Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.) English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
“A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON NOTICE AND CAUTION IN
THE PUBLIC PLACES AT YOGYAKARTA, SOLO,
BOYOLALI, SALATIGA, AMBARAWA, SEMARANG.”
A GRADUATING PAPER
Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.) English Education
Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for
Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
By:
KHAFIDLATUL ARIFAH
NIM 113-12-067
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2017
MOTTO
Life is not about taking from the others, but is how much your being
helpful to others
(By Khafidlatul Arifah)
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is proudly dedicated to: 1.
My beloved Father (Sumali) and Mother (Kibtiyah) who give me any support and the best education. You are the best parents in the world.
2. My big family, my brother and sister (Miftaqurrochman, Muhammad Gufron, Faridotus Sholichah).
3. My beloved friends who always support me (Rahmawati, Riyo, Miftah, Agus, Fajar, Frian) you are the best friends I have.
4. My close friends (Ayusi, Hida, Anisa, Tiara, Novi, Fitri, and vika).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, the Lord of universe. The writer would like to express the gratefulness to Allah SWT for His blessing, chance, and guidance to finish this graduating paper as one of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan in English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga in 2017. Peace and salutation always be given to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW as the best human’s model in the world and who has guided us to be the righteous human.
This research would not have been completed without supports, guidance, advice, and help from individual’s institution. Therefore, the writer would like to express deep appreciation to: 1.
Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Suwardi, M.Pd. as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
3. Noor Malihah, Ph.D., as the Head of the English Education Department of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga and as the writer’s counselor who has educated, guided, supported and given advice, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from beginning until the end. Thank you so much for your patience, sincerity, and care.
4. All lecturers of IAIN Salatiga especially the lectures of English Department who have educated the writer.
5. All of staff of IAIN Salatiga who have helped the writer in processing the research administration.
6. My beloved father, Mr. Sumali and mother, Mrs. Kibtiyah who always give me finance, love, advice, and everlasting praying. Hopefully Allah always blesses you.
7. My beloved brother, sister and all of my family. Thank you for your support and praying.
8. All of my friends TBI 2012, thank you for everything.
9. All of the people who have helped the writer that the writer cannot be mention one by one. Thanks for your support, praying and kindness.
Salatiga, March 2
th
2017 The writer
Khafidlatul Arifah
NIM. 11312067
ABSTRACT
Arifah, Khafidlatul. 2017. A Semantic Analysis on Notice and Caution in the
Public Places. A Graduating Paper. English Education Department of
Teacher Training and Education Faculty, State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Noor Malihah, Ph.D.
Key words: Semantic, Types of Meaning, Symbol and Sign, Notice and Caution.
This is a semantic analysis on notice and caution in the public places. The objective of this research are (1) to find out the meaning of symbol and sign in notice and caution, and (2) to find out the types of meaning are involved in the notice and caution. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. To collect the data the writer used observation and documentation (using pictures). The object of this research is 75 pictures. The finding of the research shows that there are three signal words in this data: (a) Notice, (b) caution, and (3) double-meaning sign. The third signs have not been discussed in the literatures to my knowledge. However, the writer can not analyze further about this third type because the number of this data is limited. The finding of this research also shows that there are three types of meaning in the signal word dealing with notice and caution in my data. There are: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, and affective meaning.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION ............................................................................................... ii
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR ........................................................................... iii
CERTIFICATION PAGE ................................................................................ iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION ................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES .................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1 B. Limitation of the Study ........................................................................... 3 C. Problem Questions .................................................................................. 3 D. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 3 E. Benefits of the Study ............................................................................... 3 F. Definition of the Key Terms ................................................................... 4 G. Graduating Paper Outline ........................................................................ 5CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ......................................... 7
A. Definition of Semantics........................................................................... 7 B. Types of Meaning ................................................................................... 82. Connotative Meaning ........................................................................ 9 3.
Stylistic Meaning .............................................................................. 10 4. Affective Meaning ............................................................................ 11 5. Reflected Meaning ............................................................................ 12 6. Collocative Meaning ......................................................................... 13 7. Thematic Meaning ............................................................................ 13 C. Symbol and Signs .................................................................................... 14 D.
