T E R H A D A P P R O F IT A B IL IT A S
D A L A M M N IN G K A T K A N N IL A I P E R U S A H A A N
Familia Umami
E N IN G K A T K A N K lN E R J A B IS N IS M E L A W I
Bogy Febriatmoko
58
K E U N G G U L A N B E R S A IN G K U L IN E R K H A S S E M A R A N G
:
83
•
PERHITUNGAN NILAI BUDAYA DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN VALUE SURVEY
MODULE 2008:
SEBUAH TELAAH KRITISNMLKJIHGFEDCBA
M irw a n
S u ry a P e rd h a n a
D o s e n J u ru s a n
M a n a je m e n ,
F a k u lta s E k o n o m ik a
d a n B is n is , U n iv e rs ita s
D ip o n e g o ro
S e m a ra n g
m irw a n .p e rd h a n a @ u n d ip .a c .id
AbstrakBA
Value Survey Module (VSM) 08 merupakan sebuah instrumen untuk mengukur dan
(TIembandingkan dimensi nilai-nilai budaya nasional. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk
menelaah secara kritis formula perhitungan dimensi-dimensi VSM tersebut. Hasil studi ini
menunjukkan bahwa terdapat inkonsistensi antara hasil perhitungan formula dengan definisi
dimensi in d u lg e n c e v e rs u s re s tra in t dan m o n u m e n ta lis m v e rs u s s e lf e ffa c e m e n t yang telah
ditetapkan oleh penyusun instrumen VSM 08. Temuan tersebut dapat dijadikan pertimbangan
bagi peneliti-peneliti selanjutnya dalam mengaplikasikan VSM 08 dalam riser lintas budaya.
Kala Kunci:
B u d a y a N a s io n a l, V a lu e S u rv e y M o d u le , In d u lg e n c e ,
---------------
M o n u m e n ta lis m .
J u m a J B is n is S T R A J ffiI
•
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
P E R H IT U N G A N
DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN
V ~ lU E
N llA I
BUDAYA
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
SEBUAH
T E lA A H
K R IT IS
PENDAHULUANZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
(n e g a ra ) la in . O im e n s i-d im e n s i te rs e b u t a d a la h
power distance,
individualism
versus
T u ju a n d a ri s tu d i in i a d a la h u n tu k
collectivism, masculinity versus femininity,
m e n e la a h p e rh itu n g a n fo rm u la d a la m in s tru m e n
uncertainty avoidance, long term versus short
V a lu e S u rv e y M o d u le (V S M ) 0 8 . V S M 0 8
term orientation, indulgence versus restraint
m e ru p a k a n in s tru m e n y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n
s e rta monumentalism versus self effacement
u n tu k m e n g h itu n g D a n m e m b a n d in g k a n s k o r
b u d a y a n a s io n a l a ta u re g io n a l. N ila i-n ila i b u d a y a
(H o fs te d e
e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ).
Power distance
y a n g d a p a t d ih itu n g d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n V S M
m e n g u k u r s e ja u h m a n a
power distance, individualism
versus collectivism,
masculinity
versus
femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term
versus short term orientation, indulgence versus
restraint s e rta monumentalism versus self
effacement (H o fs te d e , H o fs te d e , M in k o v D a n
a n g g o ta s e b u a h o rg a n is a s i/in s titu s i
V in k e n , 2 0 0 8 ).
a n g g o ta m a s y a ra k a t y a n g m e m ilik i k e k u a s a a n
0 8 a n ta ra la in
y a n g tid a k
m e m ilik i k e k u a s a a n m e n e rim a b a h w a te rd a p a t
k e tid a k a d ila n
d is trib u s i
o rg a n is a s i/in s titu s i
kekuasaan
te rs e b u t.
