Revealing the messages through the main characters and plot in Carlo Collodi`s The Adventures of Pinocchio.

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ABSTRACT
HIDAYATULLOH, ALFIAN ZAMLATIF. Revealing the Messages through
the Main Characters and Plot in Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of
Pinocchio.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2014.
This thesis discussed the message that isrevealed through the main
characters and plot in the Adventure of Pinocchio (1881) by Carlo Collodi. There
are three main characters analyzed in the story. Those are Pinocchio, Geppetto,
and the Blue Fairy. The writer also analyzed the plot that is divided into four
parts. From the analysis on the characters and plot the writer found some
messages in the story. The writer is interested in analyzing the message because
no matter how the story goes, there must be a message as a valuable lesson to be
learnt.
The objectives that are analyzed in this study are to find out the

descriptions of the main characters and the plot of the story.After finding the
descriptions of the main characters and the plot, the writer tries to reveal the
messages of the story.
The writer does library research as the methods used in this study. Library
research was used since the data needed to support this thesis was taken from
printed materials. The writer used New Criticism and it was applied because this
study focused on the intrinsic elements; characters, plot, and message.
The first result of the analysis is the main characters’ descriptions.
Pinocchio is described as disobedient, indecisive, spoiled, dishonest, polite,
courageous, and kind. Geppetto is described as caring and wise while the Blue
Fairy’s characteristics are kind and patient. The second analysis is the description
of the plot divided into four parts.The exposition consists of the introduction of
the main characters and the background of the story. The next part, complication
or rising action, consists of the conflict faced by the main character, Pinocchio.
The climax is the result of the Pinocchio conflicts and Pinocchio’s greatest
struggle. The last is the happy ending for Pinocchio as a denouement where
Pinocchio becomes a real boy.The result of the last analysis that is the writer
found five messages that revealed through the main characters and plot of the
story. Those messages are that everyone should have the unwavering convictions,
everyone must make their best effort to obtain the satisfactory result, everyone

should be brave to do what they have to do, everyone should learn to forgive
others’ mistakes, and everyone should be willing to sacrifice for others.

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ABSTRAK
HIDAYATULLOH, ALFIAN ZAMLATIF. Revealing the Messages through
the Main Characters and Plot in Carlo Collodi’s The Adventures of
Pinocchio. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Tesis ini mendiskusikan tentang pesan yang dapat ditinjau dari karater
utama dan alur cerita dalam buku the Adventure of Pinocchio (1881) karya Carlo
Collodi. Karaker utama yang dianalisa pada cerita ini adalah Pinocchio, Geppetto,

dan the Blue Fairy. Penulis juga menganalisa tentang alur cerita yang terbagi
dalam empat bagian. Penulis menemukan pesan dalam cerita ini sesuai dengan
analisis pada karater dan alur cerita. Penulis tertarik untuk menganalisa pesan
dalam buku ini karena bagaimanapun jalan ceritanya pasti ada pelajaran berharga
yang dapat dipelajari melalui pesan.
Tujuan dari pembelajaran ini adalah untuk menemukan gambaran dari
ketiga tokoh utama dan alur cerita. Setelah menemukan gambaran dari tokohtokoh utama dan alur cerita, Penulis menggunakannya untuk mengungkapkan
pesan-pesan dari cerita.
Penulis melakukan riset pustaka sebagai metode yang digunakan dalam
pembelajaran ini. Riset pustaka ini digunakan karena data-data yang dibutuhkan
untuk menunjang tesis ini diambil dari media cetak. Penulis menggunakan Kritik
Sastra Baru karena fokus pada pembelajaran ini adalah unsur interinsik seperti
karakter, plot, dan pesan.
Hasil yang didapat dari analisis pertama adalah gambaran dari ketiga
karakter utama. Pinocchio digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang tidak patuh, tidak
tegas, manja, tidak jujur namun sopan, berani dan baik hati. Geppetto
digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang peduli dan bijak sedangkan karakteristik
dari the Blue Fairy adalah baik hati dan penyabar. Analisis kedua adalah
gambaran dari alur cerita yang terbagi dalam empat bagian. Exposisi yang terdiri
dari pengenalan karater utama dan latar belakang cerita. Bagian selanjutnya yaitu

komplikasi yang memuat konflik yang dihadapi oleh salah satu karakter utama,
Pinocchio. Bagian ketiga, Klimaks disebabkan oleh konflik yang dihadapi oleh
Pinocchio dan perjuangan terhebat yang dihadapi Pinocchio. Yang terakhir adalah
akhir yang membahagiakan untuk Pinocchio dimana ia mendapatkan apa yang dia
inginkan, menjadi anak laki-laki asli. Hasil dari analisis yang terakhir adalah
penulis menemukan lima pesan yang ditinjau dari karakter utama dan alur pada
cerita. Pesan-pesan tersebut adalah setiap orang harus mempunyai keyakinan yang
tak tergoyahkan, setiap orang harus melakukan yang terbaik untuk mendapatkan
hasil yang memuaskan, setiap orang harus berani untuk melakukan hal yang
seharusnya mereka lakukan, setiap orang harus belajar memaafkan kesalahan
orang lain, dan setiap orang harus dapat berkorban demi orang lain.

