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Subak Warisan Dunia
Beuki Kagerus ku Modernisasi
Jo h

Ku

Miara

a n Isk a n d a r

L in g k u n g a n

budaya

B a li a n u d is e b u t

(s ira h -s u k u ),
D itite n a n
n a s is te m
te h

tin a

s e ja ra h n a ,

s e ja ti-

w ew engkon

irig a s i tra d is is io n a l

subak

S u n g a i),

enggeus

keneh,
d in a

k a w e n ta r

enggeus

p e rte n g a h a n

ru tk e u n

n g a tu r

o rg a n is a s i

c a i irig a s i n y a ia n
e fis ie n a ,

puhna

m ia ra
soal

D
yaan

J u li

O rg a n i-

2012

!lm u

. P e n g e ta h u a n je u n g

K abuda-

P B B (U N E S C O ), d in a

na anu
R u s ia

k a 3 6 d i S a in t
J u n i-6

24

n e te p k e u n
s io n a l

irig a s i tra d i-

subak

d u n ia ,
te ru s

enggeus

2012,

y e n s is te m

B a li,

w a ris a n
lila n a

J u li

s id a n g -

P e te rs b u rg a

d ija d ik e u n

s a tu ta s

12

d ip e rju a n g k e u n .

.s a b a b

k itu ,

'w a r i s a n

d u n ia

subak

ta u n
K u-

m a n g ru p a

anu ngabogaan

n ila i

d in a ja m a n

B a li. T a p i. jig a n a
m o d e rn

n g a le s ta rik e u n
gam pang.
M a rg a

k iw a ri, p ik e u n

subak

N aha

e k o s is te m

ekonom i

budaya

m o d e rn is a s i

bakal

k a n a e k s is te n s in a

te h

kunaon

la n ta ra n a ,

p a ro b a h a n

m ah
m oal

k itu ?

s a g a la

ru p a

je u n g

s o s ia l

te ru s
subak

deuhna

a ta w a

(m a d y a ),
badan,
lo n g g a r,

h e n te u

b a g ia n

w ila y a h

e k o lo g i

tra d i-

a ta w a

ku

H irta

h e n te u

se c a ra

kudu

a ta w a

s a lin g

s a s a m a ja lm a ,
h o rm a t

k itu

h e ra n

la m u n

subak

saw ah
sa c a ra

je u n g

n y ip ta k e u n
n is

di

p a ra

w a rg a n a

k a a rifa n

lo k a l

n g a le s ta rik e u n
w ew engkona.

anu
p a ta n i,

k a tu t

m ib a n d a

s ifa t
p ik e u n

lin g k u n g a n
N u ru tk e u n

U ra n g

B a li, s u m b e r

d ip ia ra

je u n g

daya

di

budaya
a ir b ia s a

d ip u s ti-p u s ti.
kusabab

b is a

ayana

p a ta n :

ka

m am pul
k e rja s a m r

K usabab

k a la w a n

k itu ,

ngabag

p e ta k -p e ta k

saw al

p is a n ,

je u n ]

n u n ta s k e u n

k o n flik

subal

m am pu
a d il

Iig a d a m a ik e u n
re g a n

h a rm o -

lu h u n g

n g a g e ru s

d i a n ta ra n a

a d a p tiv e

je u n g

k a w e n ta r

irig a s i

p a ta n i

m am pt

n y ip ta k e u r

ja rin g a n

s a b ilu lu n g a n .
cai

subak

s a lin g p e r c a y a , s a lin g

ngaw angun
enggeus

k o to i

d i ja m a r

s o s ia l

s a p e rti

b a b a re n g a n ,

m am pu

P a n g a ru h n a
enggeus

hubungan

a n ta ra

b is a

p a ta n i

e k o s is te m n a

ie u

sakabeh

Pen-

m a ta k

enggeus

(c o m p le x

a d a p ta s i

gaw e

a d a p ta s i

le s ta ri.

B a li,

n o rm a -n o rm a

d ia n g -

enggeus

m odal

h o rm a t

M aha

s a ja tin a

subak

h o rm a t

h e n te u

B a li je u n g

k o m p le k s

ka-

(e k o s is te m ),

ka T uhan

s is te m

di

kudu

a la m

K usabab

n y ip ta k e u n

n g a ja g a

(n is ta ),

p e n g e lo la a a n

budaya,

b a h e u la ,

L a ju , z o n a

h ilirn a

s a k ra l.