pada
O im e n s i
in i
m e re fle k s ik a n n ila i d a ri a n g g o ta m a s y a ra k a t y a n g
k u ra n g
m e m ilik i
kekuasaan
s e rta
n ila i d a ri
V S M te la h
(H o fs te d e . (0 0 1 ). O im e n s i in i d a p a t d ib e d a k a n
m e n g a la m i b e b e ra p a k a li re v is i (H o fs te d e 1 9 8 0 ,
m e n ja d i d u a titik k o n tin u m , y a itu p o w e r d is ta n c e
H o fs te d e
re n d a h D a n p o w e r d is ta n c e
O a la m 3 d e k a d e te ra k h ir,
& Bond,
1988,
H o fs te d e ,
1994,
tin g g i
(H o fs te d e ,
H o fs te d e e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ). R e lia b ilita s D a n v a lid ita s
H o fs te d e D a n M in k o v , 2 0 1 0 ). O a la m m a s y a ra k a t
d a ri in s tru m e n
d e n g a n p o w e r d is ta n c e re n d a h . ja ra k e m o s io n a l
denqan
h a s il
te rs e b u t
b a ik
p u n te la h
(H o fs te d e
d ib u k tik a n
e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ).
M e s k ip u n d e m ik ia n , p e n a m b a h a n d u a d im e n s i
b a ru
pada
VSM
08
s e rta
a ta s a n
Dan bawahan
m e n d e b a t a ta s a n n y a . O i s is i la in .p o w e r d is ta n c e
d im e n s i p e rlu
y a n g tin g g i tid a k m e u n g k in k a n a ta s a n m e n d e k a ti
Dan m endebat
M in im n y a
a n ta ra k e d u a n y a re la tif b e s a r.
penggunaan
VSM
k c c il:
b a w a h a n d a p a t d e n g a n m u d a h m e n d e k a ti D a n
d ik a ji le b ih la n ju t D a n d ib u k tik a n p e rh itu n g a n n y a .
m e n ja d ik a n in s tru m e n
re la tif
ite m
p e ru b a h a n
p e rta n y a a n u n tu k m a s in g -m a s in g
a n ta ra
0 8 d i In d o n e s ia
O im e n s i
in i re la tif k u ra n g d ik e n a l
D a n ja ra n g d ia p lik a s ik a n . P a d a h a l, V S M 0 8 re la tif
a ta s a n n y a
m e ru p a k a n
-
e m o s io n a l
individualism,
kedua,
k e c e n d e ru n g a n
d a ri m a s y a ra k a t
m u d a h d ig u n a k a n D a n d ia p lik a s ik a n o le h p e n e liti
u n tu k
d i b id a n g M a n a je m e n
o ra n g d e k a t (p a s a n g a n , a n a k , o ra n g tu a ). U ju n g
S u m b e r O a y a M a n u s ia .
S tu d i in i a k a n m e m a p a rk a n te la a h k ritis
m e m p e rh a tik a n
ja ra k
k o n tin u m
d a ri
d iri s e n d iri D a n o ra n g -
d irn e n s i
collectivism,
s e rta s im u la s i p e rh itu n g a n fo rm u la d a la m V a lu e
s u rv e y
b e rg a b u n g d a la m k e lo m p o k D a n k e m u d ia n s a lin g
M o d u le
2 0 0 8 . S e ja ra h p e rk e m b a n g a n
V S M , d im e n s i-d im e n s i,
s e rta
re lia b ilita s
Dan
m e n ja g a
te n d e n s i
in i,
m e ru p a k a n
d a ri m a s y a ra k a t
u n tu k
s a tu s a m a la in d e n g a n k o n s e k u e n s i
v a lid ita s ju g a a k a n d ip a p a rk a n D a n d id is k u s ik a n .