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REVEALING THE MESSAGES
THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTERS AND PLOT
IN CARLO COLLODI’S THE ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of SarjanaSastra
in English Letters

By
ALFIAN ZAMLATIF HIDAYATULLOH
Student Number: 094214050

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014

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REVEALING THE MESSAGES
THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTERS AND PLOT
IN CARLO COLLODI’S THE ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of SarjanaSastra
in English Letters

By
ALFIAN ZAMLATIF HIDAYATULLOH
Student Number: 094214050

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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TIDAKTERPUJI
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa

: ALFIAN ZAMLATIF HIDAYATULLOH
: 094214050

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul :
REVEALING THE MESSAGES THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTERS
AND PLOT IN CARLO COLLODI’S THE ADVENTURES OF
PINOCCHIO
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal :24 October 2014
Yang menyatakan

Alfian Zamlatif Hidayatulloh

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

The writer certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which
has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university,
and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no
material previously written by any other person except where due reference is
made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, October 24, 2014

Alfian Zamlatif Hidayatulloh

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SO MAKE THE BEST OF THIS TEST AND
DON’T ASK WHY.
IT’S NOT A QUESTION BUT A LESSON
LEARNED IN TIME.
(Billie Joe Armstorng – Time of your life)

SUCKIN’ AT SOMETHING
IS THE FIRST STEP TO BEING
SORTA GOOD AT SOMETHING
(Jake the Dog – Adventure Time)

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I Dedicated this Undergraduate
T h e s is to ,
My Beloved Parents
My Beloved Sister and Brothers
And My Beautiful One

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God, Allah SWTand
His prophet Muhammad SAWwho gaveme their blessing and guided me in the
process of writing this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank to my
family, especially my father and mother for the special support.
I would like to give my deepest thanks to my advisor, DewiWidyastuti,
S.Pd.,M.Hum for the patience and willingness in guiding me to do this thesis. My
appreciation goes to all the lecturers and staff of English Letters Department who
have helped me during my study especially my academic advisors TatangIskarna,
S.S., M.Hum and Elisa DwiWardani, S.S., M.Hum.
I would like to give my special thanks tomy loveAyuPalupifor the
supports and coloring my life. I also would like to say many thanks tomy beloved
friends from Reivnrous: Haris, Kristi, and Lingga; my beloved friends from 2009:
Anto, Putri, Mike, We and Li, Bryan, Richard, Wawan, Andi, Titus, Dody, Uya;
my friends from Beauty and the Beast, members and crew, who gaveme the
valuable experience; and my other friends who I cannot mention them one by one.
Lastly, I want to thank everyone in the world.

AlfianZamlatifHidayatulloh.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………..
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI …………………………….
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………......
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………….
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………...……..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………….......….
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………..
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….

i
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iii
iv
v
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ix
xi
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ……………………………………….
B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………
D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………..

1
1
3
4
4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………...
A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………
B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………….
1. Theory on Character and
Characterization………………….…………………...……..
2. Theory on Plot ...………………..…………………………..
3. Theory on Message ....……..……………………………..…
C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………….

6
6
9

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………..
B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………….
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………

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16
17
18

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………..
A. The Description of Main Characters ...……………..……………
1. Pinocchio..…………………………………………...……..
2. Geppetto...…………………………………………………..
3. Blue Fairy....……..………………………..……………..…
B. The Plot in Carlo Collodi’s the Adventures of Pinocchio……….
1. Exposition.....................................………………………….
2. Complication.................................................……………….
3. Climax ………………………………………………………
4. Denouement................................………………..………….

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40

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C. The Messages Through the Main Characters and the Plot ……...
1. Everyone Should Have the Unwavering Convictions……....
2. Everyone Must Make the Best Effort to Obtain
the Satisfactory Result ………..…………………………….
3. Everyone Should be Brave to Do What They
Have to Do ……………………………………....................
4. Everyone Should Learn to Forgive
Others’ Mistakes ……………………………….....…….
5. Everyone Should be Willing to Sacrifice
for Others …………………......................………………….