Notice and Caution .................................................................................. 15 1.
Notice ................................................................................................ 16 2. Caution .............................................................................................. 17 3. Double-Meaning Sign in Notice and Caution ................................... 19
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 20
A. Type of the Research ............................................................................... 20 B. Object of Research .................................................................................. 21 C. Data Source ............................................................................................. 21 D. Method of Collecting Data ...................................................................... 22 E. Technique of Data Analysis .................................................................... 24CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................. 28
A. Meaning of Symbol and Sign in Notice and Caution ............................. 28 B. Types of Meaning Involved in Notice and Caution ................................ 43
CHAPTER V CLOSURE ................................................................................. 49
A. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 50 B. Suggestions ............................................................................................. 51 REFERENCES CURRICULUM VITAE APPENDICESLIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 1.
Figure 4.1 The Percentage of Notice and Caution .................................. 29 2.Figure 4.2 The Distribution of Three Types of Meaning ........................ 44 3.Table 2.1 Examples of Conceptual Meaning .......................................... 9 4.Table 2.2 Several Dimensions of Stylistic Meaning ............................... 11 5.Table 2.3 Three Aspects of Sign ............................................................. 14 6.Table 3.1. Codes Used in the Data .......................................................... 24 7.Table 3.2 Complete Abbreviation of each Code ..................................... 26 8.Table 4.1 Distribution of Notice and Caution ......................................... 28 9.Table 4.2 Double – Meaning Sign .......................................................... 38 10.Table 4.3 Distribution of Types of Meaning ........................................... 44CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a means of social communication. People use communication to have a relation with the other. They use language to deliver meaning and aim of communication. Beside that, meaning is one important thing in a language. The entire thing that human communicate using languages have a meaning. That is a reason why they understand the messages stored in a communication.De Sausure (1974:114, cited by Soeparno, 2002:1) argues that:
Language is an alloy of two elements, there are signifie and signifiant. Signifie is the elements of language behind the sign which is a concept by the speakers. We called meaning. Signifiant is the language physical form or sign of utter.
Parera (2004:6) also says that in a language, meaning is the important one to the speaker and hearer that have to understand. Leech (1974:10)divides seven types of meaning, they are: Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Stylistic Meaning, Affective Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Collocative Meaning, Thematic Meaning.
In the study of language, acquiring the message is the important thing that students have to understand. It means that they have to study more about meaning. According to Kreidler (2002:2),there are three disciplines concerning with the systematic study of meaning: psychology, philosophy, and linguistics.
From the three disciplines of systematic study, linguistics is the most direct study in a language. In linguistic study, semantics is branch of linguistics that studies about the meaning.
Palmer (1981:1) argues that Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics.Similarly, Kreidler (2002:19) also says that Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meaning.
The specific features in semantics beginning with observation about non-linguistics signs and how to get meanings from them. According to Kreidler (2002:19), “a language is a system of symbol through which people communicate.” On the other hand, notice and caution are the example of human deliberate sign creation.
Sometimes we are unaware that we often found some signs showing notice and caution.We found that in the public places such asairport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station, and high way.By that case the writer is interested to do research to found the message stored the signwith the title
“A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS ON NOTICE AND CAUTION IN THE PUBLIC PLACES AT YOGYAKARTA, SOLO, BOYOLALI, SALATIGA, AMBARAWA, SEMARANG .”
B. Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on the analysis of notice and caution.Notice and caution consist of word, phrase, clause, and sign which describe a ban.According to Kreidler (2002:20) human produces not only single symbols but system of symbol.The writer limits this study by looking at the signal word in public place such as airport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station and high way. The places that the writer observes are around of Central Java especially in Semarang, Solo and Yogyakarta.
C.
Problem Questions Based on the background of the study, the writer has some questions that are mentioned as below:
1. What is the meaning of symbol and sign in notice and caution? 2.
What is the types of meaning are involved in the notice and caution? D.
Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems above, the objectives of this study are:
1. To find out the meaning of symbol and sign in notice and caution.
2. To find out the types of meaning are involved in the notice and caution.
E. Benefits of the Study
This study has some benefit impact for the lectures, university students, and other writers.