p e rtu k a ra n lo y a lita s a n ta r a n g g o ta n y a (H o fs te d e ,
DlMENSI·DlMENSI BUDAYA NASIONAL
MENURUT HOFSTEDE
a n ta ra p e m b e ri k e rja d e n g a n p e k e rja b ia s a n y a
2 0 0 1 ). O a la m m a s y a ra k a t in d iv id u a lis , h u b u n g a n
H o fs te d e
m e m p e rk e n a lk a n
b u d a y a y a n g d ig u n a k a n
m e m b a n d in g k a n
m a s y a ra k a t
u n tu k m e n g u k u r
budaya
(n e g a ra
J u m a l B is n is S T R A T E G I
7 d im e n s i
n a s io n a l
dengan
•
Dan
s u a tu
m a s y a ra k a t
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
m e ru p a k a n
hubungan
sedangkan
d a la m
k o n tra k tu a l
m a s y a ra k a t
s e m a ta ,
k o le k tiv is ,
h u b u n g a n a n ta r p e m b e ri k e rja d e n g a n p e k e rja
c e n d e ru n g
d ita n d a i
tu m b u h
dengan
d a ri d a s a r m o ra lita s
hubungan
k e rja
Dan
yang
P E R H llU N G A N
DENGAN
SEBUAH
N IL A l
BUDAYA
MENGGUNAKAN
lE L A A H
VALUE
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
K R I1 IS
m e n y e ru p a i
masculinity,
n ila i-n ila i
D im e n s i
k e lu a rg a .
O im e n s i
k e tig a
d a ri V S M
0 8 a d a la h
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n s itu a s i d im a n a
d o m in a n
d a la m
m a s y a ra k a t
a d a la h
d im e n s i
b a ru d a la rn V S M
m e re fle k s ik a n
s o s ia ln y a
m a s y a ra k a t
p e n g e k s p re s ia n
h a s ra t d a n p e ra s a a n , te ru ta m a
dengan
p e m a n fa a ta n
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n
h ib u ra n
b e rs a m a
y a n g m e m ilik i
y a n g d a la m ta ta n a n
s a n g a t m e n to le ra n s i
"success, money and possessions". U ju n g
k o n tin u m la in d a ri d im e n s i in i a d a la h femininity,
m a s y a ra k a t
0 8 a d a la h
indulgence versus restraint. Indulgence
w a k tu
te m a n ,
lu a n g ,
m e n c a ri
p e m b e lia n
s e k s u a l.
h a rm o n i d a n k e te n a n g a n d a la m h id u p (H o fs te d e ,
U ju n g k o n tin u m d a ri d im e n s i in i a d a la h
restraint,
2 0 0 · i).
y a n g m e re fle k s ik a n
d o m in a n
p e d u li
M e n u ru t
H o fs te d e
m a s y a ra k a t m a s k u lin
p e n d a p a ta n ,
te rh a d a p
sesam a,
e t a l.
(2 0 1 0 ),
le b ih m e n e k a n k a n
pengakuan,
k e m a ju a n
pada
s e rta
d a n h a l-h a l y a n g
b a ra n g ,
b e rb a u
n ila i-n ila i
k o n s u m s i,
y a n g b e rk a ita n
m a s y a ra k a t
k e s e n a n g a n -k e s e n a n g a n
s e b e lu m n y a .
k a te g o ri in i c e n d e ru n g
b e rfo k u s p a d a h a rm o n i: m e m ilik i h u b u n g a n y a n g
h id u p (H o fs te d e
d a p a t d ia n d a lk a n ,
yang
s e rta tin g g a l
d i lin g k u n g a n
uncertainty
avoidance
nyam an.
O im e n s i
• m engukur
s e ja u h
m ana
m a s y a ra k a t
m e ra s a
te ra n c a m te rh a d a p s itu a s i y a n g tid a k p a s ti, tid a k
yang
b a ru
kedua
m a s y a ra k a t
yang
m onum en"
- tin g g i
kebanggaan)
s e c a ra
d a n tid a k
m e n u n ju k k a n
m e n g h a rg a i
k e re n d a h a n
p e n g h in d a ra n
k e tid a k p a s tia n
m e ra s a te ra n c a m
a p a b ila
tin g g i c e n d e ru n g
m enghadapi
s itu a s i
08
d a ri
(H o fs te d e
"s e p e rti
(m e n u n ju k k a n
te rg o y a h k a n .
k o n tin u m
m e m ilik i
VSM
m e ta fo ris
m e n ju la n g
effacement,
yang
d a la m
monumentalism
verst. _ selfeffacement. Monumentalism m e re fle k s ik a n
a d a la h
e t a I.,
M a s y a ra k a t
d a la m
k u ra n g d a p a t m e n ik m a ti
d ik e ta h u i, a m b ig u d a n tid a k te rs tru k tu r (H o fs te d e
2 0 0 8 ).
d is e b u tk a n
m asuk
e t a I., 2 0 0 8 ).