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43
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………….

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………..

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APPENDIX ............……………………………………………………..

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ABSTRACT
HIDAYATULLOH, ALFIAN ZAMLATIF. Revealing the Messages through
the Main Characters and Plot in Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of
Pinocchio.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2014.
This thesis discussed the message that isrevealed through the main
characters and plot in the Adventure of Pinocchio (1881) by Carlo Collodi. There
are three main characters analyzed in the story. Those are Pinocchio, Geppetto,
and the Blue Fairy. The writer also analyzed the plot that is divided into four
parts. From the analysis on the characters and plot the writer found some
messages in the story. The writer is interested in analyzing the message because
no matter how the story goes, there must be a message as a valuable lesson to be
learnt.
The objectives that are analyzed in this study are to find out the
descriptions of the main characters and the plot of the story.After finding the
descriptions of the main characters and the plot, the writer tries to reveal the
messages of the story.
The writer does library research as the methods used in this study. Library
research was used since the data needed to support this thesis was taken from
printed materials. The writer used New Criticism and it was applied because this
study focused on the intrinsic elements; characters, plot, and message.
The first result of the analysis is the main characters’ descriptions.
Pinocchio is described as disobedient, indecisive, spoiled, dishonest, polite,
courageous, and kind. Geppetto is described as caring and wise while the Blue
Fairy’s characteristics are kind and patient. The second analysis is the description
of the plot divided into four parts.The exposition consists of the introduction of
the main characters and the background of the story. The next part, complication
or rising action, consists of the conflict faced by the main character, Pinocchio.
The climax is the result of the Pinocchio conflicts and Pinocchio’s greatest
struggle. The last is the happy ending for Pinocchio as a denouement where
Pinocchio becomes a real boy.The result of the last analysis that is the writer
found five messages that revealed through the main characters and plot of the
story. Those messages are that everyone should have the unwavering convictions,
everyone must make their best effort to obtain the satisfactory result, everyone
should be brave to do what they have to do, everyone should learn to forgive
others’ mistakes, and everyone should be willing to sacrifice for others.

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ABSTRAK
HIDAYATULLOH, ALFIAN ZAMLATIF. Revealing the Messages through
the Main Characters and Plot in Carlo Collodi’s The Adventures of
Pinocchio. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Tesis ini mendiskusikan tentang pesan yang dapat ditinjau dari karater
utama dan alur cerita dalam buku the Adventure of Pinocchio (1881) karya Carlo
Collodi. Karaker utama yang dianalisa pada cerita ini adalah Pinocchio, Geppetto,
dan the Blue Fairy. Penulis juga menganalisa tentang alur cerita yang terbagi
dalam empat bagian. Penulis menemukan pesan dalam cerita ini sesuai dengan
analisis pada karater dan alur cerita. Penulis tertarik untuk menganalisa pesan
dalam buku ini karena bagaimanapun jalan ceritanya pasti ada pelajaran berharga
yang dapat dipelajari melalui pesan.
Tujuan dari pembelajaran ini adalah untuk menemukan gambaran dari
ketiga tokoh utama dan alur cerita. Setelah menemukan gambaran dari tokohtokoh utama dan alur cerita, Penulis menggunakannya untuk mengungkapkan
pesan-pesan dari cerita.
Penulis melakukan riset pustaka sebagai metode yang digunakan dalam
pembelajaran ini. Riset pustaka ini digunakan karena data-data yang dibutuhkan
untuk menunjang tesis ini diambil dari media cetak. Penulis menggunakan Kritik
Sastra Baru karena fokus pada pembelajaran ini adalah unsur interinsik seperti
karakter, plot, dan pesan.
Hasil yang didapat dari analisis pertama adalah gambaran dari ketiga
karakter utama. Pinocchio digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang tidak patuh, tidak
tegas, manja, tidak jujur namun sopan, berani dan baik hati. Geppetto
digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang peduli dan bijak sedangkan karakteristik
dari the Blue Fairy adalah baik hati dan penyabar. Analisis kedua adalah
gambaran dari alur cerita yang terbagi dalam empat bagian. Exposisi yang terdiri
dari pengenalan karater utama dan latar belakang cerita. Bagian selanjutnya yaitu
komplikasi yang memuat konflik yang dihadapi oleh salah satu karakter utama,
Pinocchio. Bagian ketiga, Klimaks disebabkan oleh konflik yang dihadapi oleh
Pinocchio dan perjuangan terhebat yang dihadapi Pinocchio. Yang terakhir adalah
akhir yang membahagiakan untuk Pinocchio dimana ia mendapatkan apa yang dia
inginkan, menjadi anak laki-laki asli. Hasil dari analisis yang terakhir adalah
penulis menemukan lima pesan yang ditinjau dari karakter utama dan alur pada
cerita. Pesan-pesan tersebut adalah setiap orang harus mempunyai keyakinan yang
tak tergoyahkan, setiap orang harus melakukan yang terbaik untuk mendapatkan
hasil yang memuaskan, setiap orang harus berani untuk melakukan hal yang
seharusnya mereka lakukan, setiap orang harus belajar memaafkan kesalahan
orang lain, dan setiap orang harus dapat berkorban demi orang lain.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides four subtitles. The first is the background of the
study that gives the brief explanation of this thesis including the topic and the
reason for choosing the topic. The second is problem formulation which mentions
some problems questioned in this thesis. The third is objectives of the study and
the last is definition of terms which explains some specific terms mentioned in the
title of the study.