1. Lecturer This research can develop the lecturer ’s perception about notice and caution.
2. University Students The students get more understanding about notice and caution from the results of this study.
3. Other writers This research can give more information about semantic on notice and caution for the next writers who will discuss about related study.
F. Definition of the Key Terms
There are some key terms in this paper, the writer wants to clarify the meaning shortly, some key terms are defined as listed bellow:
1. Analysis According to Hornby (1974:79) analysis is a separation into parts possibility with comment and judgment.
2. Semantics Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing (Leech, 1974:1).
3. Notice
Notice is a sign or printed statement that gives information or warning to people (Summers, 2003:1308).
4. Caution
Caution is a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful (Summers, 2003:275).
G. Graduating Paper Organization
This graduating paper consists of five chapters. Each chapter discuses the sub division as follows.
Chapter I : Introduction that includes Background of the Study, Limitation of the Study,Problem Question, Objectives of the Study, Benefits of the Study, Definition of Key Terms, and Graduating Paper Organization. Chapter II : Review of related Theories such as theoretical foundation which includes the meaning of Semantics, Types of Meaning, Symbol and Sign, Notice and Caution.
Chapter III : Research Method. This Chapter describes Type of Research, Object of Research, Data Source, Method of Collecting Data, and Technique of Data Analysis. Chapter IV : Data Analysis. It concerns with data analysis of research finding.
Chapter V : Closure which consists of Conclusion and Suggestion. The last part is References and Appendices.
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK Chapter II describes definition of some theories which are related to the topic of this study. The writer discuses the Semantics, Types of Meaning, Symbols and Signs, Notice and Caution.
A. Definition of Semantics
In the study of meaning, there are many definitions about semantics, (Leech, 1974; Palmer, 1981; and Kreidler, 2004).Leech (1974:1), Palmer (1981:1), and Kreidler (2004:4) have defined semantics as the study of meaning.
In more specific definition, Kreidler uses the term systematic to define the study of meaning. It is systematic because it discuses about how languages organize and express linguistic semantics which shows meanings.
From Kreidler’s definition, there arise questions about how linguistic semantics can organize meaning? And how it can express meaning? Kreidler explains that, it concerns about describing how such elements go together to express more complex meanings, in phrases like the unhappy painter and sentences like the painter is unhappy, it is tells how these are related to each other.
B. Types of Meaning
Leech (1974:10) divides seven types of meaning.Each typehas a different way to interpret word or sentence. The seven types of meaning are; Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Stylistic Meaning, Affective Meaning, Reflected Meaning, Collocative Meaning, and Thematic Meaning. The writer discusses each meaning in the following section:
1. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning (sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning) is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication. Leech (1974:11) states that“establish conceptual meaning as a complex and sophisticated organization.”
It is to be a complex and sophisticated organization because, it may be compared with, and cross related to similar organization on the syntactic and phonological levels of language.
For example in the conceptual meanings of a language seem to be organized largely in terms of contrastive features (phonological).
Table 2.1 Examples of conceptual meaningFemale Male Adult Woman + - +
Boy - + - The second principle, that the constituent structure (syntactical) is the principle by which larger linguistic units are built up out of smaller units.
For example we are able to analyses a sentence syntacticallyinto its constituent parts, moving from immediate constituents through a hierarchy of sub-division to its ultimate constituents or smallest syntactic elements.
Leech (1974:13) argues that “Conceptual meaning is an inextricable and essential part of what language is, like we can not define language without it.” It meansconceptual meaning is an important part of language.
2. Connotative Meaning
The definition of connotative meaning can be understood from the opposite of conceptual meaning.Leec h (1974:14) argues that “connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.”
He explains the definition of connotative meaning using the same example with conceptual meaning.The word
‘woman’ is defining
conceptually by three features (+Human, -Male, +Adult). On the other hand, the word
‘woman’ may have connotative meaning; in giving the connotative
meaning we do not only look at the physical characteristic. For example
‘woman having a womb’, but we should also look at the psychological and
social properties. For example ‘women have maternal instinct’.
3. Stylistic Meaning
Leech (1974:16) defines that the definition of stylistic meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstance of its use. It means that stylistic meaning has a relation with how people choose the language style according to various social factors.