D im e n s i
b a ik d e n g a n a ta s a n , k e rja s a m a , p e k e rja a n y a n g
yang
M a s y a ra k a t
ta n ta n g a n . O i s is i la in , m a s y a ra k a t fe m in in le b ih
yang m enahan
d im e n s i
U ju n g
a d a la h
self-
m a s y a ra k a t
yang
in i
h a ri d a n tle k s ib llita s
e t a l., 2 0 0 8 ).
y a n g tid a k p a s ti, d a n a k a n m e m b e n tu k in s titu s i
u n tu k m e n g h in d a ri
k e tid a k p a s tia n
in i (H o s te d e ,
2 0 0 1 ).
p e n e litia n
vetue Survey Module
long term versus short term
O im e n s i
orientation
VALUE SURVEY MODULE DAN
PERKEMBANGANNYA
m e ru p a k a n
H o fs te d e
pengem bangan
dan
Bond
d a ri
(1 9 8 8 )
yang
"Confucian Dynamism".
m e n g h a s ilk a n d im e n s i
in s tru m e n
pengukur
n a s io n a l y a n g d ip e rk e n a lk a n
G e e rt H o fs te d e , s e o ra n g
O im e n s i in i k e m u d ia n d iu b a h n a m a n y a m e n ja d i
H o fs te d e
m e ru p a k a n
long term orientation.
b e rh a s il
m e n je la s k a n
o rie n ta s i ja n g k a
p a n ja n g
n ila i y a n g te rk a it d e n g a n
M a s y a ra k a t
dengan
m enum buhkan
reward
ru la i-
di m asa depan,
2 0 1 4 ).
b e rm u la
dengan
H o fs te d e
b e k e rja
m enum buhkan
n ila i-n ila i
pendek
le b ih
y a n g te rk a it
dengan
te rk a it
d i ta h u n
sebagai
"Culture Consequences"
m e ru p a k a n
s e s e o ra n g ,
(H o fs te d e ,
--------------
dan m em enuhi
2 0 0 1 ).
h a rg a
k e w a jib a n
d iri
s o s ia l
yang
hubungan
dengan budaya
1960an,
k e tik a
k o n s u lta n
d i IB M .
S e le p a s b e k e rja d i IB M , H o fs te d e m e n u lis b u k u
te rh a d a p
m e n y e la m a tk a n
p e rta m a
b a g a im a n a
m a s a la lu d a n m a s a k in i, s e p e rti p e n g h o rm a ta n
tra d is i,
k a li o le h
p e n e liti d a ri B e la n d a .
p e n e liti
R is e t H o fs te d e
n a s io n a l
ja n g k a
budaya
p e rta m a
b u d a y a te rh a d a p p e rila k u o rg a n is a s i (P e rd h a n a ,
s e p e rti k e g ig ih a n d a n p e n g h e m a ta n . M a s y a ra k a t
o rie n ta s i
m e ru p a k a n
d im e n s i-d im e n s i
d i ta h u n
pengem bangan
ris e tn y a
d i IB M
O asen,
1992,
J u rn a l B is n is S T R A T E ~ I
(B e rry ,
p .3 3 0 ).
•
1980
h a s il a n a lis a
yang
d a ri
P o o rtin g a ,
S e g a l,
T e rb itn y a
"Culture
V o l. 2 4 N o .1
J u li 2 0 1 5
&
3
P E R H IT U N G A N
OENGAN
Consequences"aZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c u k u p fe n o m e n a l,
k a re n a
(S c h w a rtz ,
m e m b u k tik a n
d iu k u r
bahwa
dengan
k u a n tita tif
budaya
m enggunakan
(P e rd h a n a ,
m a n a je m e n
lin ta s
P e n e litia n
m e n ja d i p e n e liti y a n g
pioneer
sebagai
dapat
d a la m
b id a n g
budaya.