A. Background of the Study
Literature is a work of art that conveys human interest in society, universe,
thought, and everything they wish to write and say. Literatures involvehuman
interest in telling a story and arrangeitswords in artistic form. Literature
alsodescribes some aspects of human experience. There are forms of
literaturewhich are short story, poetry, play script, and novel. Eagleton sees
literature as ‘imaginative’ writing in sense of fiction (1983: 1). It means that
literature is a medium for certain people to express their imaginative way of
thinking in the form of writing.Esther Lombardi, the author of Literaturein
classlit.about.com defines:

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A term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking,
"literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more
technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer
to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama,
fiction,
and
nonfiction(http://classiclit.about.com/od/literaryterms/g/aa_whatisliter.htm
).
From the passage above, literature is a written or spoken material that contains not
only creative imagination, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction, but also
the creative writing such as technical or scientific works. The purpose of literature
is to give a satisfactionto the reader and also to give them knowledge.
The literary workthat the writer analyzes isThe Adventures of Pinocchioas the
primary subject of this study. The Adventures of Pinocchio is the bookwritten by
an Italian author, Carlo Collodi. This book tells about the poor carpenter called
Geppetto who received an enchanted wood from his friend, Mr. Antonio. Soon,
Geppetto carved the wood into a fine marionette because he wanted to make
something to accompany him in his life. Right after the marionette is done,
Geppetto named the marionettePinocchio. Pinocchio acknowledgedGeppetto as
his father even though he often madeGeppetto angry because of his attitude.
Pinocchio got separated from Geppetto because he brokethe rule and followedhis
own will even though it was bad. Eventually, that brought him to the miraculous
adventure from his meeting with the other supporting characters and the Blue
Haired Fairy whom Pinocchio acknowledged as his mother and even his action to
save his father from the big Shark. In the end of his adventure, Pinocchio got a
lesson and achievement for being a good boy.

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Having finished reading The Adventures of Pinocchio, the writer finds some
interesting points to discuss and analyze in relation to the message of the story
through the main characters and plot. In the literary work, analyzing message is a
valuable thing because message is a lesson for the reader. In this study, the writer
focuses only in three main charactersthat have important rolesin TheAdventures of
Pinocchio which is Pinocchio, Geppetto, and Blue Fairy;and some events that
implicate those characters. The message can be revealed by relating the analysis
of those characters and plot.

B. Problem Formulation
There are three problems that discussed in the study. The problems are
formulated in the questions below.
1.

How are the main characters in Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of
Pinocchio described?

2.

How is the plot in Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of Pinocchiodescribed?

3.

What is the message revealed through the main characters and the plot in
Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of Pinocchio?

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C. Objectives of the Study
This study aims to analyze the messages in Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of
Pinocchio, whichare revealed through the plot and main characters’ description as
stated in the problem formulation.
According to the topic, first,the writer tries to see how the main characters are
described in the novel. Secondly, the writer tries to analyze the plot of the novel
and its part. At last, the writer tries to reveal the message of the story that is
conveyed through the understanding and description of the main characters and
the plot.

D. Definition of Terms
Message, according to Beaty and Hunter in New Worlds of Literature, is the
real meaning of some conclusion that can be simply stated or summarized inside a
work of art (1989:899).
Character, as Abrams stated in A Glossary of Literary Terms, is the person
presented in dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what
they say-the dialogue-and what they do-the action. Abrams also gives the
description of main character as “the person in dramatic or narrative work who
becomes the focus of the story and theperson who take an action within a story,
poetry, and or other literary works” (1985: 20-21).