Leech (1974:16) also states stylistic meaning is used when we recognize various pronunciation of a word based on the speaker’s region origin or based on their social status. Also, how a speaker chooses a word to a specific hearer which might be based on the informality of the situation or based on different status.
How stylistic meanings are various can be seen from several dimensions as Leech (1974: 16) explains in table 2.2.
Table 2.2Several dimensions of stylistic meaning A. Relatively permanent features of style
a. The language of Mr. X, of Mrs. Y,
INDIVIDUALTY of Miss Z, etc.
b. The language of geographical DIALECT region or of a social class c. The language of the eighteen
TIME century, etc.
B. DISCOURSE a. Speech, Writing, etc.
MEDIUM b. Monologue, Dialogue, etc.
PARTICIPATION C.
Relatively temporary features of style
a. Language of law, of science, of PROVINCE advertising, etc.
b. Polite, colloquial, slang, etc STATUS
c. Language of memoranda, lectures, MODALITY jokes, etc.
d. The style of Dickens, of SINGULARITY
Hamingway, etc 4.
Affective Meaning
Leech (1974:18) explains the definition of affective meaning as reflecting the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. For example:
(1) I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
Example (1) shows how the speaker rebukes the listener thatcan be reversed by a tone of biting sarcasm.
(2)Shut up!
Example (2) shows how intonation and voice-timbre take an effect to interpret the spoken word. The second example can interpret growl to the listener.
5. Reflected Meaning
Leech (1974:19) explains that reflected meaning is meaning which arisesby the speaker when they response what they see. Example:
(1) waww (2) ah (3) oh (4) emm, ect.
6. Collocative Meaning
Leech (1974:20) argues thatcollocative meaning consists of the association a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. It looks like synonymy, so the word is only suitable for use in pairs with a more specific word. For example:
(1) girl – pretty (2) boy – handsome (3) grandfather – old
(4) children – young.
7. Thematic Meaning
Leech (1974:22) has argued that thematic meaning is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message in term of ordering, focus and emphasis. Look at the example (1) and (2):
(1) Mrs. Bessie Smith donated the first prize. (2) The first prize was donated by Mrs. Bessie Smith.
Theexample (1) shows an active sentence which has different meaning from passive equivalent, although in conceptual content they seem to be the same.
Certainly these have different communicative values in the different contexts, the active sentence answer an implicit question ‘What did Mrs.
Bessie Smith donate? While the passive sentence answers an implicit question “Who was the first donated by?
According to Leech (1974:23), thematic meaning is mainly a matter of choice between alternative grammatical constructions, as in examples (3) until (9):
(3) A man is waiting in the hall. (4) There is a man waiting in the hall. (5) They stopped at the end of the corridor. (6) At the end of the corridor, they stopped.
(7) I like Danish cheese best. (8) Danish cheese I like best. (9) It’s Danish cheese that I like best.
C. Symbols and Signs
Berger (2004:5) argues that interpreters have to supply part of meanings of signs. He says that “sign is something which stands to somebody for something in some capacity.” He focuses on three aspects of sign; they are iconic, indexical, and symbolic dimensions.
Table 2.3 Three aspects of signIconic Indexical Symbolic Signify by Resemblance Causal connection Convention Example Picture, statues Fire/smoke Flags Process Can see Can figure out Must learn
One characteristic of symbol is that it is never wholly arbitrary; it is not empty, for there is a rudiment of a natural bond between the signifier and signified. The symbol of justice, a pair of scales, could not be replaced by just another symbol, such as a chariot. Every sign has their own rules as there is an agreement in its use.One type of sign that the writer investigates in this research is warning sign.
According to Leonard (1988) in Drake, Conzola, and Wolgater (1998:289) discus warning sign as in form of signal word. Signal words areused in warning to draw attention to the sign or label and to quickly communicate the level of hazard. The component of signal word divided into four types accordingthe level of hazard, they are danger, warning, caution, notice.
In this research the writer only investigate two signal words mention by Drake, Conzola, and Wolgater. They are notice and caution.
D.