N IL A I
BUDAYA
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
SEBUAH
TELAAH
K R IT lS
T ro m p e n a a rs
(T ro m p e n a a rs ,
1 9 9 3 ).
T e rk a it d e n g a n k e m u d a h a n p e n g g u n a a n
V S M 0 8 , in s tru m e n in i te rd iri d a ri 3 4 p e rta n y a a n ,
d im a n a
28
p e rta n y a a n
m engukur
7
m e ru p a k a n
D ib a n d in g k a n d e n g a n b e rb a g a i in s tru m e n
VALUE
1 9 9 2 ) d a n in s tru m e n
m e m ilik i 7 9 p e rta n y a a n
p e n d e k a ta n
2 0 1 4 :7 7 ).
H o fs te d e in i m e m b u a tn y a
d ia n g g a p
te rn y a ta
MENGGUNAKAN
n ila i
d ig u n a k a n
budaya
u n tu k
dan
s is a n y a
p e rta n y a a n -p e rta n y a a n
dengan
id e n tita s
p e n g u k u ra n b u d a y a la in , s e p e rti in s tru m e n d a ri
m enggunakan
T ro m p e n a a rs (1 9 9 3 ), K lu c k h o h n d a n S tro d tb e c k
a k a n m e n g h a s ilk a n
te rk a it
re s p o n d e n .
5 -p o in t
VSM
08
Likert-type scale
yang
s k o r b u d a y a a n ta ra 0 -1 0 0 .
(1 9 6 1 ), E d w a rd T . H a ll (1 9 9 0 ), S h a lo m H . S c h w a rtz
K e ra n g k a
(1 9 9 2 ) d a n in s tru m e n d a ri G L O B E P ro je c t (2 0 0 6 a ,
"the most extensive examination of
cross-national values in a managerial context"
2 0 0 6 b ); in s tru m e n b u d a y a H o fs te d e a d a la h s a tu s a tu n y a
in s tru m e n
re v is i b e ru la n g
y a n g te la h m e la lu i p ro s e s
k a li. S e te la h d ip e rk e n a lk a n n y a
k e rja
budaya
H o fs te d e
(N a k a ta & S iv a k u m a r,
1996,
p . 6 2 ),
p e n e liti y a n g in g in m e la k u k a n
4
budaya.
budaya
n a s io n a l,
H o fs te d e
m e m p e rk e n a lk a n V S M 8 2 d i ta h u n 1 9 8 2 . V S M
D a la m
8 2 m e m u a t le b ih b a n y a k p e rta n y a a n d a n le b ih
d ite rje m a h k a n
p e n e litia n
p e n e ra p a n n y a ,
VSM
le n g k a p d ib a n d in g k a n V S M 8 0 , d a n b a n y a k d ip a k a i
te ta p i,
la in h a ru s la h m e m p e rtim b a n g k a n
V S M 9 4 (H o fs te d e , 1 9 9 4 ).
back translation
H o fs te d e
b a ru ,
di VSM
9 4 . D im e n s i
budaya
yang
long term vs short term orientation,
d ia n g k a t
d a ri p e n e litia n
H o fs te d e
dan Bond
p e n e rje m a h a n
(1 9 7 0 ).
in i
Penam bahan
b e rta h a n
H o fs te d e
h in g g a
d im e n s i
ta h u n
m e m p e rk e rfa lk a n
budaya
2008,
VSM
b a ru
d im a n a
08
yang
VSM
k e d a la m
d e n g a n m e m p e rh a tik a n
d a p a t d iu n d u h d a ri s itu s
M e n g in g a t
VSM
08
m e ru p a k a n
H o fs te d e
e t a I., (2 0 0 8 :1 0 )
m engem ukakan
b a h w a re lia b ilita s d a n v a lid ita s
d a ri in s tru m e n
d a ri v e rs i-v e rs i V S M s e b e lu m n y a ,
"m o n u m e n ta lis m
v e rs u s s e lf-e ffic a c y ".