N u ru tk e u n

k a p e r-

papagon

le u w e u n g .

suku,

ra d a

w ew engkon

gapna

K a ra n a .

c ip a .

s a p e rti

kana

H irta

je u n g

k u ra n g

dum asar

saw ah

lin g k u n g a n

sebagai

n e tra l,

s u c i, b is a d io la h a ta w a d ik e lo la

h iru p

ka

te n g a h

d ip e rs e p s ik e u n

n g a g e ra k e u n

a n ta ra

la n -

b a g ia n

w ew ngkon

K a r a n a , .n r a n g B a li d in a n g a la k o k a n
s a im b a n g a n

Zona

b a g ia n

la u ta n ,

d ib u n g k u s

p a n g a ru h
B a li.

w ew ngkon

s u n g a i je u n g

d is e b u t

s is te m

di

d ip u s ti-p u s ti.

je u n g

m u a ra

anu

d im u m u le
tu m p u r

ra w a t
kadua,

a ta w a

d ija g a , d i-

je u n g

anu

s y s te m )

d ija g a u la h n e p i k a

suci kudu

w ew engkon

cayaan

sapopoena

h u lu

k a ja , d ia n g g a p

k a tilu ,

s io n a l

tin a

d ip e rs e p s ik e u n

sebagai

g u n u n g je u n g

p a n g a w e ru h

D um asar

budaya

zona

pagunungan

anu

p a ta n i
subakna,

b ia s a

A lira n

B a li b ia s a

ja d i 3 z o n a . N y a e ta

le u w e u n g n a

anu
B a li.

adat

w ew engkon

am -

c a i je u n g

o to n o m o m

b u d a y a lu h u n g ,e n g g e u s s a k u d u n a
je u n g

di

se c a ra

(D a e ra h

B a li

a la m n a ,

d e m o k ra tis ,

P e n d id ik a n ,

saw ah
k a c id a

n g o k o la k e u n

s ifa tn a

sasj

je n g

n g a ja la n k e u n

e lm u

se c a ra

p ik e u n

lin g k u n g a n

lin g k u n g a n
d in a

k a tu t

ngam ang-

subak

d ib e d a k a n

N u-

DAS

n u ru tk e u n

k a h iji,

ta n i

m a n g re b u -

m am pu

k a c id a
D in a

11.

lila n a , h a s il tin a w a ris a n

k a ru h u n ,

fa a tk e u n

in a b u la n

ka

m a sa ra k a t

d i B a li e n g g e u s

re b u ta u n a
p a ra

b a h e u la
k ira -k ira

abad

riw a y a tn a ,

saw ah

ti

d ik e n a l

h u lu -te b e n

H a rtin a ,

s a g a la

je u n j
ru p a

d i a n ta ra

pacog

p a ra

p a ta n

s a w a h , L a in e ta w u n g k u l, s u b a k
enggeus

m am pu

n y ip ta k e u n

w e m e la k p a re je u n g
,p a r e

b a re n g

p a ra
d in a

p a ta n i
usum

h e n te u

konsep

oge

saw ah

h a lo d o
aya

d in .

P a n g a ru h n a

c a i irig a s i,

ie u h m a ta k

a ra n g

kom pak

saw ah.

ngagunakeun

H a l ie u

m ig a w e p a n e l

je u n g

sa a m p a ra n a

ogr

m ig a

k a c id a

m am pi

hususn:
e fis ie n a

w e rit c a i, je u n :

k a ja d ia n

se ra n g a i

Mangle 239(

46

Kllplnr

Humas

Unpad

2012

ham a

anu

s a riu s

nga-

lu g e n s ) a n u s a a c a n R e v o lu s i H u ja u

N aon

m a rg a

gagal

panen

p a re

h e n te u

s a h iji

fa k to rn a ,

saw ah

p ik e u n

p a re

b a lu k a rk e u n

p e rn a h

d ik e n a l

p a ta n i s a w a h (a o s s e ra ta n

(p u so ).

1 9 9 1 ).

Loba Tantangan
N gan

k a c id a

m u n g g a ra n
p ro g ra m

h a n ja k a ln a ,

ta u n

d in a

1 9 7 0 -a n , k u a y a n a

R e v o lu s i H ija u , a n u la n -

dasana ngagunakeun
k a sa ra g a m a n

p ro g ra m

n a s io n a l,

d o w n ', j e u n g

h e n te u

n g a h a rg a a n

s ifa t

' ta ra n a ? .

H al

d ia k ib a tk e u n
b in ih

ie u
ku

p a re

ta n a m p a d i p a ta n ija d i
C o n to n a ,

d in a

s a ja b a n a .

saw ah

fu n g si

p a re te ru s -te ru s a n

a n u b a h e u la n a
m ake
sa c a ra

h a rm o m is
d ib u n g k u s

e k o lo g ilo k a l,

o rg a n ik

s ta titik

D in a s

Pangan

dan

a y a is ti-

aya

se ra n g g a

ham a hen-

p u tu s -p u tu s n a

saw ah.