Notice and Caution The explanation of notice and caution will be divided into three points. They are meaning of notice and the example, meaning of caution and the example, and some examples of signs which have double meanings but have different impact when peoplebreak them.
a. Notice
According to Summers (2003:1308),notice is a sign or printed statement that gives information or warning to people.The printed statement isin the form of phrases or words. The phrases or words usually do not have a big impact, for example in the picture 2.1.and picture 2.2.
Picture 2.1The example of notice The blue board shown that there is information contains of the board intended for the visitors. A sign of worship and the word of
“Mosque” show
that there is worship place for Muslim to do the daily prayer. The sign actually has an aim to make it easier for the visitors when they will do the pray. The board indicates that is notice seen by the aim of the sign to give information without any dangerous impact or warning. It is clearly to give information.
Picture 2.2 Example of noticeAn arrow pointing up shows that people have to drive straight ahead. The phrase of
“MAX 20 KM/JAM” or maximum 20 km/hours emphasize that
no one can drive more than 20 km/hours. In fact this sign does not have a serious impact, but may be it can make a noise or disturb the others because this sign actually found in the hospital or in a place that people need to be treated.
However, there is actually inconsistency in this example the phrases used in the picture should be in English as shown by the clipping
“MAX” for
maximum and
“20 KM”. In picture 2.2 the word “MAX” and “20 KM” is
followed by the Indonesian words
“JAM” referring to hour. The writer keeps
on using this picture as an example because the meaning stated in this sign showing a notice to inform people about something.
b. Caution
According to Summers (2003:275), caution is a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful. Being careful here does not only mean that you take car of your self, but also means that may be everything that you do can harm the others, for example the warning signs for drivers who can not stop in every place. Otherwise, it will disturb the other highway users, and also result in an accident.The examples of caution are shown in picture 2.3 and 2.4.
Picture 2.3 Example of cautionPicture 2.3 shows that the phrase“KEEP MAGNIFIER LAMP
AWAY FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE”it means that you
have to take away the magnifier lamp from the direct sunlight. This is because a direct sunlight has a solar thermal that can burn the machine directly. It is will be dangerous if you use the machine exposed to sunlight, the big impact is your face will be burned immediately. This caution was found in salon.
Picture 2.4 Example of cautionThe phrase
“SAFTY FIRST, WORK SAFLY”. This phrase have a
meaning that you have to use the safety equipments when you work. For example you can use work helmet to safe your head, the gloves to safe your hand, work coat to safe your body. This is because in a factory many equipments and some things that can not be touched directly.Usually the biggest impact is accident that resulting of the death.
c. Double - Meaning Signs in Notice and Caution
The explanation above has described about signsshowing notice or caution.According to Drake, Conzola, Wogalter which explain about signal words, they did not give explanation about overlapping meaning in notice and caution.But, there are exceptions regarding a sign which has two meanings which can be interpreted either notice or caution.In these kinds of signs, the word or phrases are same, but the pictures of the signs are symbolized differently. So, the writer gives the examples of double meaning in chapter IV.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses five sections. They are type of research, object of research, data source, method of collecting data, technique of data analysis. The explanation of each section is discussed further into wide explanation.
A.
Type of Research The writer uses descriptive-qualitative research with data analysis presented in statistic form.“Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind” (Kothari, 2004: 3). In line with Kothari, Denzim and Lincoln (1987) in Moleong (2008: 5) define, qualitative research is a research that uses natural background for the purpose of interpreting the phenomenon which happened and was done by involving a variety of methods.
In this research the writer uses descriptive approach. According to Arikunto (2010: 3), descriptive research is the study intended to investigate the situation, condition, circumstance, events, and other activities, and the result presented in the form of the research report.
The research report also presents statistics in the forms of table, percentage and charts are included to make the explanation easier and clearer. Arikunto(2010:27) states that qualitative data are turned into quantitative data using number to help the research easier to be understand and presented, than turn qualitative again to be drawn the conclusion, this technique called descriptive qualitative with percentage.
This research is a descriptive-qualitative with percentage.Therefore, the result are percentage in statistical forms such as table, percentage and chart.
B.
Object of Research The object of the research isnotice and caution which are found in the airport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, gas station, high way, and Museumin the form of signs, words, and phrases.
Thus the data observed might be in the form of signs or picture only without any words or phrases in the form of words or phrases without any pictures at all, and in the form of both picture and words or phrases. However, in this research the writer does not select them in different categories. Such selection will be on further research potential.