H in g g a
dan
in s tru m e n y a n g re la tif b a ru p e n g e m b a n g a n n y a ,
"in d u lg e n c e
dan
k a id a h -
G e e rt H o fs te d e .
in i m e n g a c u p a d a h a s il p e rh itu n g a n
re s tra in t"
te la h
(P e rd h a n a , 2 0 1 4 ),
m e m u a t 2 ta m b a h a n d im e n s i b u d a y a b a ru , y a itu
v e rs u s
bahasa
k a id a h -k a id a h
y a n g d ik e m u k a k a n o le h B ris lin
back translation
(1 9 8 8 ) te rk a it b u d a y a k o n fu s ia n is m e m a s y a ra k a t
T io n g k o k .
0 8 te la h
V S M 0 8 v e rs i B a h a s a -in d o n e s ia
d ite rje m a h k a n
k a id a h
lin ta s
k e d a la rn b e rb a g a i b a h a s a . A k a n
d a la m ris e t lin ta s b u d a y a h in g g a d ip e rk e n a lk a n n y a
T e rd a p a t p e n a m b a h a n d im e n s i b u d a y a
dan hal
in i m e n ja d ik a n V S M s e b a g a i p ilih a n u ta m a p a ra
V S M 1 9 8 0 y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n u n tu k rn e ro u k u r
d im e n s i
d ia n g g a p
sebagai
is tila h
la in ,
re lia b ilita s
a ta u d e n g a n
"taken for granted".
VSM
08
s a a t in i, V S M 0 8 m e ru p a k a n v e rs i V S M d e n g a n
m e ru p a k a n p e n g e m b a n g a n d a ri v e rs i-v e rs i V S M
d irn e n s i
s e b e lu m n y a , y a n g te la h b e ru la n g k a li d ig u n a k a n
budaya
te rle n g k a p
nam un
p a lin g
s e d e rh a n a d a n m u d a h d ig u n a k a n d ib a n d in g k a n
d a n d ire p lik a s i u n tu k p e n e litia n -p e n e litia n
d e n g a n v e rs i-v e rs i
budaya.
V S M s e b e lu m n y a .
Sebagai
p e rb a n d in g a n , ju m la h p e rta n y a a n d a ri in s tru m e n
G LO BE
P ro je c t
p e rta n y a a n
F o rm
A lp h a
a d a la h
(G L O B E P ro je c t, 2 0 0 6 a )
B e ta 2 1 7 p e rta n y a a n
214
d a n F o rm
(G L O B E P ro je c t, 2 0 0 6 b ),
S c h w a rtz V a lu e S u rv e y d e n g a n 5 6 p e rta n y a a n
4
J u rn a l B is n is S T R A T E G I
•
V o l. 2 4 N o . 1 J u li 2 0 1 5
V e rs i
m e ru p a k a n
1 6 0 .0 0 0
a s li V S M
s e n d iri
lin ta s
(V S M
80)
s e b u a h h a s il ris e t y a n g m e lib a tk a n
re s p o n d e n
S k o r re lia b ilita s
d a ri 5 0 n e u a ra d i d u n ia .
d a ri k e e m p a t d im e n s i
budaya
d a la m v e rs i a s li V S M (H o fs te d e , 1 9 8 0 ) m e m ilik i
re lia b ilita s
le b ih
d a ri
.7 0 0 .
D im e n s i
power
P E R H I1 U N G A N
N IL A I
BUDAYA
DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN
SEBUAH
TELAAH
V A lU E
SURVEY
M O DULE
2008:
K R IT IS
te rd iri d a ri 2 ke lo m p o k (b u d a ya ) a ta u le b ih . K rite ria
..... comparisons of countries or regions should
inasmuch as possible be based on samples
of respondents who are matched on all criteria
other than nationality or region. So, respondents
from one country to another should be chosen
from the same gender, age, education level,
occupation,' manager/non-manager
status,
employer etcetera-they should be matched
on any criterion other than nationality that can
be expected to affect the answers (H o fste d e ,
d a ri ke lo m p o k-ke lo m p o k
2 0 0 2 , p . 1 7 2 )"
d ista n ce
m e m iliki A lp h a = .8 4 2 , In d ivid u a lism
denqan
A lp h a = .