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Plot, as stated by Abrams in the same book describes plot as “the structure of
its actions, as these are ordered and rendered toward achieving particular
emotional and artistic effects” (1985: 137).

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, there are three subtitles. Those are review of related studies,
review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The first is review of
related studies which contains the review of several previous studies that have
been done related to the topic of this study. The second is review of related
theories which contains some theories that uses to answer the problem
formulations. The last, theoretical framework, discuss the writer’s explanation
about the contribution of those theories mentioned in the second subtitles in
solving the problems.

A. Review of Related Studies
The first related study is from a thesis written by Wibowo entitled Moral
Teaching Revealed in the Main Characters of Carlo Collodi’s the Adventures of
Pinocchio. This thesis discussed the moral teaching that can be seen from three
main characters; Pinocchio, Geppetto, and the Fairy. Although there are more than
three main characters in this novel, the writer only took three characters to focus.
He stated that:
There are three main characters that play an important role in this novel;
namely Pinocchio himself, Mr. Geppetto, and the Fairy. The writer limits the
concern only on those three characters. It is because the novel describes
Pinocchio’s achievement, adventures, and struggles how he finally becomes a
real boy (Wibowo, 2004: 22).

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This thesis also uses three main characters as the focus of the study because the
writer agrees with Wibowo that in the Adventures of Pinocchio, the main
characters are only three which are Pinocchio, Geppetto, and the Blue Fairy while
the other characters are just the supporting character. Yet, this thesis has different
focus which is revealing the messages from those three characters and plot while
in Wibowo’s thesis, he revealed the moral teaching from those characters also.
Wibowoused different theories such as theory on relation between literature and
moral and theory on character and characterization while the writer usedtheory on
message, theory on character and characterization, and theory on plot. Moral
teaching and message might concern in the same study but the writer wanted to
see the Adventure of Pinocchio in a different way, not only analyzing the main
characters but also the plot of the story.
The next related study is from Maria Magdalena AriyaniLusiyana’s thesis
entitled Discovering the Messages through the characters and plot in George
Eliot’s Adam Bede. This thesis hasa different focus withWibowo’sthesis but
Lusiyana’sthesis comes to the writer’s related study because it has the same focus.
In this thesis,Lusiyana focuses on finding the messages through the characters and
plot. In George Eliot’s Adam Bede she can find four messages. One of the
messagesis reviewed as follows:
Through her character, the author conveys a message. The first message is
that we can be blinded by our own desire if we are not being careful.
Hetty is a day-dreaming who really wants to live in wealth and get
everything what she needs. She always spends her time to think about her
fantasy because that is all she can do.She is blinded by her dreams and
love so that she can do such a fool action by making an appointment and
having secret affair with Arthur. Hetty’s journey to find Arthur is also a

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fool because it is useless. Instead of finding him, she is arrested and put in
jail for murdering her own child (Lusiyana, 2006: 44).
The passage above discusses that the message is revealed through the character
and characterization of Hetty Sorrel, the main character. Hetty is a dreamy person
who always spends her time to fantasize her unfulfilled dreams so that the reader
can draw a conclusion of a message based on the uniqueness of Hetty Sorrel. The
other message of Lusiyana’s thesis:
The fourth message found by the writer is that we have to be responsible
for the action we have done. Hetty and Arthur have a love affair and they
let nobody knows about it. Their love affair causes Hetty pregnant.
However, Arthur leaves Hetty without knowing that she is pregnant his
baby. Arthur is not responsible because he has made her pregnant; in fact
they have not married. Hetty who is in her journey to find him bears her
child and she leaves it in the wood. The child dies when she leaves it
alone. (Lusiyana, 2006: 46).
In her analysis above, she reveals the message through the plot. The plot of the
story is the action of Arthur and Hetty who build a secret affair and caused Hetty’s
pregnancy, later she arrests and sentences to death. Hetty’s confession is the result
of her responsibilities for her crime but Arthur who leavesHetty, shows no
responsible.
In contrast with the studies above, the writer is interested in analyzing the
messages that revealed in the Adventures of Pinocchio through the description of
the main characters and the description of the plot of the story. The writer sees the
Adventures of Pinocchio as a work of literature which contains a message for the
reader to learn. Therefore, the writer uses the characters and the plot to reveal the
messages because the writer believes that every story has its own message and the

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readersonly concerned with the characters and how the story goes. That is how
they will get the message.

B. Review of Related Theories
To answer the problem formulation that the writer stated earlier, related studies
is not the only one required. Theories are also needed to support the analysis.
Those theories are the theory oncharacter and characterization, theory on plot and
theory on message.