C.
Data Source According to Arikunto (2010:172), data source is subject where the data acquired. In the line with the statements, Moelong (1998) in Arikunto
(2010:22) states that data sources of qualitative research is presented in spoken or written that accurate by the researcher, and the things detail monitored in order to be able to catch the implicit meaning on the document or thing. Data source should be original, however if the original source is difficult to get, photocopy or imitation is not be a problem, as long as the evidence can be acquired.
The data use in this research are signs, words, and phrases in the notice and caution which found in the public place such as airport, train station, supermarket, hospital, school, university, factory, gas station, high way, and Museum. The writer does the research and get75samplesof notice and caution.
The 75 samples to be 74 samples of data reduction.Some places that the writer visited are international airport of AdiSumarmo, Purwosari train station, Tugu train station, Malioboro traditional market, Bringharjo traditional market, Kensaras hospital, ArioWirawan hospital, SMPN 3 Salatiga, IAIN Salatiga,UniversitasDiponegoro, Universitas Kristen SatyaWaca,Banyubiru gas station, Yogyakarta Palace, Mount Merapi,Museum of Palaganand Ungaran, Salatiga, Boyolali, Solo, Yogyakarta high ways.
D.
Method of Collecting Data The writer used some steps to collect the data, the step are: 1. Observation
According toKothari (2004: 96) “the observation method is the most commonly used method especially in studies relating to behavioral sciences.” Moreover Kothari (2004: 96)states that “Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the researcher, when it serves a formulated research purpose, is systematically planned and recorded and is subject to checks and controls on validity and reliability.”
The procedures in thisobservation are:
a. Specified the places to be observed, and the writer determined
some places, they are international airport of AdiSumarmo, Purwosari train station, Tugu train station, Malioboro traditional market, Bringharjo traditional market, Kensaras hospital, ArioWirawan hospital, SMPN
3 Salatiga,
IAIN Salatiga,UniversitasDiponegoro, Universitas Kristen SatyaWaca,Banyubiru gas station, Yogyakarta Palace, Mount Merapi, Museum of Palagan, and Ungaran, Salatiga, Boyolali, Solo, Yogyakarya high ways.
b.
Went to the observation place.
c. Collected the data by taking some pictures.
In this observation the writer collected the data by taking a picture. According to Moleong (2008: 160), photo can produce the data of descriptive that is valuable enough and often used to examine the ingredients subjective and the result often analyzed in inductive. In line with the statement, Bogdan and Biklen (1982: 102) in Moleong (2010: 160) states that, there are two categories of photographs that can be used in the qualitative study, that is the photographs which the other people produce orthe observer produce by her or him self.
The results of the observation, than were documented to be analyzed further.
2. Documentation
According to Arikunto (2010: 274), a documentation method is finding data that is relevant by using book, transcript, newspaper, magazine, ancient inscription, notes of a meeting, agenda, etc. Compared to other method this method is recommended for a beginner because of its easiness. In term if a mistake is made, the data sources still remain as they are without any changes. Documentation method is observed not living but inanimate object.
The result documentation of the observation is some pictures which draw the signs, words, phrases in a notice and caution.
E.
Technique of Data Analysis To analyzed the data obtained, the writer conducted procedure which is describe as follow: a.
First, the writer classified the data obtainedfromobservation based on kind of notice or caution. b.
Then, the writer code the classified data using string of codes explained as below,
Table 3.1. Codes used in the dataField Description
1. Types of Sign (N and C) N C
2. Place of observation (AP, HP TS AP TM,RV, SC, UN, GS, HW,YP,MM, HP M)
TS TM RV SC UN GS HW YP MM M
3. Number of Data 1, 2. 3, . . . . . . . 75
By using a string of codes, it is not possible that there is similar data overlapped in this research. For example, when there is a string of code < N-
AP-04 >, it means that this data is a kind of notice (N) which is collected in
the Air Port (AP) and it is data number 4.Table 3.2 Complete abbreviation of each codeAbbreviation Description Types of Sign: 1.
N 2. C N = Notice C = Caution
Place of observation: 1.