A lp h a = .7 6 0
770,
M a scu lin ity
dengan
d a n U n ce rta in ty A vo id a n ce m e m iliki
A lp h a = .7 1 5
(H o fste d e e t a l. 2 0 0 8 , p . 1 1 ).
A sp e k p a lin g p e n tin g d a la m p e n g g u n a a n
V S M d a la m rise t lin ta s b u d a ya a d a la h crite ria
sa m p e l ya n g d ig u n a ka n . K a re n a V S M d ig u n a ka n
u n tu k m e n g u ku r p e rb e d a a n n ila i b u d a ya , m a ka
crite ria d a ri sa m p e l ya n g d ig u n a ka n h a n isla h
sa m p e l ju g a h a ru s
d ib u a t se m irip m u n g kin . S e b a g a i co n to h , a p a b ila
S e ca ra
ke se lu ru h a n ,
VSM
08
ke lo m p o k I b e ra sa l d a ri b u d a ya te rte n tu ya n g
m e ru p a ka n in stru m e n ya n g sa n g a t la ya k u n tu k
m e m iliki ja b a ta n m a n a je ria l tin g ka t m e n e n g a h ,
d ig u n a ka n m e n g u ku r d a n m e m b a n d in g ka n sko r
m a ka ke lo m p o k II d a n se te ru sn ya h a ru sla h ju g a
b u d a ya .
m e m iliki crite ria se ru p a - m e ru p a ka n m a n a je r
in stru m e n
P a ra p e n e liti
in i h a n ,
ya n g
m e n g g u n a ka n
cu ku p u n tu k m e n g h itu n g
j
tin g ka t m e n e n g a h . L e b ih ja u h , H o fste d e (2 0 0 2 ,
h a siln ya
p . 1 7 2 ) te la h m e m p e rin g a tka n p a ra p e n e liti ya n g
V S M 0 8 ya n g te la h d ib e rika n o le h H o fste d e e t
, a ka n m e n g g u n a ka n
in stru m e n
VSM dengan
a l.
p e n e ka n a n se b a g a i b e riku t:
d e n g a n m e n g iku ti
(2 0 0 8 ).
C a ra
sko r p e rh itu n g a n
p e rh itu n g a n
in stru rn e n -
in stru m e n d a la m V S M 0 8 a d a la h se b a g a i h e riku t:
Tabel 1.
S ko r P e rh itu n g a n V S M 0 8 lkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
;':~
1 ~ ~ f~ :i~ ~ ~ 1 J~ } I> U il'e:D S Io n :~t~t
~ :~
'~ :~
'::~--:t:j~
::'~ :::'G } i~ i~ t~ ~ -~ ;£ ~ if~ ~ rs~ 3 ~ ~ ~ '~ .E o n n u l~ ~ ?l~ ~ ~ ;t~ ~
i
!
P o w er D istance (P O I)
.
; P O I '" 351m 07 - m 0 2 ) + 2 5 (m 2 3 - m 2 6 ) + C (p d )
1
Indi v id u alislll ~ ~ .-c.~ ~ cti~ i;n l(jD \/I---rID V -;;;-3 -5 { -;0 4 "~ -;;O i"):;3 5 { ;;~ ~ c(i~ ---i
I M asculinity
i
\IS ,
U ncertainty
F em ininity
A voidance
L______
------"-----
i L o n g -term
i
M o n u m c n tu lis m
i
(iv 1 0 N )
.- - -
-..- - - - ,- -
'" S .
-
m 03) +
3 5 (0 1 0 8
...
------.-. - .- - - - .- - - - 7 - - - - - - - .- - - - - .- - - - - - - - - -
v s. S hort-term
..- .- - - .- ,- .-
3 5 (0 1 0 5
~
m IO ) + C (m f) ~
; V A l;:; 41){m 20 - m 1 6 ) + 2 5 (m 2 4 - m 2 7 ) + q u a)
O rientation'
H~;f?~-;;;;:c"\'s:-R~~[;