L a in

e ta

di

la h a n

w u n g k u l,

p a ra

s a lila

s e k ita r 5 .3 3 2 h a , n y e ta tin a
n g u ra n g a n

9 1 5 , 2 6 h a /ta h u n .
H al

enggeus

di

c a i irig a s i,

bu-

k a p e rc a y a a n ,
ta n i

pro-

p e s tis id a

je u n g ta n e u h
p e s tis id a .

la h a n

saw ah

k a c id a

n g a ro n ja tn a .

k a tu t

cai saw ah

h e n te u

m a ta k

s a w a h p in u h k u ra c u n

h e n te u

m am puh

A tu h

je n is -je n is

p a b rik a n

h a m a p a re . A k i-

b a lu k a rn a

la u k ,

b e lu t,

s a g a la
m anuk,

a h irn a

s a w a h d i B a li g u y u b n g a g u n a k e u n

a la m i

n g a h iji je u n g

s a g a la

asupan

s a p e rti ru p a -ru p a

p is a n .

T api

guyubna
pupuk

anu

m in im

p a ra

p a ta n i

o rg a n ik je u n g

sak

m usuh

p ro - k a p ita lis , -n y a e ta

ja d i

ngagunakeun

asupan

p ik e u n

h a m p ir

usaha

s a g e m le n g n a

ti lu a r,

s a p e rti

p a re u n g g u l h a s il re k a y a s a

b in ih

g e n e tik

ti IR R I (In te rn a l-

di saw ah,

kusab

L a ju ,

re n g se

b a k a s is te m
m a la h

beuki

a n o m a li

pupuk

p a n g a ru h
ru m a h

P a n g a ru h n a ,

n in g k a t,

b a lu k a r

ekonom i

p a ra

k u ra n g

nyugem akeun.

P ro g ra m

R e v o lu s i

H ija u

enggeus

ngangkat

h a rk a t

m a rta b a t

tra d is io n a l.
gangguan

S a lia n

ti

e ta ,

m a s a la h
m o re k a t

gagal
p a ta n i
tim b u l

lin g k u n g a n ,

s a p e rti s e rin g k a ja d ia n
m u s im

te te p

w e rit c a i d i

p a re

di

usum

b e ta h e u n
saw ah.

p a ta n i

anu

d e u i m a y a rp a ja k ,
la h a n
w a ris a n

e n g g e u s ja d i

sum ber

k a la w a rg a ,

je u n g

budaya

saw ah
tu tu ru k a h iru enggeus

ti k a ru h u n a

d iju a l k a p ih a k lu a r. K u s a b a b k itu ,

bakal

subak

b a k a l d ile s ta rik e u n

A n u p a s ti
n y a te t

m ah

soal

s a ja ra h
n a s ib

di
anu

subak

p ik e u n k a h a re u p n a .

Johan Iskandar
ologijeung
Panalungtik
Unpad.

dosen etnobiLingkungan

s a p e rti

lo b a

p is a n
g lo b a l,
gas

e m is i C 0 2 .

h a m a w e re n g ,

cuaca

anu

ham a

.p ik a -

w e re n g

di

ilm u p a n g a w e -

ru h e k o lo g i tra d is io n a l p a ra p a ta n i
s a w a h lo b a a n u k a g u s u r k u m o d e rn is a s i.

K usabab

ta n i. s a w a h je u n g
h a re u p n a

k itu , ris ik o
s is tim

b a k a lle u w ih

usaha

subak ka-

b e u ra t.

L a in e ta w u n g k u l, s a m a la h k iw a ri p ik e u n

Mangle 2390

d a ta n g

S a b a lik n a ,

bandunganana

(N ila p a rv a ta

p is a n .

p e n c e m a ra n

h iru p

ham a

c o k la t

ik lim ,

pem anasan

tin a

h a lo d o , je u n g p a re n a s e rin g d ig a s a k
w e re n g

b e u ra t

a ta w a

tin a

m a k ro

saw ah

R e v o lu s i
a n u tu m i-

k a c a , u ta m a n a

s a n a ja n p ro d u k s i p a re g a b a h s e c a ra

p a ta n i

h e ra n

H a l ie u k u s a b a b k iw a ri s e rin g p is a n
tim b u l

a k ib a t

tin g k a t

boga

s u b a k la in n g u ra n g a n ,

jig a n a

h u ja n ,

ta p i

ja m a n

H ija u , k iw a ri ta n ta n g a n

tio n a l R ic e R is e t In s titu te ), F ilip in a ,
p e s tis id a

h e n te u

e ta

K u s a b a b k itu ,

saw ah.

p a n ja n g

je u n g

n g a g a la k -

a la m i n a d e u i d i e k o s is te m

h a lo d o

p a b rik a n , h a s il in d u s tri. B a lu k a rn a ,

di

B a li?

ayana

d im o d e rn k e u n

saw ah,

naha

a la m i a ta w a b io p e s tis id a .