1. Theory on Character and Characterization
As stated in the previous chapter, character is the focus of the story. In
revealing the messages, character especially the main characters is needed because
message cannot be revealed without an involvement of those characters.
In A Glossary of Literary Terms, Abrams said that character is one of the
important elements of a story and a person who has important role of the story
(1985:20). Abrams adds:
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who
are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional,
and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the
dialogue—and by what they do—the action (Abrams, 1985: 23-25).
From the quotation above, the reader can analyze the character’s moral, nature,
and experience by paying attention to what they act and what they say through the
dialogue.According to him, characters can be divided into two categories which
are major and minor characters. A major character usually appears from the
beginning until the end of the story and becomes the focus of the story. They

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usually create an event directly or indirectly. The events itself can be the support
for the development of the major characters. In contrast, minor characters are a
person who has the roles to support the major characters. Minor charactersare not
developed by the events which make them less important than the major
characters (1985:20-21).
There are nine ways to describe the character’s personality and traits as
stated in M.J. Murphy’s book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English
Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students(1972: 161-173). Those are:

a. Personal Descriptions
The author can describe a person based on the appearance and clothes.
b. Character as Seen by Another
The author can describe the person through the views and opinions of
another person instead of describing him/her directly. The reader gets a reflected
image.
c. Speech
The author can give the reader a perception or a clue of a person based on
what that person says, whenever he/she is in conversation with another, and
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d. Past Life
The author can give the reader a perception or a clue of a person by letting
them learn something about a person’s past life including the events that have
helped to shape the person’s character.
e. Conversation of Others
The author can give the reader a clue to a person’s character through the
conversation of other person and the things they say about him/her.
f. Reactions
The author let the reader know how the reaction of a person to various
situations and events as a clue to the person’s character.
g. Direct Comment
The author can define or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts
The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about.
i. Mannerisms
The Author can depict a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies
which may also tell the reader something about his/her character.

2. Theory on Plot
Plot is a plan or scheme that builds a novel or a storyline. In other words, a
good novel shouldhave a good plot structure. Because of that, understanding
elements of plot is essential to the reader. Murphy, in the same book, stated that “a

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plot is a carefully thought-out plan in which all the events, all the actions and
reactions of the characters, contribute towards the forward movement of the story”
(1972: 134). The explanation above means that plot is created within how the
characters do the action and the reactions of the sequence. Murphy also states that
plot can be categorized as three, which are:

a. Novels with Tight and Well-Defined Plots (Conventional Plot)
This type of plot sees how the plot moves on towards the climax. For example,
there is a hero and he defeated all the bad people. He reached the victory and
gained the achievement. The entire story mainly focuses on the hero and the
settingsaretakes place just in a few places like forest, mountain, inn, and hero’s
house (1972: 135-137).

b. Novels with Loose and Rambling Plots
This type indicates that the story in which the hero centered but the hero
wanders from one place to another. It is a little bit difficult to follow because the
plot is hopping. This plot has humor, pathos and suspense to make the reader
laugh, weep, or wait. In this type of plot, the story ends together rather hastily and
often untidily (1972: 138).

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c. Novels with No Plot in the Normal Sense
This type can be found in the modern ones, which is the work do not at all
have a plot in the sense in which we have been discussing it. They tightly planned
and lead to a climax and a satisfactory and neat conclusion (1972: 139-140).
From the three categories above the writer may conclude that plot has its own
characteristics such as only take place in certain place, the plot is hoppingfrom
one place to another place, and do not have a plot at all because the author only
focus on making good climax.
Forster in his book, Aspect of the Novel and Related Writings, stated that plot
is different from a story. He says, “Story as a narrative of events arranged in their
time-sequence while plot is also a narrative event but emphasizing on causality”
(1974: 60). It shows that plot not only provideschronological events but also
contains causality of events.
In the book A Glossary of Literary Terms 6th by Abrams, he quotes Aristotle’s
word about plot which is plot as a continuous of “beginning, middle, and end”.
The beginning initiates the main action in a way which makes us look forward to
something more; the middle presume what has gone before and requires
something to follow; and the end follows from what has gone before but requires
nothing more; we are satisfied that the plot is complete (1985: 161).
He also gives the other form of plot which is “exposition”, “complication”,
“climax”, and “denouement”. Exposition is the beginning of the novel when the
character is stated and the background is introduced. When the interest is
increased and it becomes more complicated it is a complication. Climax is

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whenthe conflict or raising action reaches the highest level. The last is
denouement, when the story reaches the conclusion that leads to the ending of the
story.