AP 2. HP 3. TS 4. TM 5. RV 6. SC 7. UN 8. GS 9. HW 10. YP 11. MM AP = Airport HP = Hospital TS = Train Station TM = Traditional Market RV = River SC = School UN = University GS = Gas Station HW = High Way YP = Yogyakarta Palace MM = Mount Merapi
M = Museum c.
12. M
Once, all the data have been coded, the writer analyzed each data using the theory of Types of Meaning.
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS In this chapter the writer presented the data analysis. This chapter answers the problem question in chapter I: (1)Whatis the meaning of symbol and sign in notice
and caution, and (2) What is the types of meaning are involved in notice and caution.
A.
Meaning of Symbol and Sign in Notice and Caution
Based on the data collected, there are 75 notices and cautions found in the data. The writer classified each of them in accordance with the theory in the
chapter II.The distribution of the data is illustrated in table 4.1. Table 4.1 Thedistribution of notice and caution Types of sign Number of data Percentage Notice 21 28% Caution 45 61% Notice and Caution 8 11% Total 74 100%
Figure 4.1 The percentage of notice and caution70% 60%
61%
50%40% 30% 28% 20%
10% 11% 0%
Notice Caution Notice and Caution
Table 4.1 and figure 4.1 show the distribution between Notice andCaution. It is shown that caution is 2 times (61%) more frequently that notice (28%).The double-meaning signs of notice and caution has the most infrequent occurrences (11%). The examples of Notice and Caution collected in this study are illustrated in (1)
- – (18)
(1) <N-HP-01>
Example (1) is shown a red mark in the middle and in the surrounding with white background completed the time,it means that all of people can not enter in that place at the time of
“07.00-15.00” or 7 p.m until
3 a.m. This sign is not only intendedfor the drivers but also for the visitors who came to that place. Usually that sign found in the hospital which people need to treat. In the hospital, many medical patients need to have a rest. The sign is used to limit the visitors who visit the patients. It is because the visitors maydisturb or make a noise in the rest time. So we can conclude that the sign included of notice, because it does not have a big impact such accident or the others. This sign was found in ArioWirawan hospital.
(2) <N-HW-02>
Example (2) show the white right arrow sign with the blue background and the phrase
“Angkutan Umum Wajib Belok Kiri” or “the public transportation have to turn right”. This sign is especially for the
public transportation that will go to the city center as the final stoppage. It also used to decrease the traffic jam. This is because in the city center, there are many important buildings such as government office, Bank, or private office. So the sign included of notice because it only gives the information without having a big impact. This sign was found in Diponegoro Street, Salatiga.
(3) <N-AP-03>
Example (3) shows the white picture bicycle and word “Bicycle” on the road with green background. This sign aims to give information for the highway users, especially for the bicycle drivers. The government who provides this sign hopes that the available road for the bicycle drivers will make people are interested more to use bicycle than motorcycle. So, it can also decrease the traffic jam and accident.Thissign also has other functions: that is for the motorcycle and car drivers should be careful, they can not use the road.It is like to make the other highway users to be discipline when they ride. So the picture in example (3) is a notice because the picture is only to giveinformation. This sign was found in AdiSumarmo international airport.
(4) <N-HW-04>
In the example (4), there are five names of the city which use white color and a green background. The first symbol shows an arrow pointing up meaning that the straight direction is the way people who will go to Magelang or Yogyakarta. The second symbol is aright arrow sign completed with the name of Banyubiru and Salatiga. And the third symbol is the left arrow sign, the place that people have an aim to go to the city or Ambarawa Hospital. The aim of this sign is to give information for highway users to help them showing their destination place.This sign was found in Ambarawa ring road.
(5) <N-TS-05>
Example (5) is a picture withthe phrase
“Drop Zone or Drop Off”this sign means that there is the place where the people can drop their
luggage. This zone is usually a point where passengers remember where they drop off their luggage from one transportation to continue to go with other public transportation. So, in case they lost their luggage, they can come to the receptionist.Usually this sign is found in some public transportation places such as train station, bus station, or airport. This sign is aimed to inform people to drop off this luggage in that area and not in other areas. So the sign included that is notice. This sign was found in Tugu train station.
(6) <C-HP-06>