H ija u , u s a h a ta n i s a w a h tra d is io n a l

di

la n c a h p a ra e h

s a w a h . K u s a b a b k itu , h e n te u m a ta k

p e s tis id a

R e v o lu s i

w e re n g

h e ra n la m u n w e re n g ja d i

T a p i, k u

p ro g ra m

ham a

w ew engkon

h a s il

pan

ti lu a r

di

m ah

m a ra n e h n a
nan,

a n o rg a n ik

a ta w a

b a tn a ,

d ila n d a s i

fa rm in g

d i la b o ra to riu m

.h o te l

ngabasm a

s a w a h . P o n k itu d e u i s a g a la m u s u h

n g a n d e lk e u n

a n ta ra n a

kana

je u n g s a ja b a n a tu m p e s d i e k o s is te m

ru p a

la h a n -la h a n
di

w angun

s y s te m ).

anu

ie u

n y a e ta la m u n d i w e w e n g k o n s a w a h

p a ra p a ta n i

ta n i

s e k ita r

K u n a o n a tu h lo b a

p a ta n i a n u n g a ja ru a la n
saw ahna?

7 7 .5 3 8 h a

ra ta -ra ta

p ik e u n

C iri h a s n a d i a n ta ra n a ,

s a g a la

2000-

la h a n s a w a h n g u -

8 5 .7 7 6 h a n g u r a n g a n ja d i
a ta w a

P ro v iris i

p e rio d e

p is a n

e k o s is te m

p a n g a w e ru h

budaya

d i B a li d iro b a h

T anam an

kana

a n u d is e b u t s is te m ta n i

ngagunakeun

P e rta n ia n

H o rtik u ltu ra

g u e s t h o u s e . B a lu k a rn a , n ila i p a ja k

s a p e rti

(o rg a n ic

h e n te u

m e la k

n g u ra n g a n

p a ta n i ja d i n g a b u d a y a , g u m a n tu n g

ku

n g a la k s a n a k e u n
lin g k u n g a n

kusabab

aya

d in a tia p ta u n a . B a lu k a rn a ,

d a u r h iru p n a
te u

k itu

sa b a b a ra h a

n g a d a p ta s ik e u n

je u n g

lo k a l,

p a ta n i

b ia s a n g a g a w e ta n i

p rin s ip

lo k a l,
daya

p a ra

b e ra /b e ro ,

ra h a tn a

Pon

p a re , h e n te u

s a ja b a n a

n y iro ro t p is a n . C o n to n a , n u ru tk e u n

ra n g a n

je u n g

m asa

S a ja tin a

la h a n

di

B a li b e u k i

panen,

p a ta n i

kagangguna.

a c a k -a c a k a n .

in d u s tri

B a li. B a lu k a rn a ,

saw ah

w ew engkon

2 0 0 9 , to ta lle g a n a

c a y a a n a ta w a n o rm a -n o rm a

lin g k u n g a n

p o la

le g a n a

di

a y a o g e a n u e n g g e u s ta n d u r, m a s ih
d e u i b e re s p a n e n

s o s ia lk a c id a

a n y a r,

ceuyah

la h a n

pangaw angunan

B a li (2 0 1 0 ),

je u n g

n g a ja g a

k a p e rlu a n

s a p e rti

s a w a h , p a ta n i a y a a n u m a s ih m a c u l,

k a p e r-

p ik e u n

a n ta ra n a
in tro d u k s i

sa h a m p a ra n

kana

k a h a rm o n is a n

di

unggul

p a ta n i,

k a tu t

m a rg a la n -

ayana

tra d is io n a l

B a lu k a rn a ,

a tu h

S a la h

fu n g si

beuki

n g a h a rg a a n
B a li.

a lih

h o te l, g u e s t h o u s e , je u n g

N aon

e k o lo g i

di

p a re

w is a ta ,

la n ta ra n a ?

a lia s p u s o .

p o la

p a n g a w e ru h

L a n s in g ,

h e k ta ra n

'top-

m iro s e a a ta w a

e lm u

B a lu k a rn a ,

p a ra

s a w a h g a g a l d ip a n e n k u p a ra p a ta n i

h e n te u

subak

ku

n g a le s ta rik e u n
beuki

subak kag a ti

ja s a .

47