3. Theory on Message
In the literary works, the writer believes that the works contains the author’s
point to tell the reader whether it is consciously or unconsciously. This is a
message of literary works. It aims to tell the reader and give a lesson of life.
In New Worlds of Literature, Beaty and Hunter stated that messages can be
defined as the real meaning or some conclusions that can be simply stated or
summarized inside a work of art (1989: 899). It means that message is somehow
the point of the story. Real meaning itself is the meaning which the author
intentionally put on the story. Rather than enjoying the pleasure of reading the
literary works, the reader sometimes look for a deeper meaning of the works and
seethe conclusion as a message.
The writer then may say that related to the theory and related studies, message
mainly be defined based on character and plot. Plot is used because the situations
that depicted is clear so the message is can be seen clearly too. Message is also
related to moral but it has no limitation such as good or bad. People may conclude
that the message is bad or good based on his background but moral is what
general people see whether it is good or bad and It has values.

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C. Theoretical Framework
This study has three problems described; there are the characterization of three
main characters and plot in each chapter in the Adventures of Pinocchio and
revealing the message from that book. In the first problem, the writer uses some
theories of character and characterization taken from Murphy’s Understanding
Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas
Studentsand Abrams’ A Glossary of Literary Terms 6th. Based on Murphy’s
theory, the writer applies the theory about the nine ways to describe the
character’s personality and traits and from Abrams’ theory the writer applies how
to distinguish the major and minor character. The result is to show that the
difference characteristic between the main characters lead to the plot development
in the second problem.
The second problem, the writer applies some theories of plot taken from the
same book from Murphy and Abrams; and also Forster’s book entitled Aspect of
the Novel and Related Writings. Those theories bring to the analysis about the
three categories of plot such as tight and well-defined plot, loose and rambling
plot, and no plot in the normal sense; and also four sections of plot. Those are the
exposition, complication, climax, and denouement.
The last problem is about the message that is revealed through the main
characters and plot of the story. The writer uses thetheories of message taken
fromBeaty and Hunter’s book,New Worlds of Literature in answering the last
problem. Finally, the last step will be done by the writer to draw a conclusion of
the analysis of this study.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three subtitles such as the object of the study, the
approach of the study, and the method of the study. Object of the study provides
the explanation of the data of this study. Approach of the study contains the
description of the approach that the writer uses in this study. The last is the
method of the study that consists of the writer’s methods in analyzing the works.

A. Object of the Study
This study discusses one of Carlo Collodi’s works, The Adventures of
Pinocchio, a fairy tale novel about the enchanted marionette whom he put as the
main character, Pinocchio. The novel consists of 183 pages with illustrations and
divided into 36 chapters. This novel was published by Collins in 1881. This novel
also had been adopted into play and movie but the most famous is Walt Disney’s
cartoon in 1940.
The author, Carlo Collodi, was born in November 24th, 1826, in Florence and
died in Florence on October 26th, 1890. He originally named Carlo Lorenzini and
adopted “Collodi” from his mother’s birthplace. He had written many works such
as Giornale per i Bambini, L’amicodeiFanciulli, Cordelia; Giornale per le
GiovinetteItaliane, and The Adventures of Pinocchio.
The novel version is different from Disney’s version where the novel puts
every element in detail. For example in the early beginning of the novel, the

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author gives an interesting narration. Other fairy tales might say “Once upon a
time there was a prince” but he says “Once upon a time there was a piece of
wood”. The author in this state wants to tell the reader about how his novel is
different with other fairy tales and to give such a mystery to the reader. Yet,
Pinocchio is already enchanted when he still a piece of wood. The other thing that
is interesting is that the first person found Pinocchio is Mr. Antonio not Geppetto.
Thus, the story of Pinocchio grows more complicated where he was going to
be burnt to make a charcoal, faced the troubles by the Fox and the Cat, chased by
snake, met his stepmother; Blue Fairy, going to the land and he became a donkey,
and also got eaten by the big Shark. Pinocchio then suffer many things such as
violence, betrayal, feeling guilty because of not to keep his promise, and also
feeling of regret. Yet, he finally learnt a lesson from those things and becomes a
real boy. The writer, related to the topic of this study, realized that there areso
many interesting messagescan be foundfrom the plot as the involvement of the
main characters (Pinocchio, Geppetto, and Blue Fairy).

B. Approach of the Study
According to the topic, the writer analyzes how message reveals in Carlo
Collodi’sThe Adventures of Pinocchio through the main characters and plot.
Therefore, the writer applies New Criticism as references and to contribute the
writer to solve the problem formulations. New Criticism, as stated in Abrams’
book A Glossary of Literary Terms, is a prominent literary criticism that was until
late 1960s (1985: 246). Abrams also states:

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Proper concern of literary criticism is not with the external circumstance of
effects of a work, but with detailed consideration of the work itself (1985:
246).
According to the quotation above, New Criticism is opposing the analysis of
author’s biography, social context, and literary history. Thus, New Criticism is
strongly focused on the detailed analysis of the literary work or text itself.
Abramsadds that New Criticism often classified as a type of critical formalism
because this critical focus on literary work in isolation from its attendant
circumstances and effects (1985: 247).
Selden, Widdowson and Brooker in A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary
Literary Theory: Fourth Edition, insists that New Criticism is not concerned with
context such as historical, biographical, intellectual, and not interested in the
‘fallacies’ of ‘intention’ or ‘affect’. Yet, New Criticism is only concerned with the
text itselfand how the text speaks itself (1997: 18).
The writer considers this approach is applicable according to the two
comments above because related to this thesis, the messages canbe found by
focusing on the text or understanding how the text speaks through theintrinsic
elements; the main characters and plot.

C. Method of the Study
In analyzing Carlo Collodi’sThe Adventures of Pinocchio, the writer applies
the library researchas the method of study. The other materials and references that
the writer use to support the study are taken from printed materials which are
books of literary theories, essays, the novel itself, and the previous thesis with the

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same topic or the same work. The primary data are taken from the novel the
Adventures of Pinocchiowhile the references are the secondary data to support the
analysis. The writer also took references from many sources in internet such as
websites and articles.
The method to provide the answer to each question in the problem formulation
in this thesis is taken in some steps. First, the writers read the novel because the
novel is the primary data. In reading the novel,the writer tried to gain deeper
understanding on the story in order to get some ideas to be analyzed further.
Those ideas were formulated as problem formulation.
The second step was collecting some references from some books, thesis,
websitesand articles. Those references included theory on message, theory on
character and characterization, and theory on plot. The writer also applied New
Criticism approach since this study discuss about message in literary work.
The third step was analyzing the formulated problems in the previous chapter.
In the first problem, the writer applied the theories on character and
characterization.To answer the second problem, theories on plot was employed. In
the third problem, the writer used theories on message which is related to those
two previous theories by using New Criticism.
The fourth step is to make a conclusion from the previous analysis starting
from the characterization of the main characters in The Adventures of Pinocchio,
the plot of the story, and the message that revealed through the main characters
and plot of the story in The Adventures of Pinocchio.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer presents the result of the analysis as the answer
of the problem formulation in the previous chapter. This chapter consists of three
subtitles. The first subtitle contains the answers of the first question stated in the
problem formulation that is the descriptions of the main characters (Pinocchio,
Geppetto, and Blue Fairy) in Carlo Collodi’s The Adventures of Pinocchio. The
second subtitle provides the analysis of plot in the story. In the last subtitle, it
reveals the message that can be found in this novel seen through its main
characters and plot.

A. The Description of the Main Characters
1. Pinocchio
Originally, Pinocchio is the piece of wood that was found by Mr. Antonio to
make a leg for his little table. Later, Mr. Antonio gave the piece of wood to
Geppetto since he was looking for a wood to make a marionette. Pinocchio’s
name came from a family who’s all the members got along splendidly and had a
good luck (p. 29). Pinocchio is described as long-nosed marionette and small just
like the children of his age. Because of his small body, he could run quickly.
Pinocchio is poorly dressed due to Geppetto’s poverty. He wore a suit out of
flowered paper, a pair of shoes out of bark, and a cap out of a soft piece of bread

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(p. 46). In the story, Pinocchio shows many interesting characteristics that will be
presented in the following.
a. Disobedient
Pinocchio is described as a disobedient boy. It means that Pinocchio would
not listen to any good advices that would avoidhim from troubles. It is shown
after his poor father was arrested by the police, Pinocchio ran away to get home
quickly. When he got home, he found himself together with Talking Cricket. The
Cricket said if the children rebel against their parents, they will never be happy in
this world. Instead of listeningto his good advice, Pinocchio replied:
“Sing away Cricket, just as you please; but tomorrow, at sunrise, I am
going to leave; for if I stay here it will happen to me just as it happens to
other children: I shall be sent to school and by love or by force, I shall be
made to study. Now i will tell you in confidence that i don’t intend to
study at all; I should be far happier chasing butterflies, and climbing trees
to rob birds’ nest” (p. 35).
Pinocchio chose to live freely rather than listening to the Talking Cricket’s
good advice. As a boy who did not w